Autora: Maité Pérez Montes
Auxiliary Verbs
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List of auxiliary verbs
Some important rules
May and might
Should and would
Can and could
Must
Need
Ought to
List of Auxiliary Verbs
Auxiliary
Be
Do
Have
Can
May
Must
Will
Need
Shall
Ought
Used
Present
am, is, are
do, does
have, has
can
may
must
.....
need
.....
ought
.....
Past
was, were
did
had
could
might
had to
would
didn't need to
should
ought
used
P. Participle
been
done
had
been able
.....
had to
.....
needed
.....
.....
.....
Some important rules
• All auxiliaries except be, have and do have the same form in all
persons.
• Examples:
• I can He can We can You can
• The negative is formed with the negative particle not after the
auxiliary.
• Examples:
• I must not He has not They do not
• The auxiliaries be, have, ought and used are followed by the
infinitive with to.
• Examples:
• They are to go.
I have to study.
• Tom ought to talk to her She used to talk Greek.
• The auxiliaries do, can, may, must, shall and will are followed by
the infinitive without to.
May and Might
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May is used with all persons in the present and future tense. Might is used with all
persons in the past tense.
They are both followed by the infinitive without to or by the perfect infinitive (have +
past participle).
Examples:
It may happen today.
She thought he might come late.
Harry might have talked to her.
They are used to express permission or possibility.
Permission
May and might are both used to ask or give permission but might is used in a polite
way.
Examples:
May I use your telephone?
Yes, you may. / No, you may not.
Might I use your car?
Yes, you might. / No, you might not.
Possibility
May and might are used to express possibility in the present or future. Might
expresses a more remote possibility than may.
Examples:
He may come today.
They might arrive tomorrow.
May/Might+Perfect Infinitive (have + past participle) are used in speculations
about past actions. Might is used to emphasize the doubt and when the main verb is
in the past tense.
Should and Would
• Should and would are used instead of shall and will when the
main verb of the sentence is in the past tense.
• Example:
• You knew how she would be treated.
• Should is used to express moral obligation or duty. It is also used to
express advice.
• Example:
• You should pay attention in class.
• Would is used to express a polite request.
• Example:
• Would you close the door, please?
Exercises
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Write the appropriate auxiliary from the list below. Some of them could
be repeated. More than one answer is possible.
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When I was a teenager I __________ go to picnics.
He doesn't _________ to tell her the bad news.
She __________ have been a very beautiful bride.
I wonder if they __________ go to see her tomorrow.
Although she is hurt she __________ drive home.
The team ___________ not win the last world cup.
They ___________ warn him it was dangerous.
She __________ have come in the fly that crashed.
Although he is not ill he __________ see the doctor.
You ___________ not get up early in the morning.
Robert and Helen___________ visit Paris this time.
The teacher ___________ have taught us that rule.
We ___________ not come so early to register.
I don't know how he ____________ to write this article.
They ___________ eat out when they studied hard.
___________you go to Europe every summer?
Verbal tenses
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Simple present
Simple past
Simple future
Present continuous
Past continuous
Future continuous
Present perfect
Past perfect
Future perfect
Present perfect continuous
Past perfect continuous
Future perfect continuous
Simple present
• The Simple Present Tense is used to express habitual action in the
present. This Tense is often used with adverbs or adverbial phrases
of frequency such as: usually, often, never, always, sometimes,
on Mondays, every week, twice a week, etc.
• With the verb to be
• Affirmative Sentences
TO BE
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Am
Is
¡Are
I
He, She, It
We, You, They
Examples:
I am in the hospital.
She is at the airport.
Negative Sentences
They are formed by adding the negative particle not after the verb
to be. The contracted forms are: isn't and aren't.
Examples:
I am not in the park.
He is not (isn't) in the yard.
They are not (aren't) in the party.
Simple past
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The Simple Past Tense is used to express actions that took place at a known time in
the past. It is also used to express past habits.
With the verb to be
The verb to be in the simple past has two forms: was and were.
was
I, He, She, It
were
We, You, They
To Be
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Affirmative Sentences
The verb to be is placed after the subject in affirmative sentences.
Examples:
He was in the new airport.
They were in the new restaurant.
Negative Sentences
The negative is formed adding the negative particle not after the verb to be.
Examples:
He was not (wasn't) in the school.
They were not (weren't) in the new building.
Interrogative Sentences
The interrogative is formed by placing the past form of the verb to be (was or were)
before the subject.
Examples:
Was he with her brother?
Yes, he was. / No, he wasn't.
Simple future
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Simple present to express future
This tense can be used for a planned future action or series of actions,
particularly when these actions concern a journey.
Example:
We leave here at six and arrive Chile at noon.
Present continuous to express future
These verbal tense is used to express an immediate future.
Examples:
He is playing in the concert tonight.
She is leaving at the end of the week.
The going to form
It is used to express the future with intention. It is formed by using the
present participle of the verb to go and the infinitive without to.
Examples:
He is going to play in the concert tonight.
She is not going to leave at the end of the week.
Are they going to study English?
Exercises
• Fill in the blank with the appropriate verbal form of the verb in
parentheses for writing affirmative sentences in the Simple Past.
– My parents __________ to Switzerland last summer.
(go)
– Helen couldn't come because she _________ fever.
(have)
– He __________ a new car in Amsterdam last week.
(buy)
– They __________in the Craftsman Fair on Saturday.
(be)
– The students __________ the test yesterday morning.
(do)
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Fill in the blank with the appropriate verbal form of the verb in
parentheses for writing negative sentences in the Simple Past.
The tailor _____________ the money to the clerk.
(give)
Rose _____________ in the office Sunday morning.
This factory ____________ spare part for those cars.
(make)
The salesclerks ___________ the strike on the streets.
(do)
The postman______________ the letters in the morning.
(be)
(bring)
Exercises
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Fill in the blank with the appropriate verbal form of the verb in
parentheses for writing affirmative sentences in the Simple Past.
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My parents __________ to Switzerland last summer.
Helen couldn't come because she _________ fever.
He __________ a new car in Amsterdam last week.
They __________in the Craftsman Fair on Saturday.
The students __________ the test yesterday morning.
(go)
(have)
(buy)
(be)
(do)
• Fill in the blank with the appropriate verbal form of the verb in parentheses for
writing negative sentences in the Simple Past.
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The tailor _____________ the money to the clerk.
Rose _____________ in the office Sunday morning.
This factory ____________ spare part for those cars.
The salesclerks ___________ the strike on the streets.
(do)
The postman______________ the letters in the morning.
(give)
(be)
(make)
(bring)
Simple future
• Simple present to express future
• This tense can be used for a planned future action or series of
actions, particularly when these actions concern a journey.
• Example:
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We leave here at six and arrive Chile at noon.
• Present continuous to express future
• These verbal tense is used to express an immediate future.
• Examples:
• He is playing in the concert tonight.
• She is leaving at the end of the week.
• The going to form
• It is used to express the future with intention. It is formed by using
the present participle of the verb to go and the infinitive without
to.
• Examples:
• He is going to play in the concert tonight.
• She is not going to leave at the end of the week.
• Are they going to study English?
Exercises
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Fill in the blank with the appropriate verbal form of the verb in parentheses for writing
affirmative sentences in the Simple Future.
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She ___________ a biography about him some day.
I hope they ____________ to take him to the school.
The pressure cooker ____________ in a minute
Perhaps he ___________ the Statue of Liberty in U.S.A.
I am sure ___________ they immediately.
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Fill in the blank with the appropriate verbal form of the verb in parentheses for
writing negative sentences in the Simple Future.
– I hope she _____________ him anything about the fire.
(tell)
– The frogman ______________ a child in the island.
(harm)
– If you hurry a lot you ______________ the train.
(miss)
– Perhaps she _____________ him at the airport.
(recognize)
I am sure he _____________ worse with these pills.
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(write)
(remember)
(explode)
(visit)
(identify)
Present continuous
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This verbal tense is used:
To express an action that is still going on.
To express an action in a near future.
To express a habitual action very frequently repeated with an adverb such
as always, continually, etc.
This verbal tense is formed with the present tense of the verb to be (am, is,
and are) and the present participle (verb + ing).
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Important Rules
When a verb ends in a simple e the e is dropped before adding ing. When a
verb ends in double ee only add ing.
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Examples:
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Examples:
run -- running
leave -- leaving
argue -- arguing
hate --hating
see -- seeing
agree -- agreeing
free --freeing
When a verb of only one syllable has a vowel and ends in a consonant, the
final consonant is doubled before adding ing.
hit -- hitting
stop –stopping
Exercises
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Fill in the blank with the appropriate verbal form of the verb in
parentheses for writing affirmative sentences in the Present
Continuous.
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My parents ____________ for Brazil tomorrow.
He ____________ out of prison next Sunday.
Janet and Joe ___________ a new yacht now.
The National Games ____________ held next week.
They _____________ divorced for the third time.
(leave)
(come)
(buy)
(be)
(get)
Fill in the blank with the appropriate verbal form of the verb in
parentheses for writing negative sentences in the Present Continuous.
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The hairdresser_____________ tomorrow afternoon.
The cook _____________ the pork in small pieces.
My neighbors ______________ to Las Vegas in June.
The army _______________the Japanese war prisoners.
_ My sister______________ for having lost her purse.
(dye)
(cut)
(move)
(free)
(cry)
Past continuous
• This verbal tense is used to express a past action which continued
for some time in the past but the exact limits of the action are not
known.
• The past continuous can also be used in combination with the
simple past to express that an action began before another action in
the past and continued after it. It is also used to express a very
frequently repeated action in the past.
• Examples:
• They were working when he left.
• He was always asking questions.
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Affirmative Sentences
Affirmative sentences are formed with the past tense of the verb to be (was, were)
and the present participle of another verb (verb + ing).
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Examples:
I was studying French.
They were working hard when the fire began.
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Negative Sentences
The negative sentences are formed by placing the particle not between the past
tense of the verb to be (was, were) and the present participle of another verb (verb
+ ing).
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Examples:
He was not (wasn't) studying French.
They were not (weren't) living alone when he left.
Interrogative Sentences
The interrogative sentences are formed by placing the subject of the sentence
between the past tense of the verb to be (was, were) and the present participle of
another verb (verb + ing).
Example:
Was she watching the soccer game?
Yes, she was. / No, she wasn't.
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Exercises
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Fill in the blank with the appropriate verbal form of the verb in
parentheses for writing affirmative sentences in the Past Continuous.
Ann and Rose _________________ about you the other day.
(talk)
When I first met her we _______________in college.
(study)
She ________________ a pink sweater when he came.
(wear)
He fell off the roof while he _______________ it.
(fix)
The ambulance got an accident when it ________________ the injured to
the hospital.
(carry)
– Fill in the blank with the appropriate verbal form of the verb in parentheses
for writing negative sentences in the Past Continuous.
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They ________________their bikes when the rain began.
The audience _________________ the dean's last speech.
The police __________________ to catch the bank owner.
The kids _________________ when the shark was caught.
She __________________ the ingredients correctly.
(ride)
(clap)
(try)
(bathe)
(mix)
Future continuous
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The main use of this verbal tense is to express future without intention. The
future continuous can also be used to express an action which will continue
for some time in the future without definite limits.
Example:
It will probably be raining when we reach.
Affirmative Sentences
The affirmative sentences in the future continuous are formed using the
auxiliary shall / will, the infinitive of the verb to be and the present participle
(verb + ing).
Examples:
I shall be waiting for you.
They will be swimming in the beach
Exercises
• Fill in the blank with the appropriate verbal form of the verb in
parentheses for writing affirmative sentences in the Future
Continuous.
– When she comes I probably ________________ flowers.
(pick)
– They ________________ to Athens tomorrow midnight.
– Planes __________________ vertically in twenty years.
– In a few seconds the phone ________________ in China.
(ring)
_ When they arrive it __________________ in Canberra.
(rain
(travel)
(take off)
Present perfect
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This verbal tense is used for a past action whose time is not given. It is also
used to express an action with an incomplete period of time
Examples:
She has written many stories.
I have seen him this morning.
The present perfect tense may also be used with just to indicate an action
recently completed.
Example:
They have just finished the test.
This verbal tense can be used for an action that began in the past and is still
continuing.
Example:
He has taught Math for ten years.
Affirmative Sentences
The affirmative sentence in this verbal tense is formed with the infinitive of
the verb to have (without to) and the past participle of another verb.
Examples:
I have worked in that hospital.
She has taught English.
Exercises
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Fill in the blank with the appropriate verbal form of the verb in
parentheses for writing affirmative sentences in the Present Perfect.
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I______ just_________ extraordinary news about it.
She ______ never____________ whisky before.
He ____________________to Europe ten minutes ago.
Robert ___________________ his right leg three times.
They _______ never __________their parents alone before.
(listen)
(drink)
(go)
(brake)
(leave)
• Fill in the blank with the appropriate verbal form of the verb in parentheses for
writing negative sentences in the Present Perfect.
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I can't go to the party because I _______________yet.
She ____________________ at her cousin house before.
The couple __________________ to Switzerland before.
This company __________________ product from Asia.
The students__________________ this mountain before.
(finish)
(stay)
(be)
(bring)
(climb)
Past perfect
• The past perfect tense may be used to show a completed action that
happened before some other action in the past shown by a past
tense verb. The reference time markers may be given by already,
just, yet and by + a specific point in time, or by a second clause
in the sentence introduced by before, after and when.
• Examples:
• He had begun the English course by 2002.
• The police had arrived to the building when the fire began.
• Affirmative Sentences
• The affirmative sentence in this verbal tense is formed with the past
tense of the verb to have (had) and the past participle of another
verb.
• Examples:
• I had finished when he came.
• When the firemen arrived the fire had begun.
Exercises
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Fill in the blank with the appropriate verbal form of the verb in
parentheses for writing affirmative sentences in the Past Perfect.
– When the police arrived the thieves ______________.
(go)
– The clerk _______________ the car before they came.
(sell)
– The sun ________________ when they reached the city.
(rise)
– He ________________ about it before she told him.
(think)
– She published the poem after ______________ a novel.
(write)
Future perfect
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This verbal tense is used to express an action that at a given time in the
future will be in the past. A time expression is always used in this verbal
tense.
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Examples:
He will have written the novel by Christmas.
They will not (won't) have finished the course in January.
The future perfect tense is also used to describe a state, an activity or a
period of time before a second action in the future. Generally there are two
expressions of time is this kind of sentence, one is used to express the
duration of time and another one to for the endpoint.
Example:
He will have worked in this factory for 25 years next week.
Another use of this verbal tense is to show a completed action that happens
before a second action in the future but this second action is expressed
using the simple present tense and they are usually linked by a time word
such as: when, by or before.
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Exercises
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Fill in the blank with the appropriate verbal form of the verb in
parentheses for writing affirmative sentences in the Future Perfect.
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She _____________ ten pounds by the end of the week.
My mother________________ my socks by Christmas.
The meat _______________ when she returns home.
Rice _______________before the rainy season ends.
The treasure ________________ by the end of the day.
(lose)
(weave)
(unfreeze)
(grow)
(dig up)
Fill in the blank with the appropriate verbal form of the verb in
parentheses for writing negative sentences in the Future Perfect.
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They _________________ her the money in fifteen days.
(give)
She _________________ the damage he made to her.
(forget)
They ___________________ the troops in ten days.
(withdraw)
The night __________________ when we reach the top.
(fall)
They __________________ all the exhibition by midnight.
(see)
REGULAR VERBS
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El pasado y pasado participio de estos verbos se forman añadiéndole
las letras ”d” o ”ed” al presente. Estas son las reglas que rigen el
pasado de los verbos regulares para su pronunciación:.
Se usa en el final de pronunciación /d/ cuando el verbo termina en
vocal o consonante sonora, exceptuando las veces que termina en /d/.
Los sonidos sonoros son aquellos en los que vibran las cuerdas
vocales. Todas las vocales son sonoras. Las consonantes sonoras
pueden identificarse colocando sus dedos a ambos lados de la
garganta para constatar las vibraciones.
Se usa /t/ en el final de pronunciación cuando el verbo termina en
consonante sorda o no sonora, exceptuando las veces en que la
pronunciación del verbo termina en /t/. Los sonidos sordos son
aquellos en los que no vibran las cuerdas vocales.
Se usa /id/ en el final de pronunciación cuando el verbo termina en /d/
o /t/. Fíjese que cuando hablamos de las terminaciones de los verbos
nos referimos al último sonido en su pronunciación y no en la
escritura. Así el verbo appreciate termina en e al escribirlo, pero su
pronunciación termina en /t/, por ello se le aplica esta última regla.
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Accept (aceptar) /id/
Accuse (acusar) /d/
Acquaint (informar, poner al corriente) /id/
Add (sumar) /id/
Address (dirigir) /t/
Admit (admitir) /id/
Advertise (anunciar) /d/
Advise (aconsejar) /d/
Agree (estar de acuerdo) /d/
Aid (auxiliar, ayudar) /id/
Aim (apuntar) /d/
Allow (conceder, permitir) /d/
Alter (alterar, modificar) /d/
Amuse (divertir, entretener) /d/
Answer (contestar, responder) /d/
Appoint (nombrar, designar, asignar) /id/
Appreciate (apreciar, agradecer) /id/
Assist (asistir, ayudar) /id/
Assort (clasificar, poner en orden) /id/
Attack (atacar, agredir) /t/
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Attend (atender, asistir a un lugar)
/id/
Attract (atraer, suscitar) /id/
Bake (hornear) /t/Connect
(conectar) /id/
Continue (continuar) /d/
Copy (copiar) /d/
Cry (llorar) /d/
Cure (curar) /d/
Dance (bailar) /t/
Decide (decidir) /id/
Delay (retardar, retrasar, demorar)
/d/
Deliver (entregar, repartir) /d/
Divide (dividir) /id/
Dress (vestir) /t/
Drown (ahogar) /d/
Employ (emplear, contratar) /d/
End (finalizar, concluir, acabar,
terminar) /id/
Enjoy (gozar, disfrutar) /d/
Expect (esperar) /id/
Explain (explicar) /d/
Finish (acabar, terminar) /t/
•Follow (seguir) /d/
•Believe (creer) /d/
•Blame (culpar) /d/
•Bless (bendecir) /t/
•Boil (hervir) /d/
•Borrow (pedir prestado) /d/
•Bother (molestar) /d/
•Breathe (respirar) /id/
•Burn (quemar) /d/
•Bury (sepultar) /d/
•Call (llamar) /d/
•Carry (llevar, cargar) /d/
•Celebrate (celebrar) /id/
•Change (cambiar) /d/
•Cheat (engañar, burlar, estafar) /id/
•Chew (mascar, masticar) /d/
•Clean (limpiar) /d/
•Close (cerrar) /d/
•Compare (comparar) /d/
•Complain (quejarse, reclamar) /d/
•Complete (completar) /id/
GROUP I
Apostar
BET
bet
BET
bet
BET
bet
Pujar, ofrecer
BID
bid
BID
bid
BID
bid
Reventar
BURST
berst
BURST
berst
BURST
berst
Desechar
CAST
kast
CAST
kast
CAST
kast
Costar
COST
cost
COST
cost
COST
cost
Cortar
CUT
cot
CUT
cot
CUT
cot
ajustar
FIT
fit
FIT
fit
FIT
fit
Dar en, golpear, pegar
HIT
jit
HIT
jit
HIT
jit
Hacer daño, doler
HURT
jért
HURT
jért
HURT
jért
Dejar, alquilar
LET
let
LET
let
LET
let
Poner
PUT
put
PUT
put
PUT
put
Renunciar
QUIT
kuit
QUIT
kuit
QUIT
kuit
Leer
READ
ríid
READ
red
READ
red
Desembarazar, deshacerse de
RID
rid
RID
rid
RID
rid
Poner, colocar
SET
set
SET
set
SET
set
Derramar
SHED
shed
SHED
shed
SHED
shed
Cerrar
SHUT
shat
SHUT
shat
SHUT
shat
Rajar
SLIT
slit
SLIT
slit
SLIT
slit
Escupir
SPIT
spit
SPIT
spit
SPIT
spit
Dividir
SPLIT
split
SPLIT
split
SPLIT
split
Propagar, esparcir
SPREAD
spred
SPREAD
spred
SPREAD
spred
Acometer
THRUST
zrLst
THRUST
zrLst
THRUST
zrLst
Mojar
WET
uet
WET
uet
WET
uet
GROUP II
PRESENT
PAST
PAST PARTICIPLE
Doblar, encorvar, inclinar
BEND
bend
BENT
bent
BENT
bent
Atar, encuadernar, vendar
BIND
báind
BOUND
báund
BOUND
báund
Sangrar, desangrar
BLEED
blíid
BLED
bled
BLED
bled
Criar
BREED
bríid
BRED
bred
BRED
bred
Traer
BRING
bring
BROUGHT
brót
BROUGHT
bróut
Edificar, construir
BUILD
bild
BUILT
bilt
BUILT
bilt
Comprar
BUY
bái
BOUGHT
bóot
BOUGHT
bóot
Coger
CATCH
cach
CAUGHT
cóot
CAUGHT
cóot
Adherirse, pegarse
CLING
cling
CLUNG
clong
CLUNG
clong
Arrastrar
CREEP
críp
CREPT
crept
CREPT
crept
Negociar
DEAL
díil
DEALT
delt
DEALT
delt
Cavar
DIG
dig
DUG
dog
DUG
dog
Dar de Comer
FEED
fíid
FED
fed
FED
fed
Sentir
FEEL
fíil
FELT
felt
FELT
felt
Reñir, pelear, luchar
FIGHT
fáit
FOUGHT
fóot
FOUGHT
fóot
Hallar, encontrar
FIND
fáind
FOUND
fáund
FOUND
fáund
Huir
FLEE
flíi
FLED
fled
FLED
fled
Arrojar, tirar
FLING
fling
FLUNG
flong
FLUNG
flong
GROUP II
PRESENT
PAST
PAST PARTICIPLE
Moler, afilar
GRIND
gráind
GROUND
gráund
GROUND
gráund
Suspender, colgar
HANG
jáng
HUNG
jong
HUNG
jong
Tener
HAVE
jav
HAD
jad
HAD
jad
Oir
HEAR
jíir
HEARD
jerd
HEARD
jerd
Sostener, tener, sujetar
HOLD
jóuld
HELD
jeld
HELD
jeld
Guardar, llevar, mantenerse
KEEP
kíip
KEPT
kept
KEPT
kept
Arrodillarse
KNEEL
níil
KNELT
nelt
KNELT
nelt
Poner, colocar
LAY
léi
LAID
léid
LAID
léid
Guiar, conducir, llevar
LEAD
líid
LED
led
LED
led
Dejar, salir, marcharse
LEAVE
líif
LEFT
left
LEFT
left
Prestar
LEND
lend
LENT
lent
LENT
lent
Perder
LOSE
lúus
LOST
lost
LOST
lost
Hacer
MAKE
méik
MADE
méid
MADE
méid
Significar, querer decir
MEAN
míin
MEANT
ment
MEANT
ment
Encontrar, conocer
MEET
míit
MET
met
MET
met
Pagar
PAY
péi
PAID
péid
PAID
péid
Decir
SAY
séi
SAID
sed
SAID
sed
Buscar
SEEK
síik
SOUGHT
sot
SOUGHT
sot
Vender
SELL
sel
SOLD
sóuld
SOLD
sóuld
GROUP II
PRESENT
PAST
PAST PARTICIPLE
Enviar, mandar
SEND
send
SENT
sent
SENT
sent
Brillar
SHINE
sháin
SHONE
shon
SHONE
shon
Disparar, tirar, dar un tiro
SHOOT
shúut
SHOT
shot
SHOT
shot
encoger
SHRING
shring
SHRUNG
shrLng
SHRUNG
shrLng
Sentarse
SIT
sit
SAT
sat
SAT
sat
Dormir
SLEEP
slíip
SLEPT
slept
SLEPT
slept
Deslizar
SLIDE
slaid
SLID
slid
SLID
slid
Gastar
SPEND
spend
SPENT
spent
SPENT
spent
Girar
SPIN
spin
SPUN
spLn
SPUN
spLn
Estar en pie
STAND
stand
STOOD
stud
STOOD
stud
Pegarse
STICK
stik
STUCK
stak
STUCK
stak
Picar
STING
sting
STUNG
stang
STUNG
stang
Apestar
STINK
stink
STUNK
stLnk
STUNK
stLnk
Golpear
STRIKE
stráik
STRUCK
stroc
STRUCK
stroc
Enhebrar
STRING
string
STRUNG
strLng
STRUNG
strLng
Barrer
SWEEP
suíip
SWEPT
suépt
SWEPT
suépt
Blandir
SWING
swing
SWUNG
swLng
SWUNG
swLng
Enseñar
TEACH
tíich
TAUGHT
tóot
TAUGHT
tóot
Decir
TELL
tel
TOLD
tóuld
TOLD
tóuld
Pensar
THINK
zink
THOUGHT
zóot
THOUGHT
zóot
Comprender
UNDERSTAND
Lnderstand
UNDERSTOOD
Lnderstud
UNDERSTOOD
Lnderstud
Ganar
WIN
uín
WON
uón
WON
uón
Dar cuerda, serpentear
WIND
uáind
WOUND
uánd
WOUND
uánd
GROUP III
PRESENT
PAST
PAST PARTICIPLE
Empezar
BEGIN
biguín
BEGAN
bigán
BEGUN
bigón
Beber
DRINK
drink
DRANK
drank
DRUNK
dronk
Sonar, tocar
RING
ring
RANG
rang
RUNG
rong
Correr, andar
RUN
ron
RAN
ran
RUN
ron
Cantar
SING
sing
SANG
sang
SUNG
song
Hundir
SINK
sink
SANK
sank
SUNK
sonk
Saltar, brotar
SPRING
spring
SPRANG
sprang
SPRUNG
sprong
Nadar
SWIM
suím
SWAM
suám
SWUM
suóm
GROUP IV
PRESENT
PAST
Ser o estar
BE
bíi
WAS / WERE
Soportar, llevar
BEAR
béer
BORE
Batir, golpear, vencer
BEAT
bíit
Mandar, ordenar
BID
Morder
PAST PARTICIPLE
BEEN
bíin
bóor
BORNE
born
BEAT
bíit
BEATEN
bíiten
bid
BADE
béed
BIDDEN
bíden
BITE
báit
BIT
bit
BITTEN
bíten
Romper
BREAK
bréik
BROKE
bróuk
BROKEN
bróuken
Escoger
CHOOSE
chúus
CHOSE
chóus
CHOSEN
chóusen
Guiar, conducir
DRIVE
dráiv
DROVE
dróuv
DRIVEN
dríven
Comer
EAT
íit
ATE
éit
EATEN
íiten
Caer
FALL
fol
FELL
fel
FALLEN
fólen
Prohibir
FORBID
forbíd
FORBADE
forbád
FORBIDDEN
forbíden
Olvidar
FORGET
forguét
FORGOT
forgót
FORGOTTEN
forgóten
Perdonar
FORGIVE
forguív
FORGAVE
forguéiv
FORGIVEN
forguíven
Helar
FREEZE
fríis
FROZE
fróus
FROZEN
fróusen
Obtener, conseguir
GET
guét
GOT
got
GOTTEN
góten
Dar, conceder
GIVE
guív
GAVE
guéiv
GIVEN
guíven
Esconder, ocultar
HIDE
jáid
HID
jid
HIDDEN
jíden
Confundir
MISTAKE
mistéik
MISTOOK
mistúk
MISTAKEN
mistéiken
GROUP IV
PRESENT
PAST
PAST PARTICIPLE
montar, ir o venir de paseo
RIDE
ráid
RODE
róud
RIDDEN
ríden
Levantarse, subir, salir
RISE
ráis
ROSE
róus
RISEN
rísen
Ver
SEE
síi
SAW
sóo
SEEN
síin
Sacudir, Agitar
SHAKE
shéik
SHOOK
shuk
SHAKEN
shéiken
Hablar
SPEAK
spíik
SPOKE
spóuk
SPOKEN
spóuken
Robar
STEAL
stíil
STOLE
stóul
STOLEN
stóulen
Hincharse
SWELL
suél
SWELLED
suéld
SWOLLEN
suólen
Tomar, llevar
TAKE
téik
TOOK
tuk
TAKEN
téiken
Despertar
WAKE
uéik
WOKE
uók
WOKEN
uóken
Tejer
WEAVE
úiv
WOVE
úuv
WOVEN
úven
Escribir
WRITE
ráit
WROTE
róut
WRITTEN
ríten
GROUP V
PRESENT
PAST
PAST PARTICIPLE
Llegar a ser, hacerse
BECOME
bicóm
BECAME
bikéim
BECOME
bicóm
Soplar
BLOW
blóu
BLEW
blúu
BLOWN
blóun
Venir
COME
kom
CAME
kéim
COME
kom
Hacer
DO
du
DID
did
DONE
don
Tirar de, dibujar, sacar
DRAW
dróo
DREW
drúu
DRAWN
dróun
Volar
FLY
flái
FLEW
flúu
FLOWN
flóun
Cesar
FORBEAR
forber
FORBORE
forbor
FORBORN
forborn
Ir, andar
GO
góu
WENT
uént
GONE
góon
Crecer, cultivar
GROW
gróu
GREW
grúu
GROWN
gróun
Saber, conocer
KNOW
nóu
KNEW
niú
KNOWN
nóun
Reposar, yacer, estar tumbado
LIE
lái
LAY
léi
LAIN
léin
Demostrar, enseñar, mostrar
SHOW
shóu
SHOWED
shóud
SHOWN
shóun
Matar
SLAY
sléi
SLEW
slúu
SLAIN
sléin
Jurar, blasfemar
SWEAR
suér
SWORE
suór
SWORN
suórn
Romper, rasgar
TEAR
téer
TORE
tóor
TORN
torn
Botar, tirar, arrojar
THROW
zróu
THREW
zrúu
THROWN
zróun
Usar
WEAR
uér
WORE
uor
WORN
uórn
Lesson 1
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Get on: Subirse, montarse, (excepto en auto).
I always get on the bus to work at 34th Street.
Get in: Subirse, montarse, (en auto).
Come on, get in the car right now. It’s raining.
Get off: Bajarse, apearse.
Why don’t we get off the bus right here and walk for a while?
Put on: Ponerse.
Put your coat on before you leave. It’s pretty cold outside.
Take off: Quitarse.
Take your sweater off. The room is warm.
Call up: Llamar por teléfono.
I forgot to call up Paul yesterday. I’d better call him now.
Turn on: Enceder.
Please, turn on the light. It’s too dark in here.
Turn off: Apagar.
Please, turn off the light when you leave the room.
Right away: Inmediatamente.
Dad says that dinner will be ready right away, so we’d better wash our hands and set the table.
Pick up: Tomar, coger, recoger.
Could you pick your toy up before someone falls over it?
Sooner or later: Tarde o temprano.
If you study English seriously, sooner or later you’ll become fluent.
Get up: Levantarse.
At what time should we get the children up tomorrow?
At first: Al principio.
I thought at first that it was Sheila calling, but then I realized it was you.
Lesson 2
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Dress up: Emperifollarse, ponerse elegante.
You don’t have to dress up for Bob’s party.
At last: Por fin.
You’re here at last!
Alone at last!
As usual: Como de costumbre, como siempre.
George is late for class as usual.
Find out: Averiguar.
Please, try to find out what time the airplane arrives.
Look at: Mirar, contemplar.
I love to walk along the coastline and look at the sea.
Look for: Buscar, indagar.
Where were you? We’ve spent a long lime looking for you.
All right: Satisfactorio, afirmativo, correcto.
Is it all right to be waiting here?
All along: Desde el principio.
She knew all along that we’d never agree with her plan.
Little by little: Poco a poco, lentamente.
Helen’s health seems to be getting over little by little.
Tire out: Dejar exhausto, agotar.
The weather tired out the runners.
Final exams always tire me out.
Call on: Acudir a, visitar.
Why don’t we call on Sally a little later?
Never mind: No se preocupe, no importa.
Never mind about that.
When he spilled his drink on my coat, I said, “Never mind. It needs cleaning anyway.”