Sketching and Lettering
 Arcs
 Axis
(axes)
 Composition
 Concentric Circles
 Ellipses
 Gothic Lettering
 Guidelines
 Isometric Lines
 Isometric Sketching
 Lettering
 Line
 Non-
Isometric Lines
 Oblique Sketch
 Overlay
 Plane
 Point
 Proportion
 Radius (radii)
 Tangent arcs
 Texture
**** YOU SHOULD WRITE THESE DOWN and
Define them.... Might be on a test!
 The
Design Process
 The
Design Process
 STEP
1: Identify the Problem -- Students
should state the challenge problem in
their own words. Example: How can I
design a __________ that will __________?
 The
Design Process
STEP 2: Identify Criteria and Constraints -Students should specify the design
requirements (criteria).
Example: Our growth chamber must have a
growing surface of 10 square feet and have a
delivery volume of 3 cubic feet or less.
Students should list the limits on the design due
to available resources and the environment
(constraints). Example: Our growth chamber
must be accessible to astronauts without the
need for leaving the spacecraft.
 The
Design Process
STEP 3: Brainstorm Possible Solutions -- Each
student in the group should sketch his or
her own ideas as the group discusses
ways to solve the problem. Labels and
arrows should be included to identify
parts and how they might move. These
drawings should be quick and brief.
 The
Design Process
STEP 4: Generate Ideas -- In this step, each
student should develop two or three ideas
more thoroughly. Students should create new
drawings that are orthographic projections
(multiple views showing the top, front and one
side) and isometric drawings (threedimensional depiction). These are to be drawn
neatly, using rulers to draw straight lines and to
make parts proportional. Parts and
measurements should be labeled clearly.
 The
Design Process
STEP 5: Explore Possibilities -- The
developed ideas should be shared and
discussed among the team members.
Students should record pros and cons of
each design idea directly on the paper
next to the drawings.
 The
Design Process
STEP 6: Select an Approach -- Students
should work in teams and identify the
design that appears to solve the problem
the best. Students should write a
statement that describes why they chose
the solution. This should include some
reference to the criteria and constraints
identified above.
 The
Design Process
STEP 7: Build a Model or Prototype -Students will construct a full-size or scale
model based on their drawings. The
teacher will help identify and acquire
appropriate modeling materials and
tools. See the design brief for a sample list.
 The
Design Process
STEP 8: Refine the Design -- Students will
examine and evaluate their prototypes or
designs based on the criteria and
constraints. Groups may enlist students
from other groups to review the solution
and help identify changes that need to
be made. Based on criteria and
constraints, teams must identify any
problems and proposed solutions.
 What
is spatial visualization?
 Isometric Drawings
 Sketching Isometric Drawings
 Coded Plans
 Visualization of Object
 Viewpoints
 Examples
 The
ability to mentally manipulate, rotate,
twist, or invert a pictorially presented
object.
 Important skill for scientific & technical
fields, such as:
› Architects & Engineers
› Doctors
› Computer Programmers
› Anyone needing a creative solution to a
problem
 Sketching
is drawing freehand without the
aid of any drafting equipment except
paper and pencil. It is a very common
form of visual communication that is used
in virtually ALL areas of work and life.
 1.
Uses no drafting equipment - freehand
 2. Is an extremely fast form of visual
communication.
 3. Sketches increase clarity and understanding
of concepts, shapes, or directions.
 4. Is very convenient - can be done anywhere.
 5. Is an extremely valuable organizational tool,
which helps to minimize or prevent errors.
 6. Is a collection of all necessary information
required about an object - including detail,
size and shape descriptions.
 Critical
Factors
› A. Key Reasons for Sketching
1) Communicate
2) Organize
3) Realize Ideas
› B. Key Factors while Sketching
1) Speed
2) Accuracy
3) Clarity
Construction Lines to Object Lines
1) ALL single lines - NO "fuzzy" art type
lines!
2) Point to Point
3) Dash to Dash
4) Draw Left to Right OR Bottom to Top B.
Block Technique
1) Establish outer proportions of object(s)
2) Divide into areas of major shapes
3) Add detail as required
4) Add text where necessary to clarify
(notes or
dimensions)
Graph Technique (Resizing or Duplicating
an Original)
1) Use original photo or drawing OR a xerox
copy.
2) Draw Horizontal & Vertical grid lines on top of
object spaced an exact distance apart (ex.
½",
¼", etc.).
3) On clean sheet of paper reproduce grid at
desired size (enlarge / reduce)
4) Add line detail a block at a time.
One View Orthographic Projection
1) Always that view which would be considered
the
front of the object.
2) Used when only one view is necessary to
provide
shape description.
Two View Orthographic Projection
1) Front View and Top View.
2) Used for cylindrical objects when all side views
are identical.
Three View Orthographic Projection
1) Front View, Top View, and Right Side View
2) Provides the most complete shape and size
description.
3) Is the industry standard for the manufacture of
objects.
Enlargement / Reduction (Templates)
1) Use of graph paper to enlarge or reduce grid
size
2) Complete sketch square by square,
comparing
individual squares as you proceed.
Realize Ideas / Designing
1) Front View, Top View, and Right Side View
2) Clarity is essential, use text notes whenever
necessary.
3) Be sure finished sketch reflects what is in your
mind.
 The
Glass BOX!
› Does it exist?
› If it does….
 How does it work?
 What’s it purpose?
 The
Glass BOX!
› Does it exist? YES
› If it does….
 How does it work? You will see….on next slide
 What’s it purpose? TO Help one visualize all the
views for an object.
 Imagine
that you have an object
suspended by transparent threads inside
a glass box.
 Then
draw the object on each of three
faces as seen from that direction. Unfold
the box (figure 4) and you have the
three views. We call this an
"orthographic" or "multiview" drawing.
 Figure
5 shows how the three views
appear on a piece of paper after
unfolding the box.
 Which
views should one choose for a
multiview drawing?
 The views that reveal every detail about the
object. Three views are not always
necessary; we need only as many views as
are required to describe the object fully.
 For
example, some objects need only
two views, while others need four. The
circular object in figure 6 requires only
two views.
Figure 6 An object
needing
only two
orthogonal
views
 Shows
the faces of an object
 Faces are parallel to the viewing plane
› Frontal
› Profile
› Horizontal
 Front
view shows height & width
 Side view shows height & depth
 Top view shows width & depth
 Visible edges are solid lines.
 Non-visible edges are dashed (hidden)
lines
 Views align with each other
 Rotation from one view to another
equals 90°
A
Pictorial Sketch is a picturelike sketch in
which the width, height, and depth of a
object are shown in one view.
A
Pictorial Sketch is a picturelike sketch in
which the width, height, and depth of a
object are shown in one view.
› An oblique sketch is a type of pictorial sketch
in which two of the axes are at right angles
(90 degrees) to each other.
A
Pictorial Sketch is a picturelike sketch in
which the width, height, and depth of a
object are shown in one view.
› An oblique sketch is a type of pictorial sketch
in which two of the axes are at right angles
(90 degrees) to each other.
A
Pictorial Sketch is a picturelike sketch in
which the width, height, and depth of a
object are shown in one view.
› An oblique sketch is a type of pictorial sketch
in which two of the axes are at right angles
(90 degrees) to each other.
› An isometric sketch is a type of pictorial
sketch that relies on three axes to show width
height and depth. However , an isometric
sketch, shows the axes spaced equally. (120
degrees)
A
Pictorial Sketch is a picturelike sketch in
which the width, height, and depth of a
object are shown in one view.
› An oblique sketch is a type of pictorial sketch
in which two of the axes are at right angles
(90 degrees) to each other.
 Used
to show 3-Dimensional projection on
a 2-Dimensional surface.
 Projected so that width and length are
30° from horizontal and height is vertical.
 Shows
height of each “cube” stack.
 Each corner could be a viewpoint of the
object.
 Viewpoint means the direction in which
an observer is viewing the object.
 Similar to a top view in an Orthographic
Projection.
2
1
V = Viewpoint
1
V
FOR SKECTHING –
DO NOT SHOW EACH
CUBE. SHOW ONLY
VISIBLE SURFACES
AND EDGES, AS IF
CUBES HAVE BEEN
COMBINED.
V
2
1
V = Viewpoint
1
V
Note location of
viewpoint and coded
plan noting height of
object. Click to start
animation.
V
2
2
1
1
3
V
Click to start animation.
 Viewpoints
can make the object appear
differently.
 Example #2 is redrawn with a different
viewpoint.
2
2
1
1
3
V
Click to start animation.
 Different
look
 Optical illusion of height
 Viewpoints can show or exclude details
V
2
2
1
1
3
2
2
1
1
3
V
ISOMETRIC DRAWING
ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWING
 Spatial
Visualization is an important skill
 Coded plans help you visualize a solid
object
 Viewpoints change look of object and
can hide details
ISO A Drawing Sizes
(mm)
A4
210 X 297
A3
297 X 420
A2
420 X 594
A1
594 X 841
A0
841 X 1189
U.S. Customary
Drawing Sizes
A
8.5" X 11"
B
11" X 17"
C
17" X 22"
D
22" X 34"
E
34" X 44"
Designing new products, adapting or
altering existing designs or creating
something brand new is always a
challenging task. However, if we can
follow a process or a plan, we can often
times shorten the time required to
complete the project as well as ensure
that we have not missed any necessary
elements or crucial steps.
 Task
 Using any available source, research and then write a
one page summary / explanation of "the design
process." Be sure to include the recommended steps
that should be followed.
 Use the design process to create a new or original
product
 Create 'several' brainstorming sketches as you attempt
to work out the final version of your product
 Sketch a FINAL three view orthographic projection of
your finished design. Be sure to include a title and as
much detail (and labels) as necessary to communicate
your idea to another person.
 Self evaluate...
 Staple your papers (Research report, Brainstorming
sketches & Final sketch) together and turn in.


Vocabulary
›
›
›
›
›
›
›
›
›
›
›
Geometry
Geometric Construction
Vertex
Bisect
Perpendicular
Parallel
Polygon
Inscribe
Circumscribe
Regular Polygon
Ellipse
Geometry for Drafting
Chapter Objectives
• Identify geometric shapes and constructions used by drafters.
• Construct various geometric shapes.
• Solve technical and mathematical problems through geometric
constructions using drafting instruments.
• Solve technical and mathematical problems through geometric
constructions using a CAD system.
• Use geometry to reduce or enlarge a drawing or to change its
proportions.

What do you need to be able to
understand geometric constructions?
› Pythagorean Theorem (page 135 FG 5-2)
› Page 136 FG 5-3

Vocabulary
› Object Snap
› Ogee Curve
› Intervals
› Specify

What do object snaps allow a drafter to
do?
›
›
›
›
›
›
›
›
Midpoint
Nearest
Endpoint
Center
Intersection
Quadrant
Perpendicular
Tangent
Applied Geometry for CAD
Systems
Figure 5-48
Applied Geometry for CAD
Systems
Figure 5-49
Applied Geometry for CAD
Systems
Figure 5-50
Applied Geometry for CAD
Systems
Figure 5-51
Applied Geometry for CAD
Systems
Figure 5-52
Applied Geometry for CAD
Systems
Figure 5-53
Applied Geometry for CAD
Systems
Figure 5-54
Applied Geometry for CAD
Systems
Figure 5-55
Applied Geometry for CAD
Systems
Figure 5-56
Applied Geometry for CAD
Systems
Figure 5-57
Applied Geometry for CAD
Systems
Figure 5-58
Applied Geometry for CAD
Systems
Figure 5-59
Applied Geometry for CAD
Systems
Figure 5-60
Applied Geometry for CAD
Systems
Figure 5-61
Applied Geometry for CAD
Systems
Figure 5-62
Applied Geometry for CAD
Systems
Figure 5-63
Applied Geometry for CAD
Systems
Figure 5-64

Drafting 2-4
› You are to log on and open a word
document and type/define as many
commands as you can remember.
› After describe how each can be done in
AutoCAD in more than one way.
› You have till Friday to complete.
› You will also be completing a small
challenge packet.
You will complete the Pre- Test for
Architecture Chapter 1- Due Friday 9/2
 And you will also complete

› Pages 17–36
› Review Questions, Suggested Activities
› Due Next Thursday 9/8