sp3 hybridisering
http://www.chem.ucalgary.ca/courses/351/Carey5th/Ch02/ch2-3-1.html
C har 2 elektroner i skal-1(dem glemmer vi nu) og 4 elektroner i skal-2(disse 4 er vigtige for kemiske
bindinger). I skal-2 er der plads til 4 par elektroner, et par i kugleformet S-orbital(’elektron-ballon’), 1
par i 3 p-orbitaler i x,y,z retningen (formet som langstrakt ballon, klemt sammen på midten, de står
vinkelrette på hinanden.
En orbital=’elektron-ballon’, elektron sky, der viser hvor elektronerne er det meste af
tiden

"Blend" (en blanding/hybrid, man taler derfor
om hybridisering) the s and the three p
orbitals...
o since we "mixed" 4 orbitals, we get a
set of 4 sp3 orbitals
o each sp3 hybrid contains a single
unpaired electron
The sp3 hybrid orbital looks like a
"distorted" p orbital with unequal lobes.
The 4 sp3 hybrids point towards the
corners of a tetrahedron(pyramide, de
peger længst muligt væk fra hinanden!).
Farvede er ‘positive’, hvide dele er
negative, farvede dele lagt sammen
bliver større ballon; farvet og hvid
trækker fra hinanden, mindsker ballonen,
derfor er farvede del større end den
hvide.
You can view an animation of the hybridisation of the C orbitals if you wish.

For methane:
o 4 equivalent C-H σ bonds can
be made by the interactions of
Csp3 with a H1s

Now ethane, H3C-CH3 as a model for
alkanes in general:
o Both C are sp3 hybridised.
o 6 C-H σ bonds are made by the
interaction of C sp3 with H1s
orbitals (see the red arrows)
o 1 C-C σ bond is made by the
interaction of C sp3 with another
C sp3 orbital (see the green
arrow)
De to ender, CH3 , CH3 enhederne kan frit rotere
omkring C-C-aksen/linjen
Summary



sp3occurs when a C has 4 attached groups
the 4 sp3 hybrids point towards the corners of a tetrahedron at 109.5o to each
other
each sp3hybrid is involved in a σ bond
sp2 hybridisering
http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/carey5e/Ch02/ch2-3-2.html

"Blend" ( hybrid mellem) the s-‘kuglen’ and the 2 p orbitals...
o since we "mixed" 3 orbitals, we get a set of 3 sp2 orbitals
o the other p orbital remains unaffected
o each sp2 hybrid and the p orbital contains a single unpaired electron

In ethene, H2C=CH2
o both C are sp2 hybridised.
o 4 C-H  bonds are made by the interaction of C sp2 with H1s orbitals (see red arrows)
o 1 C-C  bond is made by the interaction of C sp2 with another C sp2 orbital (see green
arrow)
o 1 C-C  bond is made by the interaction of the C p with the other C p orbital (see black
arrows)- De 6 atomer ligger i samme plan.  bond fås når de blå og røde dele smelter
sammen, det giver ’elektron-ballon’ som pølser over og under planen(de brune pølser på
figuren herunder. Denne pølse forhindrer at de to CH2 , CH2 enheder kan rotere omkring CC -aksen/linjen)
Summary

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
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sp2 occurs when a C has 3 attached groups
the 3 sp2 hybrids point towards the corners of a triangle at 120o to each other(orange
vinkel)
each sp2 hybrid is involved in a  bond
the remaining p orbital forms the  bond
view a double bond as a  +  bond
sp hybridisering

Blend" (i.e. hybridise) the s and a p orbital...
o since we "mixed" 2 orbitals, we get a set of 2 sp orbitals
o the other two p orbital remain unaffected
o both sp hybrids and the 2 p orbitals contain a single unpaired electron
(note the sp hybrids are offset horizontally to allow both lobes to be seen)

In ethyne, HCCH
o both C are sp hybridised
o 2 C-H  bonds are made by the interaction of C sp with H1s orbitals (see red arrows)
o 1 C-C  bond is made by the interaction of C sp with another C sp orbital (see green
arrow)
o 2 C-C  bonds are made by the interaction of the 2 pairs of C p orbitals (see black arrows)
Summary
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sp occurs when a C has 2 attached groups
the 2 sp hybrids point in opposite directions at 180o to each other
each sp hybrid is involved in a  bond
the remaining p orbitals forms the 2 bonds
view a triple bond as a  + 2 bonds
Now is a good time to try a few questions about bonding and hybridization.
orbitaler=elektron skyer, viser hvor elektronerne er det meste af tiden