Rehab Careers- 1A
• Study of muscles, bones, and joints as they are involved in the
science of movement
• Anatomical Position•
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Standing upright
Facing straight ahead
Feet parallel and close
Palms facing forward
• Fundamental Position• Same as anatomical EXCEPT the arms are at the sides and the palms are
facing the body
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Anterior- in front
Anteroinferior- In front and below
Anterolateral- In front and to the side
Anteromedial- In front and toward the midline
Anteroposterior- Relating to both front and rear
Anterosuperior- In front and above
Bilateral- Relating to both right and left sides
Contralateral- Relating to the opposite side
Deep- below the surface
Distal- Away from the midline or point of origin
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Inferior- below in relation to another structure
Inferolateral- below and to the outside
Inferomedial- below and to the midline
Ipsilateral- on the same side
Lateral- on or to the side/outside
Medial- relating to the midline or center
Palmar- relating to the palm of the hand
Plantar- relating to the bottom of the foot
Posterior- behind
Posteroinferior- behind and below
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Posterolateral- behind and to one side
Posteromedial- behind and to the inside
Posterosuperior- behind and at the upper part
Prone- face down (lying on your stomach)
Proximal- nearest the midline or point of origin
Superficial- near the surface
Superior- above
Superolateral- above and to the outside
Superomedial- above and toward the midline
Supine- face up (lying on your back)
Volar- relating to the palm of the hand or sole of the foot
• Cardinal Planes
• Sagittal (Anteroposterior or AP plane)- divide into left and right
• Frontal (Lateral or coronal plane)- divide into front and back
• Transverse (Horizontal plane)- divide into top and bottom
• Other Planes
• Midsagittal - involve the spine- in the middle of the sagittal plane
• Parasagittal - parallel to the midsagittal plane
• Diagonal (Oblique)- combination of more than one plane
• Frontal (Lateral or Coronal) Axis• Same directional orientation as frontal plane of motion
• Axis runs from side to side
• Sagittal (Anteroposterior) Axis• Same directional orientation as the sagittal plane of motion
• Axis runs from front to back at a right angle
• Vertical (Longitudinal) Axis• Runs straight down through the top of the head
• At a right angle to the transverse plane of motion
• Diagonal (Oblique) Axis• Runs at a right angle to the diagonal plane
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Abduction- lateral movement AWAY from the midline
Adduction- movement TOWARD the midline
Flexion- Decreases the angle of a joint; bending
Extension- Increases the angle of a joint; straightening
Circumduction- Circular movement of a limb
Diagonal Abduction- Abduction through the diagonal plane
Diagonal Adduction- Adduction through the diagonal plane
External Rotation- Rotational movement away from the midline
Internal Rotation- Rotational movement toward the midline
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Eversion- turning the sole of the foot outward or laterally
Inversion- turning the sole of the foot inward or medially
Dorsiflexion- Toes move upward toward the body
Plantar Flexion- Toes move away from the body
Pronation- walking on the inside of the foot, toes point outward
Supination- walking on the outside of the foot, toes point inward
• Lateral Flexion- side bending; abduction of spine
• Reduction- return to anatomical position; adduction of spine
• RADIOULNAR JOINT• Pronation- internal rotation resulting in palms facing down
• Supination- external rotation resulting in palms facing up
• SHOULDER GIRDLE
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Depression- inferior movement, shoulders dropping
Elevation- superior movement, shoulders lifting
Protraction- forward movement
Retraction- backward movement
• SHOULDER JOINT
• Horizontal Abduction- movement in the horizontal plane away from the
midline
• Horizontal Adduction- movement in the horizontal plane toward the
midline
• Dorsiflexion- bending your wrist back
• Palmar Flexion- bending your wrist forward
• Radial Flexion- abduction movement, bending the thumb side of
your wrist toward your radius
• Ulnar Flexion- adduction movement, bending the pinky side of
your wrist toward your ulna
• Opposition of Thumb- diagonal movement of thumb to touch
fingers
• Reposition of Thumb- diagonal movement of thumb back to
anatomical position
• Study of mechanics as it relates to the functional and
anatomical analysis of biological systems
• Mechanics- study of physical actions of forces
• Static- systems that are in a constant state of motion, whether at rest or
moving at a constant state with no acceleration
• Dynamic- systems in motion with acceleration
• Kinematics- description of motion and includes consideration of
time, displacement, velocity, acceleration, and space
• Kinetics- study of forces associated with the motion of a body
• Mechanical advantage- enables us to apply a relatively small
force, or effort, to move a much greater resistance
• 4 functions of machines
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Balance multiple forces
Enhance force in attempt to reduce total force needed
Enhance ROM and speed of movement
Alter the resulting direction of the applied force
• Anatomical levers can not be changed, but they can be used
more efficiently to maximize efforts
• Defined as a rigid bar that turns about an axis of rotation
• 1st Class Levers- The axis (A) is placed between the force (F)
and the resistance (R)
• 2nd Class Levers- The R is between the A and F
• 3rd Class Levers- The F is between the A and R
• Law of Inertia• A body in motion tends to remain in motion at the same speed in a
straight line unless acted on by a force; a body at rest tends to remain at
rest unless acted on by a force
• Law of Acceleration• A change in the acceleration of a body occurs in the same direction as the
force that caused it. The change in acceleration is directly proportional to
the force causing it and inversely proportional to the mass of the body.
• Law of Reaction• For every action there is an opposite and equal reaction.
• Balance• The ability to control equilibrium, either static or dynamic
• Equilibrium• A state of zero acceleration where there is not change in the speed or
direction of the body; can be static or dynamic
• Static Equilibrium- the body is at rest or completely motionless
• Dynamic Equilibrium- all of the applied and inertial forces acting on
the moving body are in balance, resulting in movement with
unchanging speed or direction
• Stability• The resistance to a change in the body’s acceleration or the resistance to
a disturbance of the body’s equilibrium
• Write a 1 page paper over the topic above. Follow the rubric
provided for specifics.
• At MINIMUM address the following:
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movements of joints and bones
planes
directional terms
body motions
motions between joint articular surfaces
mechanisms of joints
biomechanical levers.