What do urban problems refer to?
•
•
•
•
•
Housing problems
Transport problems
Urban decay
Pollutions
Social problems
Causes of urban problems in
cities of developing countries
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Rapid increase of population due to
large scale rural-urban migration and
high rates of natural increase
High degree of primacy
Low level of industrialization and
slow economic
poor governance
Nature of housing problems
• Shortage of accommodation
• Substandard houses made of any materials
• Unobtainable to basic facilities such as
clean water, electricity and sewage system
• Unobtainable to urban resources such as job
opportunities, transport, education, medical
and social services
Problems related to shortage of
of accommodation
• Growing squatter and slum population
• as most immigrants tend to build
themselves a shelter on land which does not
belong to them.
• Or rent a single room in overcrowded and
deteriorated slums near the CBD.
Problems related to substandard
houses
•
•
•
•
Risk of collapse,
Risk of landslide
Risk of fire
overcrowding
Problems related to unobtainable
to basic facilities
• Poor sanitation
• Poor living environment
• Outbreak of diseases
Problems related to unobtainable
to urban resources
• Unemployment and underemployment
• Social problems such as family conflicts,
mental distresses
• High crime rate
• Social unrest
Solutions
• Site and service scheme
• Squatter improvement scheme
• Squatter and slum clearance and
resettlement scheme
Site and service scheme
• Self help scheme
• Provide squatter occupants with building
materials
• Provide with basic services(water and
electricity)
Advantages
•
•
•
•
Require smaller capital amount
Improve skill of local people
Preserve community spirit for certain extent
Improve housing conditions a lot
Disadvantages
• New sites are usually in suburbs
• Squatter occupants are reluctant to move in
due to poor accessibility
Squatter improvement scheme
• Provide basic services(water supply,
electricity and sewage system)
• Squatter remain at the places where they
are occupying
Advantages
• Its the cheapest and easiest way
• Improve living conditions for certain extent
• Entirely preserve community spirit
Disadvantages
• The unpleasant squatter settlement remains
unchanged in location and appearance
• The improvement attracts more incoming
occupants
• Overcrowding problems deteriorated
Squatter and slum clearance and
resettlement scheme
• Clearance of illegal and unsafe settlements
• Provide accommodation with standard basic
facilities for squatter inhabitants
• The most comprehensive scheme
Advantages
• A scheme thoroughly solve al the housing
problems
• Urban renewal becomes possible
Disadvantages
•
•
•
•
Require large amount of capital
Require high technology level
Disputes related to resettlement
Acts of rebellious and violence taken by
people being affected
Worksheet question 1.
• Squatter settlements
Question 2.
• Houses are constructed from any materials
available- wood, corrugated iron or
cardboard.
• Houses are built on hill slopes without safe
foundations nor slope retaining walls.
• Houses are simply shelters of rain and
sunlight, do not meet basic health and safety
standards.
Question 3
• Lack of clean water supply
• Lack of properly installed electricity supply
• Lack of properly run waste disposal and
sewage system
• Lack of paved footpaths or vehicular roads
• Lack of open space or recreational facilities
• Lack of public lighting
Question 4
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Risks of collapse, fire and landslides
Poor sanitation
Poor ventilation
Overcrowding
Environmental pollution
Outbreak of diseases
Visual pollution
Family conflict and mental distress
Question 5
• Rapid increase of urban population due to
continuous influx of rural immigrants
• Lack of financial resources to provide
adequate accommodation due to
• Slow economic growth
• Lack of town planning
• Inefficient government
Question 6
• Squatter improvement scheme or
• Site and service scheme
• Give comments on its effectiveness