GSM-ASIA PACIFIC CONFERENCE
Evidence for Policy Making:
Some Data: on International Calling, Roaming,
mobile prices, international calling @BOP
Colombo
08 August 2008
Helani Galpaya - galpaya@lirne.net
Client Logo
Look at some data for:
 International Calling (IDD)
 International Roaming
 Mobile Prices
 Performance of Pakistan’s Mobile sector
 What we know about the BOP
 Broadband Prices
1
International Calling
 From the SAARC Region
2
The best rates not necessarily for calling the neighbors..
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Pakistan
Sri Lanka
US
UK
USA
Switzerland
Sweden
Italy
Germany
France
Australia
Japan
Hong Kong
China
Thailand
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Pakistan
Nepal
Maldives
India
Bhutan
Bangladesh
Afghanistan
Calling
From
Afghanistan
Bangladesh
Calling to
SAARC
Malaysia
Pakistan:
Cheapest rate = USD 0.03 (to US,
China, France..etc)
Cheapest
South East Asia But
East
Asia Aus.rate to SAARC
Europe
country = : USD 0.12 (to BD)
4x more expensive
0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54
Peak 0.38
0.29 0.29 0.29 0.29
Off-peak 0.29
0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
Peak0.59
0.31 0.59 0.59
Off-peak0.59
0.31 0.59 0.59
0.22 0.22 0.22
0.29 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.38 0.29 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.43 0.43 0.38 0.38
0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.29 0.25 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.34 0.34 0.29 0.29
0.59 0.59 0.98 0.59 0.48 0.79 0.59 0.79 0.59 0.79 0.79 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.59
0.59 0.59 0.98 0.59 0.48 0.79 0.59 0.79 0.59 0.79 0.79 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.59
0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.22 0.15 0.22 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15
0.70 0.30 0.55 0.30
0.46 0.30 0.30 0.27 0.23 0.27 0.23 0.27 0.30 0.30 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.70
Peak 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.29 0.36
Off-peak 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.22 0.36
0.36 0.36 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73
0.36 0.36 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73
0.29 0.12 0.29 0.16 0.29 0.29
0.74 0.32 0.56 0.14 0.23 0.32 0.32
0.29 0.12 0.03 0.12 0.03 0.03 0.12 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03
0.10 0.10 0.32 0.10 0.10 0.14 0.14 0.23 0.14 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.14 0.10
3
International Roaming
4
Can be priced for different “activities” while roaming..
 Make a call to a local number (a number in the home country)
 Receiving a call
 Call home
 Receive SMS
 Send SMS
 Call another international number
 Use Data services (GPRS, HSPA etc)
5
Australia 0.71
0.28
2.07 0.83
1.03
1.20 0.48
1.41 2.11 2.11 1.41 1.41 1.41
0.45 1.38 2.41
Japan 0.73 0.73 0.73
Korea 0.88
0.73 0.69 0.69
1.05 0.66
Malaysia 2.37 1.19 1.48
0.83 0.34 0.57 1.49 0.56 0.34 0.44
1.04 3.26 1.19
1.48 1.04 1.04 2.96 1.63 1.48 1.93 1.63
Maldives
1.27 0.62 1.92
Mongolia 0.75 1.28 0.72
1.34 0.67
Pakistan 0.90 1.49 0.90
Philippines 2.62 1.31 1.31
0.22 0.35 0.28 0.63
1.38
1.38 2.41 0.37 1.38
- 2.11 2.11 - 2.11
- 1.41 2.11 2.11 1.41 -
0.34
0.34
Vietnam
Vanuatu
Tonga
Thailand
Taiwan
Sri Lanka
Singapore
0.17
0.67
0.33
- 2.11
0.45
0.55 0.43 0.36 0.80 1.06 0.55
1.04 0.33 0.97
0.42 0.42 0.36 0.84
0.65 0.40
0.32 0.66
0.26 0.37 0.39 0.66
0.39
0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 4.40 1.19 0.69 0.73
0.50 0.66
0.34 0.35
1.93 2.82
Samoa
0.49
0.62
0.37
-
0.69 0.73 0.69 0.69
0.69
0.63
0.46 1.21 0.58 0.63
0.91
0.63 4.61 0.63 0.32
0.55 0.42 0.35 0.83
0.32
1.78
1.04 1.93
0.74 1.48 1.04 1.19
1.48
1.21
0.83
1.93 1.48
0.85
0.37 0.63 1.63 0.65 0.38
0.37
0.35
0.58 0.43
0.88
0.37 0.62 1.63 0.72 0.38
0.45 0.37 0.24
0.48
0.37
0.34 0.46 0.38 0.85
0.29 0.50 1.38 0.48 0.30
0.21
0.45
0.28
0.26 0.37
0.42 0.63 0.95 1.51 1.27 1.02
0.39 0.77 1.72 0.77 0.74
0.53 0.77
0.74
0.63 0.74
0.70 0.35
0.88 0.60 0.49 0.42 0.91 3.34 1.37 0.35
1.49 0.90 0.90
0.90 1.49
0.90 0.90 0.90
0.90 0.90
4.95 0.90
0.90 0.90 1.49 1.49 0.90
0.90
1.31 1.31 1.75
1.31
1.31 1.31 1.31 1.31
1.75 1.31
1.31
1.31 1.31 1.31 1.31
1.31
0.82 1.45 4.22 0.46 1.02 1.91 1.45 1.02 0.82 0.46
1.91 0.46
1.45
0.82
1.02
0.40 1.44 0.28 0.43
New Zealand
Reunion
0.51
0.73 0.73 0.63 1.21 0.73 0.91 1.21
0.33 0.53 0.45
Philippines
0.25 0.30 0.29 0.62
0.63 0.29
0.46 0.73 0.69 0.69 0.73 0.73
0.48 0.46 0.58 1.21 0.35
PNG
0.28
0.28
0.66 0.53 0.58 0.39 0.21 0.53 0.74
0.73 0.73 0.73 0.69 0.69 0.73
1.21 1.21 0.73 0.73 0.72
Macau
Nepal 0.60
0.53 0.66
0.77 0.43 0.37 1.12 2.71 0.54 0.41
0.42
0.80
0.84 1.32 1.12
0.34
1.51 0.69 0.64
0.34
1.32 0.55
Honk Kong 0.72 1.34 0.48 1.78 0.35 0.53 0.39 1.34 1.05 1.04 0.85
0.56 1.58 0.78 0.58 0.54 0.53 0.32 0.19 0.82 1.08 0.67 1.40
0.62
0.53 0.53
0.58 1.12 0.54
0.42 1.05
Fr. Polynesia
India 0.71 0.66 0.50 1.58
Palau
Pakistan
1.01 1.94 0.58 0.64
1.41 2.11 2.11 2.11 2.11 2.11 - 2.11
0.45 0.53 2.61 0.74 0.44
New Caledonia
New Zealand
Nepal
Myanmar
Mongolia
Maldives
Malaysia
0.36 0.51 0.16
1.38 1.38 2.41 0.75 2.41
0.53
Macau
0.32 0.43 1.12 0.28 0.83
0.29 0.45 1.12 0.54
0.94 0.39
1.38 2.07
Laos
Korea
Japan
India
Indonesia
Hong Kong
Guam
French Polynesia
Fiji
1.44 0.28 1.19 0.70
Cook Islands 2.11 0.60 2.11 2.11 2.11 2.11 1.41
Fiji
Cook Islands
China
Cambodia
Brunei
0.49 1.87 0.34 1.62 0.82 1.51 1.16 2.11 0.88 0.77 1.12 1.94 0.68
Bangladesh 0.44 0.60
Bhutan
Brunei
Bhutan
Bangladesh
Australia
Afghanistan
Making a Local Call while roaming varies from USD 0.16 – 4.95
Sri Lanka 1.91 1.45 1.45 4.22 0.82 2.67 1.45
0.90 0.90
2.62 1.31
1.45 1.45
0.86
0.44
0.66
0.82 1.45
6
Making a local call while roaming in S Asia is unpredictable. Cheap
in SE & E Asia. Expensive from Pacific Islands/AU/NZ expensive.
Classification of Local Calling by roaming country
High
Maldives, Sri Lanka
Brunei
Cambodia, Laos
French Polynesia, Guam,
Palau, Papua New Guinea,
Reunion, Tonga
Korea, Macau
Level of
Discrimination in
price offered
(standard
deviation)
Afghanistan, Bangladesh,
Bhutan, India, Nepal
Mongolia
Pakistan
Myanmar
Indonesia, Malaysia,
Philippines, Singapore,
Thailand, Vietnam
Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji,
New Zealand
New Caledonia, Samoa,
Vanuatu
China, Hong Kong SAR,
Japan, Taiwan
Low
Average Price Paid by
Roaming Customer
High
7
Vietnam
Vanuatu
Tonga
Thailand
Taiwan
Sri Lanka
Singapore
Reunion
Philippines
Palau
Papua New
Guinea
Pakistan
New Zealand
New
Calcedonia
Nepal
Mongolia
Maldives
Malaysia
Macau
Laos
Korea
Japan
India
Indonesia
Hong Kong
Guam
Fiji
French
Polynesia
Cook Islands
China
Cambodia
Brunei
Bhutan
Bangladesh
Australia
Afghanistan
Receiving a call while roaming: Distance Charge Only – USD 5.84
Australia 0.58
0.49 1.87 0.34 0.33 0.82 0.34 1.03 0.34 0.88 0.86 0.95 1.12 0.32 0.43 0.95 0.19 - 0.84 1.12 - 0.36
- 0.95 - 0.86 0.43 0.37 0.95 Bangladesh 0.88 0.65
1.64 0.63 0.62 1.08
0.59 0.51 2.01 0.38
0.74 0.78 0.49
0.72 0.41
0.53
0.57
0.54 0.60 0.67 0.91
0.29
Bhutan
Free 0.39
0.28
1.84 Free
0.51
0.23
0.17
0.22 0.35 0.28 0.63
Brunei
1.72 2.41
2.41 2.21
1.72 1.72 2.76 1.79 2.76
2.65 1.38 2.76
2.83
2.61
1.72
1.38 2.76 2.16 1.72
1.79
Cook Islands 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70
0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70
0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70
- 0.70 0.70 - 0.70
0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 - 0.70
Fiji
0.61
0.76
1.19 1.47 3.50 0.76 1.16
1.17
0.61 0.76
1.07
0.76
French
Polynesia
1.46
3.47 1.46 2.59
2.40
4.93 1.46
3.01
1.46 1.46
2.95
2.61 3.06 2.99 3.43 2.05 1.46
Honk Kong 2.63 1.99 2.31 3.36 1.34 2.45 1.00 1.58 2.22 1.58 2.11
2.02 3.95 1.01 1.01 1.94 0.80 1.77 1.77 1.79 1.69 1.97
1.95
1.54 1.34 2.02 1.18 1.73 1.35 1.85
1.54 1.01
India - AirTel 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.14
1.14 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.14
1.14 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.14
1.14 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.14 1.14
1.14
India Reliance 0.58 1.31 0.42 1.58
1.31 1.31
Japan 0.73 - 0.73
0.73 - 0.69
Macau
0.34 1.78
1.57 1.77 0.60
Malaysia 2.37 1.19 1.48
1.04 3.26 1.19
Maldives
0.31 0.70 2.47
1.93 0.31
Mongolia 1.73 0.79 1.70
1.78
Nepal 0.50
0.40 2.16 0.28 0.43
New Zealand
0.70 0.70
0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70
Philippines 2.62 1.31 1.31
1.31 1.31 1.75
Singapore
1.76 4.59
4.59 4.59 2.47
4.59 4.59
Sri Lanka 1.80 1.28 1.28 4.12 0.72 2.58 1.28
As
Appl
icabl
1.31 1.31
1.31 1.31 0.29 0.39 0.32 1.31 e? 0.50 1.31
0.73 0.69 0.69 0.73
- 0.69 - 0.73 - 0.73 2.07 0.50 1.14 3.52 0.54 0.55 1.68
1.06 1.58
1.26
1.48 1.04 1.04 2.96 1.63 1.48 1.93 1.63
1.93 2.82 1.93 1.48
0.65 0.73 2.65 0.31 0.65
0.69
1.04 1.26 3.11 0.79 0.66
1.56 1.33 1.35
0.29 0.23 2.12 0.00 0.30
0.32
0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70
0.70 0.70
1.31
1.31 1.31 1.31 1.31 1.75 1.31
1.31
1.76 3.53 3.53 2.47 4.59 4.59 4.59 1.41 4.59 4.59 4.59 2.47
0.72 1.28 4.12 0.35 0.93 1.80 1.28 0.93 0.72 0.35 1.80 0.35
4.59
1.28
2.62 1.31
0.70
-
As
As
Appl
Appl
icabl
icabl
e 1.31 0.26 e 1.31 0.66
0.73 4.40 1.19 0.69 - 0.69 0.73 0.69 0.69
1.59 5.84 1.24 1.00
1.10 1.66 0.90 1.50
1.78
1.04 1.93 0.74 1.48 1.04 1.19
0.82
0.81 0.77
1.13
1.21
1.21
1.26 1.51 1.29 1.80
0.27
0.28
0.26 0.37
0.66
0.70 0.70
0.70 0.70
1.31
1.24
1.48
1.29
0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70
1.31 1.31 1.31 1.31
4.59 2.47 4.59
1.28 1.28 0.72
1.31
1.76 1.76
0.72 1.28
4.59
0.93
8
Receiving a call: S Asian operators charge different prices based
on the customer’s home country. They also charge higher prices.
Classification of Incoming Call by roaming country
High
Bangladesh, India, Maldives,
Nepal
Pakistan
Brunei
Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam
Fiji, French Polynesia,
Macau, Palau, Papua New
Reunion
Korea
Level of
Discrimination in
price offered
(standard
deviation)
Macau, Mongolia
Indonesia, Malaysia,
Philippines, Singapore,
Thailand
Afghanistan
Australia, Cook Island,
Guam, New Zealand, New
Caledonia, Vanuatu
Tonga
China
Hong Kong SAR, Taiwan
Low
Average Price Paid by
Roaming Customer
High
9
Australia
2.58 2.69
2.43
Bhutan
Brunei
?
3.10 2.60
4.37
1.42 3.07 1.56
3.16 5.27 5.27 3.16 3.16 3.16
1.75 2.07 3.10
1.80
3.13 4.24 2.61 4.57 1.77
2.89
5.25
3.43 3.00 1.99
2.58
3.53
3.34
2.10
?
?
?
1.10
0.67
3.10
2.07
- 5.27 5.27 - 5.27
3.88 1.06 1.22
2.01 1.54 1.67
?
?
0.73
?
3.10 1.57 2.41
- 3.16 - 5.27 5.27 3.16
2.40
0.79
Vietnam
Vanuatu
Tonga
Timor Leste
Thailand
Taiwan
Sri Lanka
1.89 1.94 3.66 1.05 1.94
0.67
1.88 1.97
Solomon Islands
Singapore
Samoa
Reunion
Philippines
Pakistan
Palau
Papua New
Guinea
1.17 1.94 2.83
?
3.16 5.27 5.27 5.27 5.27 - 5.27 - 5.27
3.38
New Calcedonia
New Zealand
Nepal
2.53 3.53 1.92 0.42
0.42 3.44
2.39 2.52
2.41 3.10 3.10 2.42 3.10
Myanmar
Mongolia
Marshall Islands
Maldives
Malaysia
Macau
0.81 1.62 1.94 2.71
1.77 1.94 2.26 3.01
1.92
5.27 - 0.60 5.27 5.27 5.27 5.27 3.16
Laos
Korea
Japan
India
Indonesia
Hong Kong
Guam
French Polynesia
Fiji
2.16 3.10 1.77 1.46
?
2.07 3.10
Fiji
Cook Islands
China
Cambodia
Brunei
Bhutan
0.95 3.09 1.29 3.60 3.38 2.91 2.92 2.51 1.51 1.89 1.94 3.53 2.17
Bangladesh 1.61
Cook Islands
Bangladesh
Australia
can
American Samoa
Afghanistan
Calling Home can be expensive: USD 0.32 – 11.16. MV roaming in
AU 11.16 but AU roaming in MV 2.71….reciprocity?
0.76
-
- 3.16
French
Polynesia
Honk Kong 2.39
India Reliance 1.87
2.60 0.83 2.94 1.14 1.79 0.85 4.48 1.86 4.32 1.47
2.76 0.39 2.37
2.76 2.76
3.02 2.08 2.00
2.76 2.76
2.08 1.58 1.79
1.58
1.61
3.49 1.61 1.61 3.49
2.57
1.12 8.06 2.53 2.30
2.34
3.60 1.07 2.01
1.08
1.19
0.74 1.33
0.44
1.19 0.74 0.89 2.67
0.89
3.80
2.92
3.05
4.81
2.50
4.91 3.02 2.29
2.43
0.74 2.67 0.89
1.78 1.33 0.74 0.74 2.67 1.33 1.19 1.33 1.33
2.68 3.51 0.52
1.33
### 0.93 3.17
3.50
2.81 3.58 3.30 2.54 3.29
3.85
9.31 1.34
3.64
1.98 2.69 3.30 3.84 1.63
1.78 4.01 3.47
3.38
1.33
1.33 0.89
0.37
1.51 0.50 2.80 2.04 2.60
3.22
5.41 1.19
1.48 2.07 3.83 2.71 2.67 2.74
2.00 4.92 3.48 2.42 2.25
1.27 1.72
2.92
2.99 1.49
2.99 2.25 2.25
2.25 3.20
1.49 3.49 2.25
2.25 2.25
1.76 4.59
4.59 4.59 2.47
4.59 4.59
3.76 1.20
1.45
1.19
Pakistan 2.25
Singapore
1.49 6.67
3.76 2.76
1.67 0.70 2.47 4.49 3.06 1.15 1.15
0.29 2.16 2.21 2.47
3.57 1.11 1.76
1.65 1.65 2.57 1.65 8.08 5.32 1.61 2.57
3.24 1.79 0.81
Nepal 2.20
New Zealand
4.14 2.99 2.29
1.43
1.00 2.76
1.62 1.09
3.14
2.32
3.49
Macau
2.25 3.49
1.76 3.53 3.53 2.47 4.59 4.59 4.59 1.41 4.59
-
4.01
2.08 2.01 4.04
3.79
2.57 3.49 1.61
Maldives
Mongolia
1.06
1.15 2.57 1.61 1.61 3.49
1.65 1.65
1.65 1.65 1.65 1.61 3.49 1.65
4.96 1.52 2.34 3.60
2.76 2.76 3.42 1.74 2.71 2.76
Japan 3.49
Malaysia 1.78
1.87 1.87
3.70 3.19 1.94 1.73 2.51 0.94 1.62 1.98
4.59
4.59 2.47
2.32
1.31
0.32
3.22
2.04
2.07 1.19
1.41 2.74
3.16 1.90
4.11 1.72 1.83
1.69 3.16 1.19
4.95 3.49
3.49 2.3
2.99 1.49 2.3
1.49
1.76 1.76
4.59
4.59
4.59 2.47 4.59
1.79
Vanuatu 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10 2.10
10
2.10
Calling home:
Classification of Outgoing Call to Home Country, by roaming country
High
Bangladesh, Nepal,
Pakistan
Brunei
Guam, Marshall Islands,
Tong
Level of
Discrimination in
price offered
(standard
deviation)
Macau, Taiwan
Maldives, Nepal
Indonesia, Laos,
Philippines
Australia, French Polynesia,
Palau, Papua New Guinea,
Reunion, Vanuatu
Mongolia
Myanmar, Singapore,
Thailand, Vietnam
American Samoa, New
Zealand, New Caledonia,
Solomon Islands
Afghanistan, Bhutan,
India
Cambodia, Malaysia
Cook Islands, Fiji, Samoa,
Timor Leste
China, Hong Kong, Japan,
Korea
Low
Average Price Paid by
Roaming Customer
High
11
Australia
Bangladesh
0.58
0.33 0.28 0.12 0.29
0.52 0.52
0.52
0.13 0.34 0.25
0.49 0.28
0.52 0.52 0.66
0.66
0.56 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.56
0.20
0.17
0.25 0.22 0.16 0.35
0.25
0.24
0.21
0.26 0.25 0.15 0.36
0.52
0.52 0.66
0.56
0.56 0.56 0.56 0.56
0.52 0.66
-
0.33
0.38
0.59 0.14 0.69 0.43 0.44
0.49
0.39 0.29
0.44
0.34 0.43 0.61
0.44
0.61 0.28 0.36
0.43
0.43 0.28
0.25
0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
0.25 0.25
0.56 0.56
Vietnam
Vanuatu
0.41 0.56 0.36 0.56 0.31 0.21 0.56 0.95 0.36 0.18
0.21 0.35
0.56 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.56
Tonga
Thailand
Taiwan
Sri Lanka
Singapore
Reunion
Philippines
Palau
Papua New
Guinea
Pakistan
New Calcedonia
New Zealand
Nepal
Mongolia
Maldives
Malaysia
Macau
Laos
Korea
Japan
India
Indonesia
Hong Kong
0.36
0.56 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.56
0.32 0.43 0.56 0.29 0.34 0.34 0.56 0.28 0.30
0.38 0.15 0.46 0.23
0.36 0.16
Fiji
Guam
Fiji
French
Polynesia
Cook Islands
China
Cambodia
Brunei
Bhutan
Bangladesh
0.20 0.46 0.34 0.17 0.34 0.50 0.56 0.46 0.32 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.28
0.37 0.34
Bhutan
Brunei
Cook Islands
Australia
Afghanistan
Sending an SMS: up to USD 1.58
-
0.34
0.15
0.52
-
-
0.56
0.24
French
Polynesia
Guam
0.25 0.25 0.25
India - AirTel
India Reliance
0.64 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.64
Japan
0.92
0.58 0.53 0.18 0.39
0.92 0.92 0.92
Macau
0.40 0.22
0.33 0.32 0.31
Malaysia
0.59 0.59
0.59 0.59 0.59
Maldives
Mongolia
Nepal
New Zealand
Philippines
Singapore
Sri Lanka
0.64 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.64
0.64 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.64
0.53 0.53
0.53 0.53 0.58 0.34 0.37 0.53 0.29 0.26 0.53
0.53 0.53
0.92
0.39 0.17 0.38
0.25
0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92
0.32 0.31 0.18 0.44 0.37 0.38
0.25
0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
0.64 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.64
0.64
0.21 0.53 0.26 0.26 0.53 0.37
0.53
0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92
0.92
0.30 0.44 0.10 0.61 0.32 0.34 0.44
0.44 1.58
0.59 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.59
-
0.27
0.44
0.29 0.92 0.44 0.26
0.32 0.30 0.19 0.47
0.19
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.30 0.59 0.59 0.59
0.59
0.28
0.39 0.17 0.53 0.30 0.30
0.38
0.23
0.27 0.32
0.43
0.57 0.21 0.81 0.45 0.38
0.16 0.54
0.24
0.41
0.41 0.40 0.26 0.48
0.38 0.10 0.57 0.28 0.30
0.36
0.23
0.23
0.26 0.26
0.56 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.56
0.56 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.56
0.56 0.56
0.56 0.56
0.56 0.56
0.66 0.55 0.55
0.55 0.55 0.55
0.55
0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55
0.55
1.06 1.06
1.06 1.06 1.06
1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 0.71 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06
1.06
0.42 0.21 0.74 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.42
0.42
0.63 0.53 0.30
0.50
0.16 0.33 0.00 0.28
0.56 0.56
0.42 0.42 0.21 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.42
1.06 1.06
0.66 0.55
0.56
0.39
0.19
0.38
0.56 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.56
0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55
0.55
1.06 1.06
1.06
0.21 0.42
0.21
1.06 1.06 1.06
0.42 0.42 0.42
12
Sending SMS: ASEAN countries offering lower rates on average
Classification of Outgoing SMS by roaming country
High
Level of
Discrimination in
price offered
(standard
deviation)
Bangladesh, Pakistan
Maldives, Nepal
Cambodia
Indonesia
Philippines
Brunei
Guam, Papua New Guinea,
Reunion, Tonga
New Caledonia
Macau, Taiwan
Mongolia
Bhutan, Sri Lanka
Afghanistan, India
Malaysia, Singapore
Australia, Cook Island,
Vanuatu
China, Japan
Low
Thailand
Fiji, French Polynesia, New
Zealand, Palau
Hong Kong SAR
Average Price Paid by
Roaming Customer
High
13
Some consistency irrespective of type of call/SMS. E.g. Many SE
Asian countries repeatedly in Lower Left Quadrant (cheap, don’t
discriminate). Many E Asian countries in left column (cheap)
Countries falling into same quadrant at least 67% of the instances
High
Brunei
Korea
Macau
Pakistan
Level of
Discrimination in
price offered
(standard
deviation)
American Samoa
China
Indonesia
Japan
Malaysia
Singapore
Taiwan
Thailand
Vanuatu
Vietnam
Low
Maldives
Mongolia
Nepal
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Reunion
Afghanistan
Fiji
Average Price Paid by
Roaming Customer
High
14
Belgium
Bulgaria
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Estonia
Finland
Germany
Greece
Ireland
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
Netherlands
Romania
Slovakia
Spain
Sweden
UK
0.59
Other countries
Asia-Pacific
USA
UK
Sweden
Spain
Slovenia
Slovakia
Romania
Portugal
Poland
The Netherlands
Malta
Luxembourg
Lithuania
Latvia
Italy
Ireland
Hungary
Greece
Germany
France
Finland
Estonia
Denmark
Czech Republic
Cyprus
Bulgaria
Belgium
Austria
The EU Directive on Roaming has eliminated the variability of
prices paid by customers (when roaming in the EU)
0.59 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.59 1.10 1.20 2.00
0.73 0.73
0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 4.41 4.41 4.41
0.590.35 0.35 0.35
0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 1.18 1.18 1.18
0.69 0.69 0.69 0.69
0.69 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.69 4.00 2.25 2.25
0.14- 0.140.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58
0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 1.31 1.40 2.43
0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60
0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 2.95 2.95 2.95
0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58
0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 1.49 2.99 2.99
0.710.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55
0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.77 1.19 1.19
0.59 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.59
0.59 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.59 0.59 1.59 3.19 3.19
0.20- 0.140.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57
0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.88 1.33 1.41
0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53
0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 3.31 4.09 4.09
1.40- 1.860.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58
0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 1.17 2.10 2.10
0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58
0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 1.75 2.25 2.25
0.680.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49
0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.68 0.76 0.76
0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65
0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 2.71 3.89 3.89
0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57 0.57
0.57 0.57 1.73 3.82 3.82
1.030.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.50 0.58 0.50 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.50 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.58
0.58 1.03 1.27 1.90
0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35
1.37 0.85 1.99
15
What do we know about the BOP & International
calls?
 Some data for LIRNEasia Teleuse@BOP survey
16
Majority @ the BOP has access; but ownership of phones is low
South Asia
South East Asia
Pakistan
India
Sri Lanka
Philippines
Thailand
98%
94%
92%
93%
95%
% who have
Used phone in
last 3 months
Pakistan
Own a phone
116.5 million
(29.4%)
Don't own a
phone
280.1 million
(70.6%)
Don’t
own a
phone
63.6%
India
Sri
Lanka
80.7%
59.0%
Philippin
es
Thailan
d
38.0%
18.0%
Most users @ the
BOP are non-owners
17
Mostly local calling @ the BOP. But some International from LK
and PH. Migrant workers?
Type of call (local, long distance, international)
1.5 million expat workers
from Sri Lanka
% of calls
Mostly in the Middle East
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
1%
28%
0%
4%
22%
6%
6%
1%
16%
34%
840,000 women and
660.000 men separated
from their
families…talking?
International call
Long distance call
88%
71%
Pakistan
78%
84%
Local call
62%
India
Sri Lanka Philipines Thailand
18
Profiling the BOP International Caller
 Sri Lanka: Primarily RURAL FEMALES
– With primary & secondary education
– Aged 25 – 54
 Philippines: Mostly URBAN MALES
– With higher levels of education
– Below 34
 Sri Lanka: trained & untrained laborers (25 %); Farmers / agricultural workers (16%);
Housewives (13%)
 Philippines: mostly housewives (32%), those employed in services (18%) or unemployed
(17%)
19
More international calls made by females
100.0%
90.0%
% of international calls
80.0%
53.9%
70.0%
71.2%
60.0%
Female
Male
50.0%
40.0%
30.0%
46.1%
20.0%
28.8%
10.0%
0.0%
Sri Lanka
Philippines
20
BOP International Calls are made from Rural Sri Lanka. But urban
Philippines
100.0%
90.0%
29.1%
% of international calls
80.0%
70.0%
60.0%
88.3%
Rural
Urban
50.0%
40.0%
70.9%
30.0%
20.0%
10.0%
11.7%
0.0%
Sri Lanka
Philippines
21
Most international calls made by those under 44 in Sri Lanka. But
younger (under 34) in the Philippines
40.0%
40.0%
36.9%
35.0%
35.0%
32.0%
30.0%
25.2%
25.0%
20.0%
Sri Lanka
15.0%
10.0%
% of international calls
30.0%
% of international calls
30.1%
29.7%
25.0%
20.0%
Philippines
16.5%
15.0%
12.1%
9.2%
10.0%
5.4%
5.0%
2.7%
0.0%
5.0%
0.0%
18-24
25-34
35-44
45-54
Age of the respondent
55+
18-24
25-34
35-44
45-54
55+
Age of the respondent
22
Slightly higher level of educational attainment in the Philippines
than in Sri Lanka
100%
0%
3%
14%
90%
% of international calls
80%
19%
70%
Graduate
60%
50%
Diploma level
97%
Primary or secondary
education
40%
67%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Sri Lanka
Philippines
23
What phones do the BOP use to call? Public phones in S Asia.
Communal use (sharing with friends/family) in S E Asia.
100%
% of non-owners at the BOP
90%
80%
Public phone
70%
60%
Relative / friend's phone
50%
Neighbor's phone
40%
Mobile of another household
member
30%
20%
10%
0%
Pakistan
India
Sri Lanka
Philippines
Thailand
Non-ow ners
24
For non-owners, affordability is the biggest barrier to getting
connected
Reasons for not owning a phone
% of non-owners at BOP
100%
90%
80%
2%
7%
18%
16%
7%
7%
15%
15%
72%
77%
77%
Sri Lanka
Philippines
Thailand
8%
19%
70%
60%
50%
40%
75%
82%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Pakistan
India
I cannot afford it
Don't need one
Other
25
The BOP thinks the initial cost of getting the connection (phone +
activation etc) are not affordable
Expected cost of a new phone by non-owners
Initial cost that prospective owner can afford
90%
90%
80%
80%
70%
>USD 176
USD 146-175
USD 116-145
USD 86-115
USD 56-85
USD 26-55
<USD 25
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
% of prospective owners at the BOP
100%
% of non-owners at BOP
100%
70%
More than USD 71
60%
USD 51 - 70
50%
USD 31 - 50
Less than USD 10
30%
20%
10%
10%
0%
0%
Pakistan
India
Sri Lanka
Philippines
USD 10 - 30
40%
Pakistan
India
Sri Lanka
Philippines
Expected Costs > Ability to pay
26
But recurring costs (call charges per month) are in line with
affordability
Monthly charges: expected vs. affordable
100%
90%
80%
More than USD 20
USD 11 - 15
USD 5 - 10
Less than USD 5
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
Pakistan
India
Sri Lanka
expected
affordable
expected
affordable
expected
affordable
expected
0%
affordable
% of users
70%
At USD 5 ARPU, a
profitable potential
market
E.g. Till recently S Asian
operators were on USD
3- 4 ARPU, and ~ 50% +
EBITDA margins
Philippines
27
Don't own
and don't
plan to buy:
41.7%
(165 m)
Already own a
phone
29.4 %
(116 m)
Don't own but
plan to buy:
28.9 %
(115 m)
Connections at BOP (millions)
150
100%
86%
125
78%
100
77%
72%
70%
62%
75
60%
50%
41%
50
80%
40%
36%
20%
19%
25
0
0%
Pakistan
India
Sri Lanka Philippines
Already own something
Current ownership at BOP (%)
% of households at BOP with a telephone
Many planned to purchase a phone (by 2008). 115 million new
connections, not counting 2nd SIM cards
Thailand
Don't own but plan to buy
Penetration at BOP by mid 2008
28
They planned to get new mobile phones mostly. Not fixed phones
(except in Sri Lanka)
Type of phone prospective owners would buy
100%
9%
4%
7%
1%
90%
80%
40%
70%
60%
67%
68%
91%
50%
Mobile
Fixed phone
40%
30%
52%
20%
10%
Not decided yet
23%
29%
8%
0%
Pakistan
India
Sri Lanka
Philippines
29
Low internet awareness…
80%
71.9%
% of bottom of the pyramid
70%
60%
50%
40%
36.0%
35.7%
28.6%
30%
20%
14.3%
10%
0%
Pakistan
India
Sri Lanka
Philippines
Thailand
Not heard of Internet
30
Equally low internet usage…
Respondents at the
BOP who have
Used the Internet
Pakistan
India
Sri Lanka
Philippines
Thailand
1.9%
0.3%
1.5%
8.8%
10.4%
….huge opportunity for mobile data services??
31
Thank you. More at www.lirneasia.net
32
Broadband Prices
33
Annual leased line and BB prices, March 2008 (excluding
installation charges, discounts)
Country2
2Mbps, 2km
DPLC3 (p.a4)
2Mbps,
100km DPLC5
(p.a)
2Mbps
broadband
business
connection
(p.a)6
256kbps
broadband
business
connection
(p.a)6
256kbps
broadband
residential
connection
(p.a)6
Afghanistan
12,0007
N/O8
N/O
N/O
N/O
Nepal
55,3939
2,760,2909
57,38510
8,60810
6,69510
Bangladesh
23,39311
N/O
N/O
8,01612
2,68013
Pakistan
4914
2,43714
N/O
96415
96415
India
43216
4.44716
3,77917
24118
37917
Bhutan
2,43819
18,28319
4,54020
30321
30321
Sri Lanka
3,24922
6,35023
55624
25025
25025
Maldives
18,80326
40,75627
16,61928
2,09129
37930
EU average
35831
-
16431
11931
11931
Source: LIRNEasia research. See footnotes for specific details
34
Liberalizing the IGW
 Indonesia Example
35
Indonesia: Even after partial IGW liberalization minutes and
international revenue increased by about 100%
2004: Partial
Liberalization
of IGW
Source: LIRNEasia research
Estimate 40% of all int’l calls by-pass legal channels prior to 2004
36
Mobile Prices
 Example from the SAARC Region
37
South Asia is offers the cheapest prices globally (Nokia TCO
study). But affordability varies
Monthly prepaid mobile cost for a low user (USD and USD PPP)
35.00
25.00
20.00
32.93
15.00
21.55
17.05
Maldives
13.39
Sri Lanka
Maldives
17.25
Bhutan
5.48
Pakistan
3.83
Bangladesh
5.46
Nepal
3.72
Afghanistan
3.34
Sri Lanka
Nepal
0.00
2.46
Bhutan
5.25
India
11.66 10.57
Pakistan
8.33
Bangladesh
5.00
15.04
India
10.00
Afghanistan
USD, USD PPP
30.00
38
BD, IN, PK, LK consistently offering cheap prices. For prepaid and
post paid
Average monthly prepaid mobile charge for a medium user
25.00
SMS
Usage
20.68
Rental
20.00
Connection
15.00
14.02
13.67
US$
12.94
10.00
8.12
8.93
9.41
5.86
5.00
0.00
39
Average postpaid mobile charge for a medium user
60.00
SMS
49.90
50.00
Usage
51.11
Rental
Connection
40.00
US$
34.94
30.00
26.84
25.65
24.10
20.00
14.67
10.00
0.00
Nepal
Bangladesh
Pakistan
India
Bhutan
Sri Lanka
Maldives
40
Average monthly prepaid mobile charge for a low user
9.00
8.33
SMS
Usage
8.00
Rental
Connection
7.00
6.00
US$
5.48
5.46
5.25
5.00
3.83
3.72
4.00
3.34
3.00
2.46
2.00
1.00
0.00
Afghanistan
Nepal
Bangladesh
Pakistan
India
Bhutan
Sri Lanka
Maldives
41
Average monthly prepaid mobile charge for a medium user
25.00
SMS
Usage
20.68
Rental
20.00
Connection
15.00
14.02
13.67
US$
12.94
10.00
8.12
8.93
9.41
5.86
5.00
0.00
42
Average monthly prepaid mobile charge for a high user
50.00
SMS
45.00
43.34
Usage
Rental
40.00
Connection
35.00
US$
30.00
31.06
30.19
27.22
25.00
20.46
20.00
15.00
16.92
18.32
12.31
10.00
5.00
0.00
43
Average monthly prepaid mobile charge for a low user
35.00
32.93
SMS
Usage
30.00
Rental
Connection
25.00
US$ PPP
21.55
20.00
17.25
17.05
15.04
15.00
13.39
11.66
10.57
10.00
5.00
0.00
Afghanistan
Nepal
Bangladesh
Pakistan
India
Bhutan
Sri Lanka
Maldives
44
Average monthly prepaid mobile charge for a medium user
90.00
81.77
SMS
80.00
Usage
Rental
70.00
US$ PPP
60.00
Connection
53.12
50.00
44.27
40.00
30.00
36.08
27.79
42.55
32.95
25.69
20.00
10.00
0.00
45
Average monthly prepaid mobile charge for a high user
180.00
171.40
SMS
160.00
Usage
Rental
140.00
US$ PPP
120.00
Connection
111.74
98.09
100.00
74.02
80.00
60.00
58.37
93.95
71.62
53.55
40.00
20.00
0.00
46
Average postpaid mobile charge for a medium user
60.00
SMS
49.90
50.00
Usage
51.11
Rental
Connection
40.00
US$
34.94
30.00
26.84
25.65
24.10
20.00
14.67
10.00
0.00
Nepal
Bangladesh
Pakistan
India
Bhutan
Sri Lanka
Maldives
47
Average monthly postpaid mobile charge for a medium user
180.00
SMS
157.58
160.00
Usage
159.06
Rental
143.42
Connection
140.00
US$ PPP
120.00
97.39
100.00
89.78
84.95
80.00
69.53
60.00
40.00
20.00
0.00
Nepal
Bangladesh
Pakistan
India
Bhutan
Sri Lanka
Maldives
48
Average monthly postpaid mobile charges for a high user
120.00
SMS
105.45
Usage
104.28
Rental
100.00
Connection
US$
80.00
74.40
57.88
60.00
55.34
50.51
40.00
29.29
20.00
0.00
Nepal
Bangladesh
Pakistan
India
Bhutan
Sri Lanka
Maldives
49
Average monthly postpaid mobile charge for a high user
350.00
333.04
305.40
SMS
324.54
Usage
300.00
Rental
Connection
250.00
US$ PPP
204.09
200.00
193.69
183.20
138.87
150.00
100.00
50.00
0.00
Nepal
Bangladesh
Pakistan
India
Bhutan
Sri Lanka
Maldives
50
References, notes
51
Sources & Notes: International Direct Dialing Data
 Afghanistan Roshan Telecom , http://www.roshan.af/web/?page_id=472, Rates are applicable for calling both
Fixed and Mobile phones
 Bangladesh GrameenPhone
 Bhutan Bhutan Telecom,
http://www.druknet.bt/btelecom/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=28&Itemid=42 , Prepaid
package IDD rates.
 India Bharti Airtel, http://www.airtel.in/Prepaid_tarrifs.aspx?path=1/6/6/2&cid=2 , Prepaid package Airtel Regular
IDD rates; Calls terminating on fixed lines only
 Maldives Dhiraagu, http://www.dhiraagu.com.mv/beta/fixed/international_services/idd.php?country=bang
 Nepal Spice Nepal, http://www.spicenepal.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=33 , Prepaid
package IDD rates
 Pakistan Mobilink GSM, http://www.mobilinkgsm.com/idd/index.php, Prepaid package Jazz Budget IDD rates;
Calls terminating on fixed lines only
 Sri Lanka Dialog GSM, http://www.dialog.lk/en/mobile/services/services.html , Rates are applicable for calling
both Fixed and Mobile phones
 Exchange rates obtained from http://finance.yahoo.com/currency on 21 May 2008.
52
Sources: International Roaming Data
 Afghanistan Roshan Telecom
 Malaysia Maxis
 Singapore SingTel
 American Samoa American Samoa
Telecom
 Maldives Dhiraagu
 Solomon Islands Solomon Islands Telecom
 Sri Lanka Dialog GSM
 Australia Telstra
 Marshall Islands National
Telecommunications Authority
 Bangladesh GrameenPhone
 Micronesia FSMTC
 Thailand AIS
 Bhutan Bhutan Telecom
 Mongolia MobiCom
 Timor L'este Timor Telecom
 Brunei B Mobile
 Myanmar MPT
 Tonga Tonfon
 Cambodia CamGSM
 Nepal Spice Nepal
 Vanuatu Telecom Vanuatu
 China China Mobile
 New Zealand Vodafone
 Vietnam Viettel
 Cook Islands Telecom New Zealand
 New Caledonia Office des Postes et
Télécommunications de NouvelleCalédonie
All data are for August 2008
 Fiji Vodafone
 French Polynesia Vini
 Guam GuamCell
 Hong kong CSL
 Indonesia Telkomsel
 India Bharti Airtel/Reliance Mobile
 Japan NTT DoCoMo
 Kiribati Telecom Services Kiribati Limited
 Korea SK Telecom
 Laos Lao Telecommunications
 Macau 3
 Taiwan Chunghwa Telecom
 Niue Telecom Niue
 Norfolk Island Norfolk Telecom,
 Northern Mariana Islands GuamCell
 Pakistan Mobilink GSM
 Palau Palau Mobile
 Papua New Guinea Bee Mobile,
 Philippines Globe Telecom
 Reunion Réunion Telecom, Samoa
SamoaTel
53
Sources and Notes: BB prices
1. Prices quoted in local currencies converted to US dollars based on rates found at: http://www.oanda.com/convert/classic at 10/02/2008. Annual prices for a
Domestic Private Leased Circuit not inclusive of installation charges, modem/ router charges, any discounts, VAT or other taxes
2. Countries are ranked according to GDP per capita obtained from the World Economic Outlook database, Oct 2007
3. Also known as a tail cost
4. p.a = per annum
5. Cost of tail charges + 96km link charge
6. The package chosen are those that have an unlimited download capacity, in the event this package was not found the closest available offering was used.
7. Rates obtained from ATRA, 2007 data as reported in the earlier document, to be found at http://www.lirneasia.net/wp-contents//uploads/2007/09/bbenchmarkspage1-v4.pdf
8. N/O- No offering was available at time of publication
9. Nepal Telecom, http://www.net.np/tariff/int_tariff_new.php
10. Radius Communications Pvt Ltd, http://www.radiusnp.com/index.php
11. BTTB, for a 5km link, http://www.bttb.net.bd/rates.php#broadband
12. Grameen Cybernet Ltd, Fibre-Optic Broadband connection, http://www.citechco.net/pro_int.php
13. Agni Systems Ltd, Premium package, guaranteed minimum speed is 256kbps, http://www.agni.com/products/fiber.php
14. PTCL, http://www.ptcl.com.pk/contentb.php?NID=43
15. PTCL, DSL 1MB unlimited package, http://www.ptcl.com.pk/contentp?NID=47
16. BSNL, http://www.bsnl.co.in/service/leased_tariff.htm
17. BSNL, http://www.bsnl.co.in/service/dataone_tariff.htm
18. MTNL, TriB Unlimited, http://www.mtnldelhi.in/broadband/triband_tariff.htm
19. Bhutan Telecom, http://www.druknet.bt/btelecom/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=35&Itemid=62
20. Bhutan Telecom, DSL 15000, Data limit of 12GB, http://www.druknet.bt/btelecom/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=64&Itemid=112
21. Bhutan Telecom, DSL 1000, Data limit of 500MB, Does not discriminate between corporate and home users,
http://www.druknet.bt/btelecom/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=64&Itemid=112
22. SLT, for a 0-33km link
23. SLT, for a 33- 99km link
24. Dialog, WiMax, 2MB Corporate package, http://www.dialog.lk/en/broadband/product/wimax.html
25. SLT, ADSL Office, Home Express, http://www.slt.lk/data/forbusiness/115adsl.htm
26. Dhiraagu, http://www.dhiraagu.com.mv/tariffs/dhivehinet.php#dedicatedaccess
27. As per data obtained from the earlier document, to be found at http://www.lirneasia.net/wp-contents//uploads/2007/09/bbenchmarks-page1-v4.pdf, Data not
available for this quarter.
28. Focus Infocomm, ROL corporate access 2MB, http://www.rol.net.mv/downloads/ROLTariffSheet.pdf, Dhiraagu does not have a 2MB package with an unlimited
offering.
29. Dhiraagu, Biz Unlimited package, http://www.dhiraagu.com.mv/tariffs/dhiveinet.php#broadband
30. Focus Infocomm, ROL broadband 256 value for homes, http://www.rol.net.mv/downloads/ROLTariffSheet.pdf
54