Biology
EOCT Prep
1
Characteristics of Science1
Theory A is a well-established scientific
theory. One hypothesis that could refute this
theory is successful tested over many
experiments. What action must be taken for
this hypothesis to pose a legitimate challenge
to Theory A?
A. collecting empirical data
B. publishing data for peer review
C. forming a question for an investigation
D. turning the hypothesis into scientific law
2
Characteristics of Science1
A student came to class wanting to know if
material from outer space was responsible
for putting organisms on Earth. The teacher
explained that this was not a scientific
question because
A. it was not true.
B. it could not be tested.
C. it was the best explanation.
D. it had already been proven to be wrong.
3
Characteristics of Science1
A company that produces pesticides conducts an
experiment to test the effectiveness of their newest
product. The scientist involved in the development
of the pesticide is the one who will interpret the
results. Why is this a problem?
A.
B.
C.
D.
The pesticide could be made better during the process.
The results could be shared with a competing company.
The scientist will not know how to make accurate
observations.
The scientist may misinterpret the results because he
knows what should happen.
4
Characteristics of Science1
A hypothesis and a theory are related
because
A. a theory is always used to develop a
hypothesis.
B. they are both developed in the absence of
observations.
C. the data collected when a hypothesis is tested
can support a theory.
D. an experiment is done before the formation of
both a hypothesis and a theory.
5
GPS Standards - Cells
SB1. Students will analyze the nature of the
relationships between structures and
functions in living cells.
a. Explain the role of cell organelles for both prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells, including the cell membrane, in
maintaining homeostasis and cell reproduction.
b. Explain how enzymes function as catalysts.
c. Identify the function of the four major macromolecules
(i.e., carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids).
d. Explain the impact of water on life processes (i.e.,
osmosis, diffusion).
6
Prokaryotic Cell - Bacteria
7
Eukaryotic Cells
8
Cells - Chemistry
Which is the correct hierarchy of life
from simple to complex?
A. cell → tissue → organ → organ system →
organism
B. DNA → cell → organ → organ system →
organism
C. organism → organ system → organ → tissue →
cell
D. bacteria → cell → tissue → organ → organ
system
9
Cells
What structure is common to all six
kingdoms of living organisms?
A. DNA
B. Nucleus
C. Cell wall
D. Mitochondria
10
Cells
Inside eukaryotic cells are
membrane -bound structures called
A.
B.
C.
D.
cell walls
cilia
organelle
cytoplasm
11
Cells
The function of the cell organelle
circled below is to produce energy.
What is the name of this organelle?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Golgi apparatus
mitochondrion
nucleus
ribosome
12
Cells
A type of cell that can exist in a broad
range of environmental conditions, can
rapidly multiply, and lacks a nucleus is
known as what type of cell?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Animal
Eukaryotic
Plant
Prokaryotic
13
Cells
While observing an Elodea plant cell
through a microscope, a student
noticed some small, moving green
disks. These organelles were most
likely which of the following?
A.
B.
C.
D.
chloroplasts
leucoplasts
mitochondria
ribosomes
14
Cells
Animal cells have all of the following
EXCEPT
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
mitochondria.
chloroplasts.
a nucleus.
a cell membrane.
Golgi apparatus.
15
Cells
The nucleus includes all of the
following structures EXCEPT
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
cytoplasm.
nuclear envelope (membrane).
DNA.
nucleolus.
chromatin.
16
Cells
In a typical cell placed into fresh water,
osmotic pressure produces
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
active transport.
a net movement of water out of the cell.
a net movement of water into the cell.
protein synthesis.
no change.
17
Cells
Which of the following are sometimes
found attached to the endoplasmic
reticulum?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
chloroplasts
mitochondria
vacuoles
nuclei
ribosomes
18
Cells
A microscope and determines that it is
a eukaryote. Which structure did the
student identify in order to come to this
conclusion?
A.
B.
C.
D.
vacuole
nucleus
cell wall
ribosome
19
Cells
Unlike prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells
have the capacity to
A. assemble into multicellular organisms
B. establish symbiotic relationships with other
organisms
C. obtain energy from the Sun
D. store genetic information in the form of DNA
20
Cells
Which of the following organelles is
present in both prokaryotes and
eukaryotes?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Nucleus
Ribosome
Golgi
Endoplasmic reticulum
21
Cells
At which organelle are proteins
manufactured?
A.
B.
C.
D.
mitochondrion
nucleus
ribosome
vacuole
22
Cells
The major difference between
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is the
presence of which of the following?
A.
B.
C.
D.
membrane-bound organelles
cytoplasm
a cell membrane
nucleic acids
23
1. Nucleus is present.
Cells
2. Cell wall is present.
3. Chloroplasts and mitochondria are both
present.
The eukaryotic organism described above
should be classified as —
A.
B.
C.
D.
an animal
a bacterium
a fungus
a plant
24
Homeostasis
In all reptiles, birds, and mammals, the
processes of excretion, water and salt
balance and the regulation of pH in body
fluids are controlled by the kidneys. This is
an example of the organism maintaining
A reabsorption
B homeostasis
C insulation
D hibernation
25
Cells – Membrane Transport
What is the function of a cell’s
selectively permeable membrane?
A. to regulate energy production in the cell
B. to keep mitochondria from using nuclear
material
C. to maintain a constant lipid-protein ratio in
the cell
D. to control materials entering and leaving the
cell
26
Cells - Membrane Transport
Which of the following examples illustrates
osmosis?
A Water leaves the tubules of the kidney in response to
the hypertonic fluid surrounding the tubules.
B Digestive enzymes are excreted into the small intestine.
C White blood cells consume pathogens and cell debris at
the site of an infection.
D Calcium is pumped inside a muscle cell after the
muscle completes its contraction.
27
Cell – Membrane Transport
What is the primary difference between
diffusion and osmosis?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Diffusion requires energy input but osmosis does not.
Diffusion does not require energy input but osmosis
does.
Diffusion is the movement of water from high to low
concentration, while osmosis is the movement of any
substance from high to low concentration.
Diffusion is the movement of any substance from high
to low concentration, while osmosis is the movement of
water from high to low concentration.
28
Cells – Membrane Transport
Which process always involves the
movement of materials from inside the
cell to outside the cell?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
phagocytosis
endocytosis
diffusion
exocytosis
osmosis
29
Cells – Membrane Transport
Which of the following is NOT an example of active
transport?
I. Facilitated diffusion
II. Osmosis
III. Diffusion
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
I only
III only
I and II only
II and III only
I, II, and III
30
Cells – Membrane Transport
Which of the following is an example of a
eukaryote?
I. Plant
II. Bacterium
III. Fungus
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
I only
II only
I and III only
II and III only
I, II, and III
31
Cells – Mitosis1
Which lists the mitosis phases in the correct
order?
A.
B.
C.
D.
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
prophase, anaphase, metaphase, telophase
telophase, metaphase, anaphase, prophase
telophase, anaphase, metaphase, prophase
32
Cells - Macromolecules
Which of the following molecules
provides the greatest amount of
energy per gram of mass when
metabolized?
A carbohydrate
B nucleic acid
C protein
D lipid
33
Cells – Macromolecules1
When an animal has to survive without food
for a long time, it will eventually break down
proteins for energy. However, this process
occurs only after exhausting the animal’s
reserves of
A DNA and RNA.
B carbohydrates and lipids.
C carbon dioxide and water.
D enzymes and nucleic acids.
34
Cells - Macromolecules
Proteins are long chains or polymers
made up of
A nucleotides
B carbohydrates
C amino acids
D lipids
35
Cells - Macromolecules
Which bond holds water molecules
together?
A ionic bond
B nonpolar covalent bond
C hydrogen bond
D Van de Waals interaction
36
Enzymes
Food is commonly refrigerated at temperatures 2°C
to 7°C to slow the rate of spoilage by bacteria. Which
of the following best explains why refrigeration at
these temperatures slows the spoilage of food?
A Bacteria that cause food spoilage are killed by these low
temperatures.
B Bacteria that cause food spoilage multiply rapidly at these
temperatures.
C The enzymes in bacteria that cause food spoilage are not
active at these temperatures.
D The enzymes in bacteria that cause food spoilage are
denatured at these temperatures.
37
Enzymes
Which of the following environmental
changes can cause an increase in the
rates of chemical reactions in cells?
A increased temperature
B decreased enzyme concentrations
C increased activation energy requirement
D decreased diffusion rates
38
GPS Standards - Genetics
SB2. Students will analyze how biological traits are passed on to
successive generations.
a. Distinguish between DNA and RNA.
b. Explain the role of DNA in storing and transmitting cellular
information.
c. Using Mendel’s laws, explain the role of meiosis in reproductive
variability.
d. Describe the relationships between changes in DNA and potential
appearance of new traits including
– Alterations during replication (insertions, deletions,
substitutions)
– Mutagenic factors that can alter DNA (high energy radiation,
X-rays and ultraviolet, and chemical)
e. Compare the advantages of sexual reproduction and asexual
reproduction in different situations.
f. Examine the use of DNA technology in forensics, medicine, and
agriculture.
39
SB2a.
Which of the following is the correct
base-pairing rule for DNA?
A A-U; C-G
B A-G; T-C
C A-T; G-C
D A-C; T-G
40
SB2a.
A characteristic of RNA is that it
A remains in the chromosomes in the nucleus
B is involved in translating information in DNA
into proteins
C undergoes crossing-over during meiosis
D is replicated during the process of mitosis
41
SB2a.1
How do the functions of DNA and RNA
differ?
A DNA directs protein transport, while RNA aids in
energy production.
B DNA aids in energy production, while RNA directs
protein transport.
C DNA stores genetic information, while RNA relays
genetic information for protein synthesis.
D DNA relays genetic information for protein synthesis,
while RNA stores genetic information.
42
SB2a.1
Which are components of DNA
and RNA?
A sugar, sulfate, and amino acid
B sugar, sulfate, and nucleic acid
C sugar, phosphate, and amino acid
D sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base
43
SB2a.1
Which is the difference in structure
between RNA and DNA?
A RNA is double stranded while DNA is single stranded.
B RNA is single stranded while DNA is double stranded .
C RNA has a 6-carbon sugar while DNA has a 5-carbon
sugar.
D RNA has a 5-carbon sugar while DNA has a 6-carbon
sugar.
44
SB2a.7
During DNA replication, which of the
following segments would be
complementary to the original DNA
segment of CCTAAT?
A CGATTA
B GGUTTU
C GGATTA
D GGAUUA
45
SB2a.7
Which of the strands below is the
complement to the segment GCATCCGA
of a DNA molecule?
A CCTAGGCT
B GCATCCGA
C CGUAGGCU
D CGTAGGCT
46
SB2a.7
The chart below matches
messenger RNA codons with
amino acids.
A DNA strand has the codon
TCA. According to the chart, the
corresponding messenger RNA
codes for which of the following
amino acids?
A glycine
B leucine
C alanine
D serine
glycine
GGU
GGC
GGA
GGG
leucine
alanine
UUA
UUG
CUU
CUC
CUA
CUG
GCU
GCC
GCA
GCG
serine
UCU
UCC
UCA
UCG
AGC
AGU
47
SB2a.8
Which series of bases will complete this strand of DNA?
A CCTGAT
B ACTGGC
C GTAGGC
D TCAGGG
48
SB2a.3
Which of the following
correctly shows the
shape of a DNA
molecule?
49
SB2b.7
The messenger RNA will carry the
DNA’s instructions out of the nucleus
to which of the following?
A vacuole
B mitochondria
C chloroplast
D ribosome
50
SB2b.
Information on mRNA is used to
make a sequence of amino acids into
a protein by which of the following
processes?
A replication
B translation
C transcription
D transference
51
SB2b.7
Which type of RNA is responsible for
bringing amino acids to the ribosome for
protein synthesis?
A messenger RNA
B transfer RNA
C ribosomal RNA
D mitochondrial RNA
52
SB2b.7
To determine the molecular sequence of a
gene for a protein, which molecule should
be analyzed?
A tRNA
B ATP
C DNA
D rRNA
53
SB2b.7
What is the purpose of transfer RNA?
A It unzips the double helix so transcription can
begin.
B It retrieves amino acids from the cytoplasm for
protein construction.
C It carries genetic information to the ribosomes.
D It produces a complementary copy of a strand of
DNA.
54
SB2b.7
If a portion of a DNA strand has the base
sequence TACGCA, what will be the base
sequence of the mRNA strand
transcribed?
A TACGCA
B UACGCA
C AUGCGU
D ATGCGT
55
SB2b.7
Transcription of the DNA sequence below:
AAGCTGGGA
would most directly result in which of the
following?
A a sequence of three amino acids, linked by peptide bonds
B a DNA strand with the base sequence TTCGACCCT
C a mRNA strand with the sequence TTCGACCCT
D a mRNA strand with the sequence UUCGACCCU
56
SB2b.
Which of the following shows how
information is transformed to make a
protein?
A DNA → RNA → protein
B gene → chromosome → protein
C cell respiration → ATP → protein
D ATP → amino acid → protein
57
SB2c.
Through his experiments with pea plants,
Gregor Mendel concluded that inheritance of
traits is determined by
A. the presence of bees in the environment.
B. a factor that is passed down from just one
parent.
C. the environmental conditions on the day of
mating.
D. a pair of factors, one passed down from each
parent.
58
SB2c.
In fruit flies, the gray body color (G) is
dominant to the ebony body color (g). What
is the genotypic ratio of the offspring of a
heterozygous gray female and an ebony
male?
A 25% Gg, 75% gg
B 50% Gg, 50% gg
C 75% gray, 25% ebony
D 100% gray
59
SB2c.3
Pea plants have seeds that are either round or wrinkled. In
this cross, what will be the phenotypic ratio of the
offspring?
A 50% RR and 50% Rr
B 25% RR, 50% Rr, 25% rr
C 50% round seeds, 50% wrinkled seeds
D 100% round seeds
60
SB2c.3
The observed trait that appears in an
organism as a result of its genetic
makeup is called the organism’s
A
B
C
D
allele
genotype
phenotype
karyotype
61
SB2c.7
In a genetics laboratory, two heterozygous
tall plants are crossed. If tall is dominant
over short, what are the expected
phenotypic results?
A 100% tall
B 75% tall, 25% short
C 50% tall, 50% short
D 25% tall, 75% short
62
SB2c.7
A human skin cell contains 46
chromosomes. How many chromosomes
are present in a human sperm cell?
A
B
C
D
23
46
92
138
63
SB2c.7
Some traits are determined by more than
two alleles. If aabbcc is crossed with
AABBCC, what would be the genotype of
the offspring?
A
B
C
D
AaBbCc
AABBCC
aabbcc
aaAAbbBBccCC
64
SB2c.7
Mr. Jones has blood type A and Mrs. Jones
has blood type AB. What is the probability
that they will have a child with blood type A
if both Mr. Jones’ parents were AB?
A
B
C
D
0%
25%
50%
100%
65
SB2c.7
In sickle cell anemia, the heterozygous
condition results in resistance to malaria. If
two heterozygous parents have a child,
what are the chances of that child being
resistant to malaria but not having sickle
cell anemia?
A
B
C
D
25%
50%
75%
100%
66
SB2c.7
In guinea pigs, the allele for rough coat (R) is
dominant to the allele for smooth coat (r). A
rough coat male and a smooth coat female mate.
They produce several litters, of which 50% are
rough coat and 50% are smooth coat. What were
the genotypes of the parents?
A
B
C
D
RR x rr
Rr x rr
RR x Rr
Rr x Rr
67
SB2c.1
In pea plants, a smooth pea is dominant to
a wrinkled pea. What is the genotypic ratio
from a cross between a plant that has
homozygous smooth-skin peas and a plant
with wrinkled-skin peas?
A 4 RR: 0 Rr: 0 rr
B 0 RR: 4 Rr: 0 rr
C 0 RR: 0 Rr: 4 rr
D 1 RR: 2 Rr: 1 rr
68
SB2c.
Gregor Mendel’s work with garden peas led
him to a crucial understanding of
inheritance. Before Mendel started his
experiments, he had to ensure the plants
were
A hybrids.
B asexual.
C purebred.
D cross-pollinated.
69
SB2c.
When an organism has two different
alleles for a trait, it is said to be
A recessive
B dominant
C homozygous
D heterozygous
70
SB2c.
In Mendel’s experiments with a single trait,
the trait that disappeared in the first
generation and reappeared in the next
generation is called the
A homozygous trait
B dominant trait
C recessive trait
D heterozygous trait
71
SB2d.
DNA in an individual’s gametes will
most likely be altered before being
passed to offspring if exposed to
A x-rays
B loud sounds
C magnetic fields
D extreme temperatures
72
SB2c.
A couple has two children, one with brown
hair and blue eyes and one with brown hair
and brown eyes. The fact that the children
can have the same hair color but different
eye color is explained by the
A.
B.
C.
D.
law of segregation.
principle of probability.
principle of dominance.
law of independent assortment.
73
SB2d.
What is a source of genetic variation?
A adaptation
B mutation
C respiration
D transpiration
74
SB2d.
A type of mutation that can alter DNA
by the loss of a nucleotide base is
known as
A substitution
B crossing over
C deletion
D insertion
75
SB2e.7
Which statement is true regarding
asexual reproduction as a method of
producing offspring?
A common among mammals
B not a method used by plants
C produces offspring that are genetically identical
D limited to unicellular organisms
76
SB2e.7
Which of the following demonstrates the most
significant difference between asexual and
sexual reproduction?
A The chromosome number is reduced during asexual
reproduction.
B The number of chromosomes is reduced during sexual
reproduction.
C The appearance of the organism is changed as a result of
asexual reproduction.
D There is genetic variation as a result of sexual reproduction.
77
SB2f.
Genetic engineering techniques have
been used to produce all of the
following effects except
A grow salt-tolerant crop plants
B decrease harvesting time
C make crop plants resistant to disease
D decrease soil nitrogen levels
78
SB2f.1
Biologists have the technology to convert a tiny
amount of DNA, such as that found in ancient
fossils, into a large amount of DNA, which is
more easily studied. What scientific discovery
has resulted from this technology?
A the social interactions between many ancient species
B the traits that many ancient species learned and
acquired
C the evolutionary relationships between many ancient
species
D the environmental factors that caused many ancient
species to evolve
79
SB2f.1
Geneticists have learned that segments of a
cell’s DNA can be removed and replaced with
different segments of DNA. What development
can arise as a result of this knowledge?
A animals that can inherit acquired traits
B crops that have more desirable genetic traits
C crops that can avoid passing genetic traits to offspring
D animals that can convert acquired traits into genetic
ones
80
GPS Standards - Evolution
SB5. Students will evaluate the role of
natural selection in the development of
the theory of evolution.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Trace the history of the theory.
Explain the history of life in terms of biodiversity,
ancestry, and the rates of evolution.
Explain how fossil and biochemical evidence
support the theory.
Relate natural selection to changes in organisms.
Recognize the role of evolution to biological
resistance (pesticide and antibiotic resistance).
81
SB5a. History of Evolution
The idea that evolution takes
place at a continuous but very
slow rate is known as
A
B
C
D
succession
artificial selection
punctuated equilibrium
gradualism
82
SB5a. History of Evolution
What question did both Lamarck and
Darwin try to answer with their
theories of evolution?
A What is the role of DNA in the inheritance of traits?
B What causes populations of organisms to change
over time?
C What are the patterns of heredity in sexually
reproducing organisms?
D What happens to beneficial traits when populations
undergo natural selection?
83
SB5a. History of Evolution
Ancestors of the koala lived on the
ground, but modern koalas live in
trees and eat eucalyptus leaves, which
are poisonous to most other animals.
The difference between the ancestor
and modern koalas was caused by
A
B
C
D
the presence of homologous structures
the presence of vestigial organs
selective breeding
natural selection
84
SB5a. History of Evolution
Jean Baptiste de Lamarck believed
that traits were passed on to
offspring, not by genes, but as a result
of experience or behavior over the course
of the organism’s life. Lamarck’s explanation
for the modification of species depended on
A inheritance of acquired characteristics
B the law of superposition
C convergent evolution
D natural selection
85
SB5a. History of Evolution
Which scientist is correctly paired
with his area of research?
A August Weismann – common ancestry
of species
B Jean Lamarck – origin of life on Earth
C Stanley Miller – survival of the fittest
D Charles Darwin – natural selection
86
SB5b. Biodiversity
Horses and tapirs have a common ancestor, but they
now look very different from one another. Horses are
now grassland animals adapted for grazing on grass
and shrubs. Tapirs are jungle animals that live in
dense forests and eat fruit, leaves, and aquatic
vegetation. Which of the following led to the
development of such differences in the two species?
A
B
C
D
selective breeding
convergent evolution
DNA hybridization
natural selection
Tapir
87
SB5b. Biodiversity
According to the theory of natural
selection, a species that lacks the
variations necessary to adapt to a
changing environment will most likely
A become dormant
B mutate
C become extinct
D fossilize
88
SB5b. Biodiversity
A large island in the Pacific Ocean supports isolated populations of
two groups of frogs. The following observations of these frogs were
recorded by scientists.
(1) Are different in color
(2) Excrete different products
(3) Live in different, isolated habitats
(4) Can interbreed and produce fertile offspring
Which observation best supports the inference that these frogs
belong to the same species?
A
B
C
D
1
2
3
4
89
SB5b. Biodiversity
Geographic and reproductive
isolation are most closely associated
with
A
B
C
D
speciation
extinction
overproduction
competition
90
SB5b. Biodiversity
The development of scientists of a new
color in a rose is the result of
A.
B.
C.
D.
natural selection.
artificial selection.
descent with modification.
overproduction.
91
SB5c. Fossil and Biochemical
Evidence
Fossils of Archaeopteryx show that this
animal had feathers, like a bird. It also had a
bony tail, teeth, and claws on its wings, like a
reptile. These fossils are evidence that
support the idea that
A birds and reptiles have a common ancestor
B birds have changed very little over millions of years
C reptile species are more advanced than bird species
D reptiles are warm-blooded like birds
92
Archaeopteryx
93
SB5c. Fossil and Biochemical
Evidence
What is similar and different about the
homologous structures below?
94
SB5c. Fossil and Biochemical
Evidence
They have similar structures of the bones
that make up the forelimb. However, the
three forelimbs have different functions.
95
SB5c. Fossil and Biochemical
Evidence
Event
Estimated Time of
Occurrence
Earliest evidence of life
Paleozoic era begins
first land plants
Triassic period begins
Mesozoic era begins
first mammals and dinosaurs
Jurassic period begins
first birds
Cretaceous period begins
dinosaurs become extinct
Cenozoic era begins
primates appear
human appear
3.5 billion years ago
545.5 million years ago
400.0 million years ago
248.0 million years ago
245.0 million years ago
225.0 million years ago
208.0 million years ago
150.0 million years ago
144.0 million years ago
65.0 million years ago
65.0 million years ago
60.0 million years ago
200.0 thousand years ago
At what point did a catastrophic environmental change most likely
take place across the planet?
A.
B.
65 million years ago
400 million years ago
C.
D.
225 million years ago
144 million years ago
96
SB5c. Fossil and Biochemical
Evidence
A hummingbird and a humming moth
have a number of superficial features
in common with each other, but they
do not share a common ancestor. This
is an example of
A divergent evolution
B coevolution
C convergent evolution
D superposition
97
SB5c. Fossil and Biochemical
Evidence
Which of the following is characteristic of an index
fossil?
I. Distinctive species
II. Lived in a wide geographic range
III. Lived for a long period of time
A I only
B II only
C I and II only
D II and III only
E I, II, and III
98
SB5c. Fossil and Biochemical
Evidence
In which geologic era do you live?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Cenozoic
Mesozoic
Cambrian
Precambrian
Paleozoic
99
SB5c. Fossil and Biochemical
Evidence
The endosymbiotic theory includes all of
the following EXCEPT?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Photosynthetic prokaryotes evolved into
chloroplasts.
Aerobic prokaryotes evolved into mitochondria.
All organelles evolved from specialized
enfoldings of the plasma membrane.
Eukaryotic cells arose from the merging of
different prokaryotic organisms.
Eukaryotic cells are the result of an
interdependent relationship among different
organisms.
100
The Endosymbiotic Theory
101
SB5c. Fossil and Biochemical
Evidence
Which of the following is evidence for the
endosymbiotic theory?
I.
II.
III.
Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain DNA similar to
bacterial DNA.
Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain ribosomes
that differ from bacterial ribosomes.
Mitochondria and chloroplasts reproduce by binary
fission.
A I only
B II only
C I and III only
D II and III only
E I, II, and III
102
SB5c. Fossil and Biochemical
Evidence
The half-life of potassium-40 is about 1300
million years. The age of a fossil that
contains only one half of its original
potassium-40 is about
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
1300 million years.
26, 000 million years.
650 million years.
32.5 million years.
40 million years.
103
SB5c. Fossil and Biochemical Evidence
An archeological dig site is most
likely the working environment of
which kind of biologist?
A.ecologist
B.geneticist
C.paleontologist
D.molecular biologist
104
SB5c. Fossil and Biochemical Evidence
Relative dating of fossils is different from
radioactive dating of fossils because
relative dating
A. requires the use of modern technology.
B. can provide a rough estimation of the age of a fossil.
C. measures changes in fossils according to decaying
isotopes.
D. requires observing the location in which the fossil was
found.
105
SB5d. Natural Selection
Although the arctic fox and the kit fox are
closely related, they look very different
because the individuals
A acquired traits during their lifetimes that contributed to
survival
B with traits most suited to their environment
reproduced most successfully
C migrated long distances to environments that most
suited their traits
D passed on to their offspring acquired behaviors that
were helpful
106
SB5d. Natural Selection
Differences between the members of a
population will most likely be passed to
future generations if they are
A due to genetic changes and result in unfavorable
variations
B due to genetic changes and result in favorable
variations
C not due to genetic changes and result in unfavorable
variations
D not due to genetic changes and result in favorable
variations
107
SB5d. Natural Selection
Which of the following is an
example of natural selection in
bacteria?
A
B
C
D
genetic engineering
binary fission
antibiotic resistance
nitrogen fixation
108
SB5d. Natural Selection
The genetic information in the DNA of humans,
chimpanzees, and gorillas is more than 98%
the same. What is the most likely explanation
for this similarity?
A.
B.
C.
D.
They evolved from a common ancestor.
They evolved from each other.
Their evolution is nearly complete.
They evolved at the same time.
109
SB5d. Natural Selection
Islands are the habitats of many of the world’s
rare species. Which of the following factors
contributes most to this situation?
A.
B.
C.
D.
small land area
genetic isolation
limited food variety
Fewer predators
110
SB5d. Natural Selection
Biochemical analysis uses similarities in which
of the following as evidence for evolutionary
relationships?
A.
B.
C.
D.
amino acid sequence
bone structure
cellular architecture
movement
111
SB5d. Natural Selection
The Galapagos finches are a group of closely
related species of birds. Over time, specialized
beaks have evolved for each species in response
to mutations and competition for food and living
space. This is an example of which of the
following?
A.
B.
C.
D.
adaptive radiation
coevolution
convergent evolution
vestigial structures
112
SB5d. Natural Selection
Base your answers to the next two questions on the
diagram below and your knowledge of biology.
113
SB5d. Natural Selection
The only finch that is completely
carnivorous has a beak adapted for
A.
B.
C.
D.
probing, only
Probing and edge crushing
Probing and biting
Biting and edge crushing
114
SB5d. Natural Selection
Which two finches would compete the least
for food?
A. small ground finch and large ground finch
B. large ground finch and sharp-billed ground
finch
C. small tree finch and medium ground finch
D. vegetarian finch and small ground finch
115
SB5d. Natural Selection
Monarch
Viceroy
Two adaptations of the monarch butterfly that aid in its survival are the
production of a certain chemical and a distinctive coloration that other
animals can easily recognize. When a monarch butterfly is eaten, the
presence of the chemical results in a bad taste to the predator.
Although the viceroy butterfly does not contain the chemical that tastes
bad to a predator, it does resemble the monarch in size, shape, and
coloration.
How do the characteristics of the viceroy butterfly aid in its survival?
116
SB5e. Biological Resistance
Some viral diseases require only one
vaccination, which lasts for years. For other
diseases such as the flu, vaccinations last
only one season. The flu vaccine lasts such
a short time because the flu virus
A
B
C
D
is more easily transmitted than other viruses
mutates much more rapidly than other viruses
is less dangerous than other viruses
is much smaller than other viruses
117
SB5e. Biological Resistance
A population of bacteria is treated with an
antibiotic. How will variation in the
population of bacteria increase the
likelihood of survival?
A It allows all of the bacteria to be resistant to the
antibiotic.
B It enables the population to increase rapidly.
C Some of the bacteria may be resistant to the
antibiotic.
D The population will be better able to obtain a food
source.
118
SB3c. Evolutionary
Classification
Based on the cladogram below, which statement must be true?
Species 1 Species 2
Species 3
Species 4
Common Ancestor
A.
B.
C.
D.
Species 1 and 2 cannot have traits in common with Species 3 and 4.
Species 3 and 4 are found in different ecosystems than Species 1 and 2.
Species 3 is more genetically similar to Species 4 than to the other species.
Species 1 has a less direct relationship to the common ancestor than the
other species.
119
SB3c. Evolutionary
Classification
Which species are most closely related? Write down
your answer and hold for the next question.
Species
Sequence of Four Amino Acids Found in
the Same Part of the Hemoglobin Molecule
of Species
human
Lys-Glu-His-Phe
horse
Arg-Lys-His-Lys
gorilla
Lys-Glu-His-Lys
chimpanzee
Lys-Glu-His-Phe
zebra
Arg-Lys-His-Arg
120
SB3c. Evolutionary
Classification
Which evolutionary tree best represents the information in the chart on the
previous slide?
121
SB3c. Evolutionary
Classification
Cladogram #3
122
SB3c. Evolutionary
Classification
The chart below contains a number of characteristics for three different
organisms. The characteristics can be used in classifying these
organisms.
Characteristic
s
Organism A
Organism B
Organism C
Number of Cells
Unicellular
Multicellular
Unicellular
Type of nutrition
Autotrophic
Autotrophic
Heterotrophic
Nuclear
membrane
Absent
Present
Absent
DNA
Present
Present
Present
Which two organisms would be expected to have the most similar genetic
material? Why?
123
SB3c. Evolutionary
Classification
Which two organisms would be expected to have the most similar
genetic material? Why?
Characteristic
s
Organism A
Organism B
Organism C
Number of Cells
Unicellular
Multicellular
Unicellular
Type of nutrition
Autotrophic
Autotrophic
Heterotrophic
Nuclear
membrane
Absent
Present
Absent
DNA
Present
Present
Present
Organism A and Organism C are most similar because they are
unicellular and lack nuclear membranes. Both organisms are
prokaryotes.
124
GPS Standards - Organisms
SB3. Students will derive the relationship between
single-celled and multi-celled organisms and the
increasing complexity of systems.
a. Explain the cycling of energy through the processes of
photosynthesis and respiration.
b. Compare how structures and function vary between the six
kingdoms (archaebacteria, eubacteria, protists, fungi,
plants, and animals).
c. Examine the evolutionary basis of modern classification
systems.
d. Compare and contrast viruses with living organisms.
125
Photosynthesis
126
Photosynthesis
The function of chlorophyll in a light
reaction is to
A bind CO2 to H2O
B split to produce O2
C trap light energy
D act as a source of CO2
127
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis takes place in the
A mitochondria of eukaryotic cells
B nucleoid of prokaryotic cells
C chloroplasts of plant cells
D centrioles of animal cells
128
Photosynthesis
What are the stages of photosynthesis?
A light-dependent reactions and lightindependent reactions (Calvin Cycle)
B glycolysis and Kreb’s Cycle
C electron transport chain and Calvin Cycle
D light-dependent reactions and Kreb’s
Cycle
129
Photosynthesis
What are the reactants of photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 6H2O + light → C6H12O6 + 6O2
A carbon dioxide and water
B oxygen and water
C glucose and oxygen
D glucose and carbon dioxide
130
Photosynthesis3
Based on the summary equation for
photosynthesis shown below, which of the
following is produced by the reaction?
6CO2 + 6H2O + light → C6H12O6 + 6O2
A CO2
B H2O
C light
D C6H12O6
131
Photosynthesis
What are the products of photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 6H2O + light → C6H12O6 + 6O2
A carbon dioxide and water
B oxygen and water
C glucose and oxygen
D glucose and carbon dioxide
132
Photosynthesis
If light is permanently removed from a plant
A the light reaction could not take place
B sugars would not be made
C oxygen would not be released
D all of the above
133
Respiration
2
2
36
134
Respiration
In glycolysis, the first stage of cellular
respiration, ATP molecules are produced.
What is the net gain of ATP molecules (per
molecule of glucose) from glycolysis?
A
B
C
D
1
2
4
36
135
Respiration
Fermentation, anaerobic respiration,
occurs when
A
B
C
D
light is absorbed by the chloroplast.
oxygen is present during respiration.
light is absent.
oxygen is not present during respiration.
136
Respiration1
Complex molecules are broken down
during cellular respiration and converted
into smaller molecules containing energy.
What are these complex molecules called?
A
B
C
D
proteins
enzymes
nucleic acids
carbohydrates
137
Respiration1
What do glycolysis, the Kreb Cycle, and the
electron transport chain have in common?
A
B
C
D
the production of ATP
the process of trapping solar energy
the occurrence of each within mitochondria
the process of breaking down sugar
molecules
138
Respiration
Respiration takes place in the
A mitochondria of eukaryotic cells
B nucleoid of prokaryotic cells
C chloroplasts of plant cells
D centrioles of animal cells
139
Respiration1
What is formed during photosynthesis and
broken down during cellular respiration?
A
B
C
D
water
glucose
lactic acid
carbon dioxide
140
Respiration
What are the stages of respiration?
A light-dependent reactions and light-independent
reactions (Calvin Cycle)
B glycolysis, Kreb’s Cycle, and electron transport chain
C Kreb’s Cycle, electron transport chain, and Calvin Cycle
D glycolygis, light-dependent reactions and Kreb’s Cycle
141
Respiration7
Cellular respiration is carried out by which
of the following?
A all living organisms all of the time
B animals but not plants
C animals all of the time but plants only at
night
D heterotrophs but not autotrophs
142
Respiration7
Which of the following processes
releases the most ATP per molecule
of glucose for immediate cell use?
A
B
C
D
aerobic respiration
anaerobic respiration
chemosynthesis
photosynthesis
143
Respiration7
Two students set up the following apparatus in a lab. A
pipette was filled with a mixture of yeast and apple juice
and inverted in a test tube filled with warm water. The
students observed bubbles being released from the end of
the pipette Which of the following most likely represents
the gas being released?
A
B
C
D
carbon dioxide
hydrogen peroxide
oxygen
nitrogen
144
Organisms
One main difference between
members of the Kingdoms Plantae
and Animalia is the ability to
A obtain energy
B reproduce
C move
D exchange gases
145
Organisms
What aspect of the structure of viruses
is similar to all living things?
A.
B.
C.
D.
microscopic size
absence of nuclei
presence of nucleic acid
requirement of a host cell or body
146
Organisms
A group of prokaryotes that live in
extreme environments are the
A viruses
B protists
C eubacteria
D archaebacteria
147
Organisms
Yeast, a common fungus, is economically
important to the beverage industry because
when placed in grape juice, it
A. releases sugars that react with alcohol in the juice.
B. acts as an enzyme to break down juice into alcohol.
C. ferments carbohydrates in the juice and releases
alcohol.
D. produces starch that bonds with juice sugars to form
alcohol.
148
Organisms
The complexity of body systems differs
greatly among organisms. Which of the
following organisms has developed organ
systems for obtaining and utilizing energy?
A bacterium
B mushroom
C mouse
D virus
149
Organisms
The presence of vertebrae is found in
which kingdom?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Plantae
Protista
Archaea
Animalia
150
Organisms
Which statement is true about
viruses?
A They can reproduce.
B They are autotrophs.
C They contain organelles.
D They are living organisms.
151
Organisms
As compared to bacteria and
eukaryote, species of archaea are
considered to be the most
A
B
C
D
ancient.
massive.
complex.
common.
152
Organisms
Scientists have discovered a new species
of animal. Which would provide the best
basis for classifying this new species?
A
B
C
D
DNA comparison
diet of animal
habitat of animal
appearance of animal
153
Organisms
Why is it important for the cells of multicellular organisms to undergo mitosis?
A Mitosis allows for reproduction with male and
female gametes.
B Mitosis increases variation within an
organism.
C Mitosis produces cells that are different from
the original dividing cell.
D Mitosis produces identical cells to the original
dividing cell.
154
GPS Standards - Ecology
SB4. Students will assess the dependence of all organisms on
one another and the flow of energy and matter within their
ecosystems.
a. Investigate the relationships among organisms, populations, communities,
ecosystems, and biomes.
b. Explain the flow of matter and energy through ecosystems by
c. Arranging components of a food chain according to energy flow.
d. Comparing the quantity of energy in the steps of an energy pyramid.
e. Explaining the need for cycling of major nutrients (C, O, H, N, P).
f. Relate environmental conditions to successional changes in ecosystems.
g. Assess and explain human activities that influence and modify the
environment such as global warming, population growth, pesticide use, and
water and power consumption.
h. Relate plant adaptations, including tropisms, to the ability to survive
stressful environmental conditions.
i. Relate animal adaptations, including behaviors, to the ability to survive
stressful environmental conditions.
155
Ecology - Ecosystem
What is NOT an abiotic factor is an
ecosystem?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
microorganisms
light
temperature
rainfall
pH
156
Ecology - Ecosystem
What defines a species’ niche?
I. Abiotic factors
II. Biotic factors
III.Food web
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
I only
III only
I and III only
II and III only
I, II, and III
157
Ecology - Ecosystem
An example of a biotic factor in
the ecosystem shown below is
A.
B.
C.
D.
the Sun.
the soil.
the water.
the plants.
158
Ecology - Ecosystem
In which marine zone are you likely to find
algae growing?
I. Intertidal zone
II. Photic zone
III.Aphotic zone
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
I only
II only
I and II only
II and III only
I, II, and III
159
Ecology - Ecosystem
The water in an estuary is
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
salt water only.
poor in nutrients.
fresh water only.
in the aphotic zone.
a mixture of fresh water and salt water.
160
Ecology - Ecosystem
Which organism in the aquatic food web
below gets energy directly from the Sun?
A.
B.
C.
D.
krill
baleen whale
phytoplankton
both krill and the baleen whale
161
Ecology - Cycles
B
B
C
A
D
G
E
F
Which letter represents transpiration, the
evaporation of water from plants?
162
Ecology - Cycles
Which of the following is a sequence found in
the nitrogen cycle?
A. nitrogen in the soil → air →plants → animals
B. nitrogen in the soil → animals → plants →
fungi
C. nitrogen in the air → plants → animals →
bacteria
D. nitrogen in the air → bacteria → plants →
animals
163
Ecology - Cycles
In the carbon cycle, carbon is
transferred from animals to plants by
which of the following?
A.
B.
C.
D.
carbon dioxide
oxygen
sugars
water
164
Ecology - Cycles
By what process is CO2 removed from
the atmosphere?
A.
B.
C.
D.
combustion
decomposition
respiration
photosynthesis
165
Ecology – Energy
What is the function
of bacteria in this
food web?
A.
B.
C.
D.
decomposers
producers
primary consumers
secondary
consumers
166
Ecology – Energy
If these organisms were
arranged in a food
pyramid, which organism
would have the least
amount of total energy
available?
A.
B.
C.
D.
coyote
insect
lizard
shrub
167
Ecology – Energy
Which population would
increase most if the
insects were eliminated?
A.
B.
C.
D.
decomposers
producers
primary consumers
secondary consumers
168
Ecology – Energy
Which of the following
populations begins the
flow of energy through
the food web?
A.
B.
C.
D.
coyote
insect
lizard
shrubs
169
Ecology - Biomes
What biome is known for its large
herbivores, few trees, and firedependent ecology?
A.
B.
C.
D.
desert
grasslands
tropical rain forest
tundra
170
Ecology – Biomes
In which biome is
the food web
most likely to
be found?
A.
B.
C.
D.
forest
desert
grassland
urban
171
Ecology - Relationships
Deer share the open plains with other
grazing animals and predators. Which
of the following would lead to a
decrease in the deer population?
A.
B.
C.
D.
a reduction in the predator population
an increase in the number of other grazing animals
a reduction in the grazing animal population
an increase in restrictions on the hunting of deer
172
Ecology - Relationships
The relationship between a tick and
the dog it is biting is called
predation.
B. parasitism.
C. mutualism.
D. commensalism.
A.
173
Ecology - Relationships
Based on the graph the right, what is the
best explanation for the change in the deer
population between years 2 and 6?
A. There was limited predation of the deer.
B. Some deer left the area due to
overcoming.
C. The competition within the population for
the resources increased.
D. The number of births equaled the
number of deaths in the population.
174
References – Characteristics of
Science
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Arkansas Department of Education, ACTAAP Released Item Booklet:
Biology End-of-Course Examination, April 2008.
Georgia Department of Education, Biology Study Guide: Georgia End-ofCourse Tests, August 2008
Georgia Department of Education, Georgia End-of-Course Tests: Biology
Released Test Booklet, Spring 2004
New York Regents High School Examination, Biology, January 24, 2001
New York Regents High School Examination, Living Environment, January
28, 2005
New York Reagents High School Examination, Living Environment, January
27, 2009
North Carolina Testing Program, North Carolina End-of-Course Tests:
Biology Sample Items, July 2004
Texas Education Agency, Biology End-of-Course Examination, Spring 2001
Texas Education Agency, Biology End-of-Course Examination, Spring 2002
175
References - Cells
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Arkansas Department of Education, ACTAAP Released Item Booklet:
Biology End-of-Course Examination, April 2008.
Georgia Department of Education, Biology Study Guide: Georgia End-ofCourse Tests, August 2008
Georgia Department of Education, Georgia End-of-Course Tests: Biology
Released Test Booklet, Spring 2004
New York Regents High School Examination, Biology, January 24, 2001
New York Regents High School Examination, Living Environment, January
28, 2005
New York Reagents High School Examination, Living Environment, January
27, 2009
North Carolina Testing Program, North Carolina End-of-Course Tests:
Biology Sample Items, July 2004
Texas Education Agency, Biology End-of-Course Examination, Spring 2001
Texas Education Agency, Biology End-of-Course Examination, Spring 2002
176
References - Genetics
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Arkansas Department of Education, ACTAAP Released Item Booklet:
Biology End-of-Course Examination, April 2008.
Georgia Department of Education, Biology Study Guide: Georgia End-ofCourse Tests, August 2008
Georgia Department of Education, Georgia End-of-Course Tests: Biology
Released Test Booklet, Spring 2004
New York Regents High School Examination, Biology, January 24, 2001
New York Regents High School Examination, Living Environment, January
28, 2005
New York Reagents High School Examination, Living Environment, January
27, 2009
North Carolina Testing Program, North Carolina End-of-Course Tests:
Biology Sample Items, July 2004
Texas Education Agency, Biology End-of-Course Examination, Spring 2001
Texas Education Agency, Biology End-of-Course Examination, Spring 2002
177
References - Evolution
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Arkansas Department of Education, ACTAAP Released Item Booklet:
Biology End-of-Course Examination, April 2008.
Georgia Department of Education, Biology Study Guide: Georgia End-ofCourse Tests, August 2008
Georgia Department of Education, Georgia End-of-Course Tests: Biology
Released Test Booklet, Spring 2004
New York Regents High School Examination, Biology, January 24, 2001
New York Regents High School Examination, Living Environment, January
28, 2005
New York Reagents High School Examination, Living Environment, January
27, 2009
North Carolina Testing Program, North Carolina End-of-Course Tests:
Biology Sample Items, July 2004
Texas Education Agency, Biology End-of-Course Examination, Spring 2001
Texas Education Agency, Biology End-of-Course Examination, Spring 2002
178
References - Organisms
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Arkansas Department of Education, ACTAAP Released Item Booklet:
Biology End-of-Course Examination, April 2008.
Georgia Department of Education, Biology Study Guide: Georgia End-ofCourse Tests, August 2008
Georgia Department of Education, Georgia End-of-Course Tests: Biology
Released Test Booklet, Spring 2004
New York Regents High School Examination, Biology, January 24, 2001
New York Regents High School Examination, Living Environment, January
28, 2005
New York Reagents High School Examination, Living Environment, January
27, 2009
North Carolina Testing Program, North Carolina End-of-Course Tests:
Biology Sample Items, July 2004
Texas Education Agency, Biology End-of-Course Examination, Spring 2001
Texas Education Agency, Biology End-of-Course Examination, Spring 2002
179
References - Ecology
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Arkansas Department of Education, ACTAAP Released Item Booklet:
Biology End-of-Course Examination, April 2008.
Georgia Department of Education, Biology Study Guide: Georgia End-ofCourse Tests, August 2008
Georgia Department of Education, Georgia End-of-Course Tests: Biology
Released Test Booklet, Spring 2004
New York Regents High School Examination, Biology, January 24, 2001
New York Regents High School Examination, Living Environment, January
28, 2005
New York Reagents High School Examination, Living Environment, January
27, 2009
North Carolina Testing Program, North Carolina End-of-Course Tests:
Biology Sample Items, July 2004
Texas Education Agency, Biology End-of-Course Examination, Spring 2001
Texas Education Agency, Biology End-of-Course Examination, Spring 2002
180