ICRAT 2004
IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY
AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY
Elena Turrado and Rodrigo Martinez-Val
ETSI Aeronáuticos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, SPAIN
November 2004
Index
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Introduction
Solutions
Supersonic Aircraft
Flying Wing
NLA
A380 a detailed example of NLA
Costs
Conclusions
Introduction
5 % per year growth in traffic air means 50% more passengers in 2012.
What’s the
problem?
Slot -constraints Airports & Airspace constraints
Growth will cause the airports to adapt
To cope with growth, the choice is:
•
Adaptation to bigger aircraft
•
New runways and terminals.
•
Additional airports.
•
More extensive use of air space
IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY
Solutions
• MORE EXTENSIVE USE OF AIR SPACE (FL 400)
Supersonic / high subsonic aircraft
Flying Wings
• ADAPTATION TO BIGGER AIRCRAFT
New Large Aircraft (NLA)
Flying Wings
IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY
Supersonic / High Subsonic Aircraft
• High-Speed Civil Transport (HSCT): It was expected to be
introduced into service sometime between the years 2005 and 2015.
- Mach 2.0 to 2.5
- 250-300 passengers.
- 9260 km Range
• Sonic Cruiser: It was expected to be introduced into
service in 2008 (Project finished in 2002)
- Mach 0.95 -0.98
- 100-300 passengers.
- 9000 NM Range
Advantages :
- Reduce Airspace Congestion (FL 400)
- Reduce time route (20% less)
Disadvantages:
- Increase in fuel consumption (+ 30 -40 %)
- Increase in Business class charges ( +15% )
IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY
Flying Wings : Characteristics
LARGE CAPACITY & HIGH FLIGHT LEVEL
FLYING WING (Boeing)
Boeing 747-400
Wingspan
289 feet (88.1 meters)
211 feet (64.3 meters)
Height
Length
40.9 feet (12.5 meters)
160.8 feet (49 meters)
Three high-bypass-ratio
engines.
63 feet (19.2 meters)
232 feet (70.7 meters)
Engines
Passenger Capacity
Range
Cruising Speed
jet
800
7,000 miles
(11,265 km)
486 knots
(560 mph / 900 kph)
Four turbofan engines
Up to 624
(high density config.)
7,200 miles
(11,587 km)
490 knots
(563 mph / 908 kph)
• OPERATIONAL CAPACITY
The large wing span (up to 99,6 m) exceed the maximum
requirement (80 m) by the airport authorities. So, it involve
significant modifications to accommodate the size and
weight.
Track (m)
Wheel base (m)
EUROPEAN
LARGE CAPACITY
FLYING WING
13,89
30,1 – 35,9
B-747
A380
11
25,6
12,4
31,7
EUROPEAN
LARGE CAPACITY
FLYING WING
MTOW (kg)
776.700 – 690.700
Number of wheels
Nose / Centre
5 /4
Main
24 =2 *(4+6)
IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY
B-747
A380
396.893
560.000
2
16=2 *(4+4)
2
20=2 *(6+4)
Flying Wings : Ground Operation
• GROUND HANDLING
- A reduction of height on ground level make difficult
the movement of vehicles needed to supply the
aircraft.
- Passenger boarding/deboarding, with an optimum
timearound, involve a minimum of three bridges at
the same level.
• EMERGENCY EXITS
At least five type A doors (1,067 m x 1,829 m) are
necessary at both sites of the aircraft (leading edge
and rear aircraft).
IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY
Flying Wings : Advantages & Disadvantages
Airport Compatibility (maximum span 80m)
ADVANTAGES (vs. B777-200 /A330-200)
• Reduced Take-off and landing field length.
• Less fuel burnt per passenger-kilometre (15% more efficient).
• 10-20 percent more efficient as a transport vehicle
in terms of global transport productivity.
DISADVANTAGES
• Uncommon wing architecture => manufacturing and maintenance problems.
• Uncommon cabin arrangement => negatively perceived by passengers.
• Increased passenger and cargo flight loads for increased distance to airplane axis.
C-FlyWing
VARIABLE
Wheel Track
14,0 m
Floor height
3m
FIELD LENGTH
Take-off (MTOW)
1860 m
Landing (MLW)
1320 m
PERFORMANCES (300 pax)
Range
10230 km
Fuel efficiency
19,8 g/pax..km
Transport productivity
0,0749
(PLxR)/(MTOWxRG)
A330-200
B777-200
12,4 m
5m
12,7 m
5m
2530 m
1722 m
2530 m
1570 m
8900 km
21,5 g/pax..km
9730 km
23,5 g/pax..km
0,0661
0,0652
IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY
NLA : Characteristics
Airport reference Code ICAO/FAA
Aerodrome
code number
1
2
3
4
Reference field
length(m)
<800
800 = 1200
1200 = 1800
=1800
Aerodrome code
letter
A
B
C
D
E
F
Wingspan (m)
b < 15
15 = b < 24
24 = b < 36
36 = b < 52
52 = b < 65
65 = b < 80
Outer main gearwheel span (m)
< 4.5
4.5 = d < 6
6=d<9
9 = d <14
14 = d < 16
Source ICAO (1999)
Aircraft Approach
Category
A
B
C
D
E
Aircraft Approach
Speed (Kn)
<91
91 = 121
121 = 141
141 = 166
= 166
Airplane Design
Group
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
Aircraft Wingspan
feet (m)
0  b  49 (15)
49 (15)  b  79 (24)
79 (24)  b  118 (36)
118 (36)  b  171 (52)
171 (52)  b  214 (65)
214 (65)  b  262 (80)
Source FAA (1989)
IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY
NLA : Airport Design Impact (1/4)
Table : Aircraft Design Group V and VI Comparison
Design
Characteristics
Length
Runway
Bridges and
Culverts
Width
Shoulder Width
Blast Pad Length
Blast Pad Width
Runway Safety
Area Length
Runway Safety
Area Width
Runway Object
Free Area Length
Runway Object
Free Area Width
Taxiing Weights
Aircraft Design
Group V
-150 ft
35 ft
200 ft
220 ft
1000 ft
Aircraft Design
Group VI
-200 ft
40 ft
200 ft
280 ft
1000 ft
% Incremental and
Reduction in Safety Margin
None
33%
14%
None
27%
None
500 ft
500 ft
None
1000 ft
1000 ft
None
800 ft
800 ft
None
Up to 877,000
pounds
Up to
1,400,000
pounds
60%
IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY
NLA : Airport Design Impact (2/4)
Table : Aircraft Design Group V and VI Comparison (cont.)
Design
Characteristics
Width
Taxiway
Separations
Shoulder Width
Taxiway Edge
Safety Margin
Safety Area
Width
Airfield Taxiway
Object Free Area
& Safety Margin
Terminal
Taxilane Object
Free Area &
Safety Margin
Holdline
Parallel Runways
Runway/ Parallel
Taxiway
Parallel Runways
& Safety Margin
Aircraft Design Aircraft Design
Group V
Group VI
75 ft
100 ft
35 ft
40 ft
% Incremental and
Reduction in Safety Margin
33%
14%
15 ft
20 ft
33%
214 ft
262 ft
22%
320 ft
386 ft
21%
54% Safety Reduction
276 ft
334 ft
21%
81% Safety Reduction
280 ft
--
280 ft
--
None
None
400 ft
600 ft
50%
267 ft
324 ft
21%
92% Safety Reduction
298 ft
22%
Wingtip Collision
245 ft
Parallel Taxilanes NLA Design
& Safety Margin Wingspan
equals 262 ft
IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY
NLA : Airport Design Impact (3/4)
• AIRSIDE:
- Pavements :
Increase in weight -> increase in tyres
- Safety:
Fire protection (CAT.10- ICAO/ F ó G - FAA).
Emergency Procedures (increase of 30% in passengers.)
Deicing facilities and operations (increase in equipment and staff)
Object free areas o protection areas of Navigation Aids.
- Operations:
Wake vortex effects
• AIRSIDE / LANDSIDE:
Gate requirements, Apron separation clearances, Compatible passenger loading bridges
and Ground servicing (Spaces, 30% more equipment, capabilities).
IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY
NLA : Airport Design Impact (4/4)
• LANDSIDE :
More facilities in terminal (check-in desks, security and passport
control, Departure lounges, baggage lobbies), parking.
• ENVIRONMENT
- Airport Noise: Below Stage 3 noise levels.
- Air quality (emissions): Higher efficiency jet engines.
- Water runoff.
IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY
A380 a detailed example of a NLA
IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY
IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY
IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY
IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY
IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY
IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY
Costs
IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY
Cost (1/2)
• ANALYSIS CARRIED OUT:
In base on surveys realised by ACI to American airports of USA (20 answers).
Airports which currently operate B747
• AVERAGE COST PER AIRPORT
Total average : 200 millions € (aprox. 8000 Mill SKK*)
Concepts:
80% Airside,
15% Terminal and
5% Operational facilities
Terminal
15%
NOTE: Staff and maintenance costs no included.
* 1 € ~ 40 SKK
IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY
Operational
facilities
5%
Airside
80%
Cost (2/2)
• MAXIMUM JUSTIFIED: 100 Mill. $ (83 millions € ~ 3320 Mill SKK)
Airports Operators
point of view
(50% of movements currently
made by B747s are in the
future made by A380s)
• SOLUTION: INCREASE IN CHARGES
Aeronautical tariffs for landing, parking and the use of terminals could rise by up to
25%.
IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY
Conclusions
IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY
Conclusions (1/3)
• AIR TRAFFIC CONGESTION
- The large aircraft is a good solution to air traffic congestion in airports.
- Large capacity Flying-wing is a double solution to airspace congestion.
• CHANGES IN AIRPORT INSTALLATIONS
- Most future generation aircraft will be design group VI (FAA) and Type F
(ICAO) aircraft
- Possible requirements of operational waivers, restrictions or prohibitions
from operating them.
IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY
Conclusions (2/3)
• FINANCIAL ASPECT
Large Aircraft reduce seat-km costs.
AIRLINES
AIRPORTS
And at slot-constrained airports, NLA provides
growth capacity.
Airport Operator should evaluate the cost of
adecuate airport infrastructures (in average 200
mill. € per Airport) and the possibly necessary
subsidies or changes in tariffs politicy.
4 B747 -> 3 A380 equal earnings per passenger
1 B747 -> 1 A380 revenue from charges
IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY
Conclusions (3/3)
• MARKET ANALYSIS
Airport Operators
=> Market opportunity open like Hub Airport
operating with NLA.
• SAFETY
NLA reduces separation clearances => Supplemental safety items :
Ground looking camera systems,
wingtip collision indicators,
or reduced speed limits….etc.
IMPACT OF FUTURE GENERATION AIRCRAFT IN AIRPORT OPERATIVITY AND AIRSPACE CAPACITY
Thanks for your attention.
Any Questions?