Saint Louis School
English Department
Carlos Schwerter García
English In motion 4
August
grammar and vocabulary
review
Using That, Which, and Who as
Relative Pronouns
• That, which, and who when used as relative pronouns each
has a distinct function.
• In modern speech, which refers only to things.
• Who (or its forms whom and whose) refers only to people.
• That normally refers to things but it may refer to a class or
type of person. Examples:
• That is a book which I need for the class.
• These are the books that I need for the class.
• He is the man who will be teaching the class.
• They are the type of people who would lie to their mothers.
• They are the type of people that would lie to their
mothers.
Subject and Object questions
• Subject Questions: You want to know who/what does something.
??? ate my chocolate.
Who ate my chocolate?
• Object Questions: You want to know what someone did, or to
whom/where/when.
Tom ate ???
What did Tom eat?
Subject questions are easy to make. You just use 'who' or 'what' instead of the
subject of the sentence.
• Who wrote Hamlet? (answer: Shakespeare wrote Hamlet.
• Who is going home? (answer: My sister is going home.)
Object questions are more common but more difficult to make. You need an
auxiliary verb (do, be, have ...) before the subject, and a main verb (go,
make, think ...) after it.
Linkers of contrast and addition
• When we want to introduce contrast in English, we use the following words: In
spite of, Despite, Although, Even though, However, Nevertheless, and Whereas.
• It is important to know when and how to use these linkers:
1. ´In spite of’ and ‘Despite’ are followed by a noun phrase or a verb in the ‘ing’ form.
Ex: Despite their money, they can’t buy happiness.
Ex: In spite of having so much money, they aren’t very happy.
2. ‘Although’ and ‘Even though’ are followed by a complete sentence.
Ex: Although she sang beautifully, she didn’t win the contest.
Ex: I am going out tonight, even though I am really tired.
3. ‘However’ and ‘Nevertheless’ introduce a new idea which marks a contrast with a previously
stated idea. The speaker usually makes a strong pause. In writing, these words are separated
from the sentence they introduce by a comma.
Ex: She was feeling very ill. However, she went to school.
Ex: You need some help with your homework. Nevertheless, there are times when