 Organization

of Matter
Non-living Matter


Atoms, Ions, and Compounds
Atoms = smallest unit of elements and are
listed on periodic table. The nucleus of an
atom is composed of neutrons and protons
(+). Electrons (-) exist outside the nucleus.
All atoms are isotopes of some other atom
that has the same # of protons but a
different # of neutrons

Ions = atoms or combinations of atoms
that demonstrate an unbalanced electrical
charge.
-This happens when the total # of electrons
does not equal the total # of protons.
More electrons than protons = neg charge = ANION
More protons than electrons = pos charge = CATION
Monoatomic ions involve only one atom
Polyatomic ions involve more than one atom
Mono- or Poly-
Ion Symbol
Monoatomic Ions
Cl-
Chloride
O2-
Oxide
S2-
Sulfide
Ca2+
Calcium
Pb2+
Lead
Hg2+
Mercury
NO2-
Nitrite
NO3-
Nitrate
SO42-
Sulfate
CO32-
Carbonate
PO43-
Phosphate
Polyatomic Ions
Name of Ion
 Compounds
are combinations of atoms held
together by ionic or covalent bonds.

Ionic compounds form when Neg chrg nonmetal
combines with an ionic attraction to a Pos chrg
metal.
Ex. calcium chloride, CaCl2.

Molecules are combinations of nonmetal atoms
held together by covalent bonds.
Organic molecules are carbon-based molecules
that also contain H, and sometimes O, N, or S


Molecules are compounds of nonmetals
covalently bound together.

Polar molecules contain separation of elec
chrg w/in the molecule that helps it to be
attracted to ions or other polar molecules.
-This causes a slight negative charge near the
oxygen and a slight positive charge near the
hydrogen.
Ex. Water H2O polarity of water is strong
enough to break apart some ionic compounds
which causes them to dissolve, or go into
solution
A
single proton, or hydrogen ion (H+), can be
removed from water when some substances
are dissolved in it.


If a substance creates a hydrogen ion when put in
water it is called an ACID.
If a substance creates a hydroxide ion (OH-) when
it is placed in water, it is called a BASE.

H+ + OH- = H2O
 The
concentration of protons or hydroxide
ions in solution is pH. (measuring acidity or
alkalinity)
 The
pH of 7.0 is neutral
 The pH of < 7 is acidic
 The pH of > 7 is basic
 Each
whole-number drop in pH represents a
10-fold increase in acidity
4




states of matter
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Plasma
solid
liquid
(heat)
vapor
(heat)
 Living
Matter p.66

Cells
Tissues and Organ Systems
Organisms or Species
Populations
Communities
Ecosystems
Biosphere

Small to broad focus






 Chemical


reactions
Changes in the arrangement of molecules
Matter cannot be created or destroyed

Once a chemical reaction is complete,
equilibrium has been established between the
reactants and products

CO2 + H2O
H2CO2
H+ + HCO3-
 A.k.a.
Biogeochemical Cycles

Carbon Cycle

Nitrogen Cycle

Phosphorus Cycle (remains as Phosphate ion
throughout the whole cycle – no gaseous phase)
(biosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere)
(biosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere)
(biosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere)

Sulfur Cycle

Hydrologic Cycle
(biosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere)
(biosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere)
 First

Law of Thermodynamics
Energy is neither created nor destroyed, but can
change forms
 Second
Law of Thermodynamics

Transfers of energy decrease the amount of
useful energy
o
Entropy is the amount of useful energy lost per
amount of matter. This disperses as heat and
becomes scattered or disordered.
o
As heat disperses, entropy increases
 Convection
 Conduction
 Radiation
 Efficiency
– For any transfer of energy, the
amount of energy that is useful from one
step to another is considered the efficiency
of the transfer. (%)

Ex. Coal-fire power plant derives an amount of
electrical energy that is 38% of the total amt of chemical
energy stored in coal, so it is considered 38% efficient.
The rest of that energy is lost to heat and accounts for
the increase in entropy.
 Ecosystems
are characterized by how energy
is obtained, converted into chemical energy,
and transferred from one organism to
another.
 Productivity is the amount of biomass that is
produced by a community.


Primary Productivity is the amount of biomass
produced by photosynthetic organisms.
Secondary productivity is the amount of biomass
produced by organisms that eat photosynthetic
organisms.
 Food
chains are sequences of organisms that
begin with a primary producer and trace the
movement of biomass through a series or
predator/prey relationships.
 Food
webs are interconnecting series of food
chains.


Each step along along the food chain is a trophic
level.
Each step only converts about 10% of ingested
biomass into biomass available for the next
trophic level.
 Water
Treatment and the Nitrogen Cycle
 Composting
Wastes: Combining Carbon and
Nitrogen Cycles
 Energy
Efficiency of Lights
 Miller,
G T. Living In the Environment. 13th
ed. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole, a
division of Thomson Learning, 2004.
Print.
 Reel,
Kevin R. AP Environmental Science. 2nd
ed. USA: Research and Education
Association, 2008. Print.

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