Subsistence
AGRICULTURE AND PASTORALISM
Learning Objectives:
Subsistence Unit

1. Identify the subsistence patterns found in human
societies

2. Identify the cultural characteristics of a society that
might be inferred from knowing the society’s subsistence
patterns

3. Identify the changes brought about by the transition to
food production.
Adaptive Strategies

Means of making a living
 1)
Foraging
 2)
Horticulture
 3)
Agriculture
 4)
Pastoralism
 5)
Industrialism
 Will
discuss at the end of the quarter
Agriculture

Cultivation using land and labor
continuously and intensively

Focus of our discussion:
 1.
 2.
 3.
Agriculture: Domesticated
Animals

Means of production
 1.
 2.
 3.
 4.
Agriculture:
Irrigation

Benefits
 1.
 2.
 3.
 Example:
Fields
Ifugao Rice
Agriculture: Terracing

Terrace – piece of sloped plane
that has been cut into a series of
successively receding flat surfaces

Why?
 Effective
farming
Inca - Peru
Agriculture:
Irrigation &
Terracing
Cultivation Continuum
Labor increases, permanent pot usage increases
Horticulture:
____________________
Agriculture:
____________
Key Difference between H & A:
______________vs. _________________
Pastoralism

Subsistence strategy
____________________

Adaptation to one’s
environment
 _________________
 Only
in
___________except
Andean region
Pastoralism

Degree of sedentism depends on animals
 Camels,
 Pigs:

cows, goats: __________
_______________
Types of Mobility
 Pastoral
Nomadism: _________________
 Transhumance:
_____________________
Video 1
Video 2
Maasai of Kenya &
Tanzania



‘Cattle People’
‘Warrior People’
Well known for
their red
clothing
Maasai of
Kenya and
Tanzania

Influenced by
local government
& international
activities

Land rights

Possession of
cattle

Eco-tourism