Chapter 11&12:
Database Management System
&
Information Systems
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Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You
Introduction to Databases
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Database:
Collection of related Information
Database management System(DBMS)
Collection of software tools to manage data
• Eg: MS Access, Oracle, SQL
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Data
• Examples of data include
– Facts or observations about people, places,
things, and events
– Audio, music, photographs, and video
– Hospital
– Bank
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Data Organization
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Character
Field
Record
File
Table
Database
Key Field
Batch Versus Real-Time Processing
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Key Field
• Unique identifier also known as primary field
• Common examples
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Social Security Number
Student Identification Numbers
Employee Identification Numbers
Part Numbers
Inventory Numbers
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Batch Processing
• Batch processing
– Data is collected over a period of time and the
processing happens later all at one time
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Real-Time Processing
• Real-time processing
– Also known as online processing because it happens
immediately during the transaction
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Need for Databases
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Sharing
Security
Less data duplication
Data integrity
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Database Management
• DBMS engine
• Data definition
subsystem
– Data dictionary
• Data manipulation
subsystem
– Query-by-example
– Structured query language (SQL)
• Application generation subsystem
• Data administration subsystem
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DBMS Structure
• DBMS programs are designed to work with data
that is logically structured or arranged
• Data models define rules and standards for data in
a database
• Five common data models are
– Hierarchical database
– Network database
– Relational database
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Hierarchical Database
• (one-to-many relationship)
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Network Database
• many-to-many relationship
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Relational Database
• Data stored in table called a relation
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INFORMATION SYSTEMS
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Organizational Information Flow
• Information flows vertically and horizontally
throughout an organization
• Information systems support the natural flow of
information within an organization’s structure
• 5 Functional Areas
• Management Levels
• Information Flow
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Five Functions of an Organization
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Accounting
Marketing
Human Resources
Production
Research
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Management Levels
• Management is usually divided into three levels:
Top, Middle, and Supervisors
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Information Flow (1 of 2)
• Each level of management has different
information needs
• The information flows to support these needs
– Top management
• Vertical, horizontal,
and external
– Middle management
• Vertical and horizontal
– Supervisor
• Primarily vertical
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Information Flow (Page 2 of 2)
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