Chapter 11&12: Database Management System & Information Systems McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You Introduction to Databases • • • • Database: Collection of related Information Database management System(DBMS) Collection of software tools to manage data • Eg: MS Access, Oracle, SQL McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 12-2 Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You Data • Examples of data include – Facts or observations about people, places, things, and events – Audio, music, photographs, and video – Hospital – Bank McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 12-3 Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You Data Organization • • • • • • • • Character Field Record File Table Database Key Field Batch Versus Real-Time Processing McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 12-4 Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You Key Field • Unique identifier also known as primary field • Common examples – – – – – McGraw-Hill Social Security Number Student Identification Numbers Employee Identification Numbers Part Numbers Inventory Numbers Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 12-5 Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You Batch Processing • Batch processing – Data is collected over a period of time and the processing happens later all at one time McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 12-6 Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You Real-Time Processing • Real-time processing – Also known as online processing because it happens immediately during the transaction McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 12-7 Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You Need for Databases • • • • Sharing Security Less data duplication Data integrity McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 12-8 Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You Database Management • DBMS engine • Data definition subsystem – Data dictionary • Data manipulation subsystem – Query-by-example – Structured query language (SQL) • Application generation subsystem • Data administration subsystem McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 12-9 Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You DBMS Structure • DBMS programs are designed to work with data that is logically structured or arranged • Data models define rules and standards for data in a database • Five common data models are – Hierarchical database – Network database – Relational database McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 12-10 Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You Hierarchical Database • (one-to-many relationship) McGraw-Hill Return Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 12-11 Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You Network Database • many-to-many relationship McGraw-Hill Return Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 12-12 Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You Relational Database • Data stored in table called a relation McGraw-Hill Return Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 12-13 Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You McGraw-Hill INFORMATION SYSTEMS Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 12-14 Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You Organizational Information Flow • Information flows vertically and horizontally throughout an organization • Information systems support the natural flow of information within an organization’s structure • 5 Functional Areas • Management Levels • Information Flow McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 12-15 Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You Five Functions of an Organization • • • • • Accounting Marketing Human Resources Production Research Return McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 12-16 Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You Management Levels • Management is usually divided into three levels: Top, Middle, and Supervisors Return McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 12-17 Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You Information Flow (1 of 2) • Each level of management has different information needs • The information flows to support these needs – Top management • Vertical, horizontal, and external – Middle management • Vertical and horizontal – Supervisor • Primarily vertical Return McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 12-18 Computing Essentials 2012: Making IT Work for You Information Flow (Page 2 of 2) Return McGraw-Hill Copyright © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 12-19