• Geography is the study of the earth and everything on it.
• Geography describes the earth’s land, water, plant, and animal life.
• Geography is also the study of places, and the relationship between people and their environments.
Picture from: Microsoft Clip Art

• The earth is divided into seven continents: North America, South
America, Africa, Europe, Asia, Australia, and Antarctica.
Picture from: The Seven Continents

• The Earth is made up of 70% water.
• The Earth also has four major oceans: Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, and Arctic.

• A Hemisphere is any half of the earth.
• The earth is divided into 4 hemispheres: Northern,
Southern, Eastern, and
Western.
• The Northern and Southern
Hemispheres are divided along the Equator.
• The Eastern and Western
Hemispheres are divided on the Prime Meridian.
Picture from: The Hemisphere Map

• Maps have lines of latitude and longitude that form a grid.
• The distance between the lines is measured in degrees.
• Every place on earth has a unique position or “address” on this grid.
• Knowing latitude and longitude makes it easier for you to locate cities and other places on a map.
• Example: New Orleans is located at 30*N, 90*W.
Picture from: Latitude and Longitude

• Lines of latitude circle the earth, and measure either north or south of the equator (0* Latitude.)
• They measure north and south of the equator.
Picture from: Learn about Latitude and Longitude
Picture from: World Atlas

• Lines of longitude stretch from the North Pole to the
South Pole.
• They measure east or west of the Prime Meridian (0*
Longitude.)
Picture from: Learn about Latitude and Longitude
Picture from: World Atlas

• A Map projection is a mathematical method of showing a map of the globe on a flat surface.
• There are two main types of projections: The Mercator
Projection and the Robinson Projection.
• 1 st globe was created by Martin Behaim. It is the first plotting of the earth as a sphere.

• Mercator Projection---shows land shapes accurately, but not size and distance.
Picture from: Mercator’s Projection

• Robinson Projection---shows fairly accurate view of most sizes, shapes, and distance.
• Robinson Projection is the most used.
Picture from: The Arthur H. Robinson Map Library

• To help study the geography of the earth geographers have broken geography into five themes.
• The Five Themes of
Geography are:
– Location
– Place
– Human/Environment
Interaction
– Movement
– Regions

• Location is where a place is located on the earth.
• There are two types of location :
• Absolute location is an exact position of place on the
Earth.
• Relative location tells where a place is in relation to other places.
Pictures from: Microsoft Clip Art

• Place describes what a place is like. Place can be described using physical or human characteristics .
• Physical characteristics include landforms, climate, and plant and animal life.
• Human characteristics include language, religion, culture, and way of life.
Picture from: Heather Astle’s Korea and Hogle Zoo Pictures

• To help organize the study of geography, geographers often group places or areas into regions.
• Regions are areas with one or more common characteristics.
Picture from: Microsoft Clip Art

• Human/Environment
Interaction is the study of how people use the environment and how their actions affect the environment.
Pictures from: Microsoft Clip Art

• Movement is the study of how people, ideas, and goods move from place to place.
• Why do people move to one place but not others?
Picture from: Microsoft Clip Art

• Compass Rose ---It is a direction marker.
• This tells you where the cardinal directions are positioned –north, south, east, and west
Picture from: Wikipedia: Compass Rose

• Map Key/Legend ---explains the lines, symbols, and colors on a map and what they mean.
Picture from: Explore Maps

• Scale ---A measuring line that helps you determine distance on a map.
• The Scale tells you what distance on earth is represented by the measurement on the scale bar.
Picture from: Using Map Scales

• Maps are used all of the time in our everyday world and each one has a specific use.
• Types of maps include: physical, political, topographical, road maps, and special purpose maps.

Picture from: Wikipedia: Floor Plan

• Geographic factors —landforms, waterways, natural resources — have shaped America’s history.
• Geography helps determine what you eat and depend on for food, your clothing, shelter, and tools.
• Geographic barriers such as mountains and deserts determined where people first settled.
• The building of canals, railroads, steamboats helped people to move past physical barriers and move west.
Picture from: Wikipedia: Ancient Pueblo Peoples
Picture from: Wikipedia: Rail Transport

• Microsoft Clip Art (2008) Microsoft Corporation.
• Heather Astle’s Korea and Hogle Zoo Pictures (2006) Heather Astle.
• Wikipedia: Compass Rose (2008) Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. at URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compass_rose
• Wikipedia: Topographical Map (2008) Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. at
URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topographic_map
• Wikipedia: Floor Plan (2008) Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. at URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floor_plan
• Wikipedia: WikiProject Maps (2008) Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. at
URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Maps
• Using Map Scales (2002) David J. Leveson at URL: http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/geology/leveson/core/linksa/scale_u se.html
• Explore Maps (2008) Explore Maps at URL: http://www.exploremaps.com/Media/Legend%20for%20web.jpg

• Map of the Capitol Complex (2008)Architect of the Capitol at URL: http://www.aoc.gov/cc/cc_map.cfm
• University of Tennessee Chattanooga Campus Map (2008) The
University of Tennessee at Chattanooga at URL: http://www.utc.edu/Administration/ParkingServices/campusMaps.php
• Rhode Island Road Map (2008) VisitRhodeIsland.com at URL: http://www.visitrhodeisland.com/images/img_state_map_lg.jpg
• The Hemisphere Map (2008) Maps.com at URL: http://www.maps.com/ref_map.aspx?pid=12864
• The Seven Continents (2008) Around the World at URL: http://www.horizonacademy.com/Web_Quests/Around_The_World/html/the_continents.ht
ml
• Oceans and Seas of the World (2006) Compare Infobase Limited at
URL: http://dollarsatgoogle.com/images/world-oceans-map.gif
• World Atlas (2008) AOL, LLC. At URL:http://reference.aol.com/atlas

• Tourist Guide Barcelona (2003-2008) Barcelona-tourist-guide.com at
URL: http://www.barcelona-tourist-guide.com/imagefiles/maps/barcelona-metro-map.gif
• Map of US (2008) Code Network Media Group (Ltd.) at URL: http://www.map-of-usa.co.uk/images/usa-physical-map.jpg
• Latitude and Longitude (2008) geographyalltheway.com at
URL:http://www.geographyalltheway.com/year7_geography/maps_atla ses/imagesetc/latitudelongitude.jpg
• Learn about Latitude and Longitude (2000-2006) Junglephotos.com at
URL: http://www.junglephotos.com/galapagos/gmaps/aboutmaps/longlat.sht
ml
• Wikipedia: Ancient Pueblo Peoples (2008) Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. at URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anasazi
• Wikipedia: Rail Transport (2008) Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. at URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railroad

• Mercator’s Projection (2003) Robert Israel at URL: http://www.math.ubc.ca/~israel/m103/mercator/mercator.html
• The Arthur H. Robinson Map Library (2007) Board of Regents
University of Wisconsin-Madison at URL: http://www.geography.wisc.edu/maplib/