What is this?
Teosinte grass
Previous slide from: http://www.gmo-safety.eu/science/maize/337.threat-biological-diversity.html
This slide from: http://gallery4share.com/t/teosinte-grass.html
Hippocrates
From www.pbs.org, NOVA: The Hippocratic Oath Today
Aristotle
From en.wikipedia.com/wiki/Aristotle
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
From http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Anton_van_Leeuwenhoek.png
Carl von Linnè (Linnaeus)
From http://linnaeus.sourceforge.net/
Jena-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet
Chevalier de Lamark
(Lamark)
From http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamark
Charles Lyell
From http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lyell
Charles Darwin
From http://galapagosonline.wordpress.com/2011/09/15/charles-darwin-in-galapagos/ (left)
From http://www.biography.com/people/charles-darwin-9266433 (right)
The Beagle
From http://www.britannica.com/blogs/2010/09/
the-hms-beagle-and-charles-darwin-on-the-shores-of-the-galapagos-islands-picture-essay-of-the-day/
Alfred Wallace
From http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2013/jan/20/alfred-russel-wallace-forgotten-man-evolution
Francis Galton
From http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Galton
English Biometry
Karl Pearson
Ronald Fisher
From https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Karl_Pearson_2.jpg (left)
From http://apprendre-math.info/anglais/historyDetail.htm?id=Fisher (right)
Gregor Mendel
From http://www.thomasmore.edu/library/mendel_collection.cfm
Mendel’s pea phenotypes
Early Cell Biology
(You do not need to know these names!)
1665: Robert Hooke: First cell described
1839 - 1855: Schwann, Virchow et al:
Cell theory developed
1866: Ernst Haeckle: Nucleus is the seat of heredity
1870s: Walther Flemming, Edouard Van Beneden:
Chromosomes identified.
1880s: August Weissman, Wilheln Roux, Theodor Boveri:
Chromosomes contain the hereditary material.
Thomas Hunt Morgan
From http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1933/morgan-bio.html
Drosophila Phylogeny
From http://insects.eugenes.org/DroSpeGe/
Social Darwinism
• Application of principles of evolution to societies
• Predates “Origin of Species” (philosophical works by
Herbert Spencer and others)
• Concepts of competition and genetic superiority
/inferiority
• Justified nationalism and colonialism
• Most extreme example: Nazi philosophy
Eugenics
• Long history in many cultures (infanticide as a form of
selection)
• Plato: state regulated marriage and reproduction
• Francis Galton: modern concept and term
• Encourage those with desirable traits to reproduce;
discourage those with undesirable traits from
reproducing
• In early days, weakly correlated with political views
Two U.S. Examples:
1) Compulsory Sterilization
•
•
•
•
1907 Indianna
By 1950, around half the states
Practice varied immensely
Buck v Bell
2) Immigration restriction
•
•
•
•
Initially US had almost unrestricted immigration
1870s onward: restrictions on Asian immigrants
Early 1900s: restrictions on indigents, unhealthy
1920s: restrictions based on nationality
Charles Davenport
From http://www.dnaftb.org/14/gallery.html
Carrie Buck
From http://saintleoinkblot.com/2012/05/02/today-in-the-history-of-psychology-52/carrie-buck-2/
Harry Hamilton Laughlin
From http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_H._Laughlin
Adolph Hitler
From http://natgeotv.com/asia/historys-secrets/galleries/the-hunt-for-hitler/2
Nazi Social Darwinism and Eugenics
•
•
•
•
1920: Racial superiority/inferiority present at its origin
1925: Mein Kampf
1933: Hitler elected as Chancellor
1933 on: Series of laws on
• Racial classification
• Job and marriage restrictions
• Compulsory sterilization
• 1939: Invasion of Poland
• 1939: Euthanasia program
• 1941: Invasion of Soviet Union
• Large scale genocide
• 1942: Official plans for “the final solution”
• Wannsee conference  death camps
Trofim Lysenko
From http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lysenko_evil_eyes.jpg
Lysenkoism
• 1930s: poor harvests in Soviet Union
• Lysenko promised quick and radical solutions
• Genetics = “capitalistic Mendelian-Morgonian science”
• Theory based on Marxist principles (dialectical materialism)
• Vernalization
• Appointed head of Soviet agriculture
• Purge of geneticists
• Great harm to Soviet agriculture
• Influenced waned after Stalin’s death (1953)
From Grant, P.R. & Grant, B.R. (2002). Science. 296: 707-711