DR /Noha Elsayed
2015--2016
Course outline
1. Learning outcome
2. The Human Body&Orientation
Learning outcome
By the end of this lesson the student will be able to:
• Use anatomical terms to describe the relative positions of
the body parts, the regions of the body, and the planes by
which the body can be sectioned.
• List the cavities of the body, and state their locations.
• Name the organs located in each of the body cavities.
• Name the membranes that line each body cavity and
adhere to the organs.
• Define anatomy and physiology, and explain how they are
related.
• Describe each level of organization of the body with
reference to an example.
INTRODUCTION
Anatomy – the study of the structure and shape of the body and
body parts & their relationships to one another. The term
anatomy comes from the Greek words meaning to cut (tomy)
apart ( ana) .
– Gross anatomy( macroscopic anatomy) – the study of
large, easily observable structures (by naked eye), such as
the heart or bone.
– Microscopic anatomy (cytology, histology) – the study of
very small structures, where a magnifying
microscope is needed.
lens or
Physiology – the study of how the body and its parts work or
function
physio =nature , ology = the study of.
Like anatomy , physiology has many subdivisions. For example,
neurophysiology explains the working of the nervous system ,
and cardiac physiology studies the function of the heart.
Relationship between Anatomy and Physiology:Anatomy and Physiology are always related . Structure determines
what functions can take place. For example, the lungs are not
muscular chambers like the heart and can not pump blood, but
because the walls of lungs are very thin, they can exchange gasses
and provide oxygen to the body.
Directional Terms
Superior and inferior – toward and away from the
head, respectively
Anterior and posterior – toward the front and back of
the body
Medial, lateral – toward the midline, away from the
midline, and between a more medial and lateral
structure
Directional Terms
Proximal and distal – closer to and farther from the
origin of the body
Superficial and deep – toward and away from the body
surface
The eyes are
SUPERIOR to the
mouth.
The mouth is
INFERIOR to the
eyes.
The Extremities have a different set of
terms
The arm is DISTAL
TO THE TRUNK
or MIDLINE OF
THE BODY
The upper arm is
PROXIMAL
SKIN
SUPERFICIAL – toward the
surface
DEEP – away from the
surface
REGIONAL TERMS
NAMES OF SPECIFIC BODY AREA
1.Axial region
(main axis):
Trunk further divided
- Thorax
- Abdomen
- Pelvis
- Perineum
2. Appendicular region
Appendages/extremities
PLANES OF THE BODY
Body sections - 4 main planes of reference:
Sagittal plane – Midsagittal/Parasagital
Coronal (frontal) plane
Transverse plane
Oblique section
BODY PLANES
Sagittal Plane– divides the body into right and left parts
• Mid sagittal – sagittal plane that lies on the midline
Coronal Plane ( Frontal) – divides the body into anterior
and posterior parts
Transverse Plane (cross section) – divides the body into
superior and inferior parts
Oblique section –– divides the body into superior and
inferior parts cuts made diagonally
:Levels of Structural Organization
The human body exhibits 6 levels of structural
complexity :
1- Chemical level , At this level atoms combine to form
molecules such as water, sugar, & proteins
2- Cellular level the smallest units of living things .
3- Tissue level , groups of similar cells that have a
common function (4 basic types)
4- Organ level, an organ is a structure composed of 2 or more
tissue types that performs a specific function .
5- Organ System is a group of organs that work together to
accomplish a common purpose (each organ has its own job
to do)
6- Organismal level , represents the highest level of structural
organization( total of 11 organ systems)
Body Cavities and Membranes
• Dorsal Body Cavity
- cranial cavity
- vertebral cavity
• Ventral Body Cavity
- contains the viscera
1. thoracic cavity
a. Pleural cavity
b. Mediastinal cavit
c. Pericardial cavity
2. abdominopelvic cavity
a. Abdominal cavity
b. Pelvic cavity
• Serous Cavities
parietal layer - Lines the body walls .
visceral layer – lines the organs
Serous fluid
serous fluid
water between the layers is the
HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE:
• When the body is subjected to physical trauma (as often
happens in an automobile accident), the abdominopelvic
organs are most vulnerable. This is because the walls of the
abdominal cavity are formed only by trunk muscles and are
not reinforced by bone. The pelvic organs receive a somewhat
greater degree of protection from the bony pelvis.
Abdominopelvic Regions and Quadrants
Because the abdominopelvic cavity is large and contains several
organs, it helps to divide it into smaller areas for study.
One division method,uses one median sagittal plane and one
transverse plane that passes through the umbilicus at right
angles. Two division method used primarily by anatomists,
uses two transverse and two parasagittal planes. These
planes, divide the cavity into nine regions :
-The umbilical region is the centermost region deep to and
surrounding the umbilicus (navel).
Abdominal Quadrants
• Abdominal quadrants divide the abdomen into four
quadrants
– Right upper and left upper quadrants
– Right lower and left lower quadrants
Abdominal regions divide the abdomen into nine regions
• -The epigastric region is located superior to the umbilical region
(epi = upon, above; gastri = belly).
• -The hypogastric (pubic) region is located inferior to the umbilical
region (hypo = below).
• -The right and left iliac, or inguinal, regions (ing′gwĭ-nal) are located
lateral to the hypogastric region (iliac = superior part of the hip
bone).
• -The right and left lumbar regions lie lateral to the umbilical region
(lumbus = loin).
• -The right and left hypochondriac regions flank the epigastric
region laterally (chondro = cartilage).
A simpler scheme to localize the abdominopelvic cavity
organs is to imagine one transverse and one median
sagittal plane pass through the umbilicus at right angles.
The resulting quadrants are named according to their
positions from the subject’s point of view:
• right upper quadrant (RUQ), left upper quadrant (LUQ),
• right lower quadrant (RLQ), and left lower quadrant
(LLQ).
THANK YOU