Introduction to
NGN (Next Generation Network)
Kyung Hee University
Choong Seon Hong
September 2011
Objectives
Explore technical, operational and commercial issues overlaps
Numbering, interconnection, quality
Backbone and transit options
Migration and roll-out of new services
Retail and interconnection charging models
2
Two Big Streams
ITU
?
IETF
ITU : International Telecommunication Union
IETF : Internet Engineering Task Force
3
The changed market
Common network technology - IP
Diverse access technologies - xDSL, WiFi, WiMax,
CDMA, LTE, self managing radio
New management concepts - user provided services, self
configuring networks
Liberalisation - anyone can do almost anything
Network competition - telcos vs Internet
Market is out of “control”
NGN is subject to “uncontrolled”
market forces
Users have real diverse choices
4
Telecommunication Network Transformation
• As strong drivers transform the telecom business model, CTO‘s are facing significant challenges; Implications of the
transformation of a Legacy Network towards NGN
Drivers of Network
Transformation
NGN Model
Legacy Network Model
■ Strong Competition in the
Telecom market Place
Services
■ Trend towards converged
services
■ Integrated Services
(Quadruple Play)
■ Differentiated Services
Technology
■ Obsolescence of TDM
Technology
■ Open Architectures
■ New Access Technologies
■ New Terminal Devices
Move to NGN:
from a
vertically
layered
to a
horizontally
layered
network
architecture
Services,
Switching,
Network
Mgmt.
PSTN Data PLMN
Services & Applications
Open Protocols e.g.. Parlay, OSA, JAIN
Call / Session Control
Open Protocols e.g.. SIP, MGCP,
H.248
Transmission /
Transport
Transport & Connectivity
Network Management,
Business support layer,
enabling capabilities
Market/Customers
Impact of Network Transformation
n
Business model must be reviewed and adjusted
Platforms/Production
n
Operations and business processes must be changed
■ Limited growth with legacy
NW
■ Increased OPEX for legacy
NW
■ Emerging Vendors
n
Organization structure must be adapted
n
Human resources profile must be adjusted
PLMN: Public Land Mobile Network
5
The effect of real competition
Innovation is accelerating, eg Voice over Internet, public WiFi,
xDSL, TV over telephone wires
Growing pressure on excessive prices
Usage based charges are disappearing
Battle between telco complexity and Internet simplicity
6
Critical issues for NGN
Copy past telco models and practices or develop new simpler
ones? - Who is studying new simpler models?
What will be the new services that will justify new investment?
What will users pay for that is not available more cheaply on the
Internet? - quality? security?
Who will be the leaders? Incumbents? Will regulation, eg
interconnection structures, be a barrier to development?
7
Migration paths - replacement
Analog/ISDN UNIs
IP-based UNIs
PSTN on IP Core
PSTN
Circuit switched core
IP core
New services on
IP Core
NGN
Other
Telephony over xDSL
Voice over Internet
?
TV over xDSL
“Plain old Internet”
Home Gateway
8
Migration paths - overlay
Analog/ISDN UNIs
IP-based UNIs
PSTN
PSTN on IP Core
Circuit switched core
IP core overlay
IP core
New services on IP Core
NGN
Other
?
Voice over Internet
Telephony over xDSL
TV over xDSL
“Plain old Internet”
Home Gateway
9
Replacement and protocols
Analog/ISDN UNIs
IP-based UNIs
Emulation
PSTN
Circuit switched core
IP non-IMS core
?
IMS or non-IMS core ???
New services on IP Core
IMS core
…and which protocol at interconnection points (SIP-I/T or SIP-IMS)?
…how many stages of migration (2 or 3)?
The Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) is a signaling protocol, widely
used for controlling multimedia communication sessions such as
voice and video calls over Internet Protocol (IP).
IMS : IP Multimedia Subsystem
10
IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem)
11
11
What new services?
With terminal liberalisation, networks only provide packet
pipes - should packet pipes be standardised to make
interconnection easy?
The focus on service capabilities is drawing attention away
from the need to develop new services with terminals
12
NGN Services
• Analyze Current, Planned, and Future Telecommunications Services for the NGN infrastructure
Transport
QoS
Presence
PSTN
Access
IT Capabilities
Sensory Interfaces
Web Portal
1st Stage Clustering
3rd Party Delivery
Transport Predictability
2nd Stage Clustering
Predictability & Broadcast
Network
Services
Audio
n
n
n
n
n
Telephony
Telephone Conference
VoIP (e.g. Skype)
Audio Streaming
Audio on Demand/ Download
3rd Stage Clustering
IT
Billing, Security..
Audio-Visual
Core Services
n
n
n
n
n
Video Phone
Video Phone Conference
Video on-Demand
Video Download
Video Sharing
Visual
n
n
n
Web Page
Video Supervision
Web Camera
IPTV
Data
n
n
n
n
Data on Demand
Data Sharing
Data Streaming/ Broadcasting
Data Conferencing(Gaming)
13
Dimensioning NGN
What traffic will it carry ?






Telephony 
Video-telephony 
TV and radio delivery ?
Email ?
Web browsing ?
Internet access traffic ?
Why put any non-delay sensitive traffic on NGN?
14
Introduction to
Future Internet
History of Internet Growth (1)
Stage One: Research and Academic Focus (1980-1991)
 Debate about which protocols will be used (TCP/IP)
 The National Science Foundation (NSF) took a leading role in research
networking
NSFNet1: “supercomputer net”
NSFNet2: a generalized Internet (thousands of Internet nodes
on U.S campus)
 The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) created open standards for the
use of the Internet
Request for Comments (RFC) standards documents
16
History of Internet Growth (2)
Stage Two: Early Public Internet (1992-1997)
 Federal Networking Council (FNC) made a decision to allow ISP to
interconnect with federally supported Internets
 The National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) adopted Tim
Berners-Lee’s work on the World Wide Web
 Mosaic, Netscape started us down the path to the browser environment today
It was watershed development that shifted the Internet from a
command-line, e-mail, and file-transfer in the kind of user
interface to the browser world of full-screen applications
 In the fall of 1996, a group of more than thirty University Corporation for
Advanced Internet Development (UCAID)
 Subsequently become known as Internet2
17
History of Internet Growth (3)
Stage Three: International Public Internet (1998-2005)
 The Internet achieved both domestic and international critical
mass of growth
 Fueled by giant bubble in Internet stocks that peaked in 2000
and then collapsed
 Fiber-optic bandwidth Improvements to gigabit-per-second
levels, and price-performance improvements in personal
computers
 xDSL, FTTH, etc.
 The “bubble” years laid the foundation for broadband Internet
applications and integration of voice, data, and video services on
one network base
18
History of Internet Growth (4)
Stage Four: Challenges for the Future Internet (2006-?)
 The Internet has become a maturing, worldwide, universal network
 Recently debated policy issues: net neutrality
Two of the few surviving U.S. telcos intended to levy
special surcharges on broadband Internet traffic based on
the application and on the company
Millions of Internet users
• Growth in functionality and value of the net could never happened if there had
been discrimination in managing packet flow
 If the telco’s well funded campaign succeeds
Then Progress toward universal and affordable broadband
access would be further delayed
19
Recall of Internet (’74)
Design Goals








(0) To connect existing networks
(1) Survivability
(2) To support multiple types of services
(3) To accommodates a variety of physical networks
(4) To allow distribute network management
(5) To be cost effective
(6) To allow host attachment with a low level of effort
(7) To allow resource accountability
Design Principles





Layering (design goal – 0, 3)
Packet Switching (design goal – 5)
A network of collaborating networks (design goal – 1, 4)
Intelligent end-system / end-to-end arguments (design goal – 1, 5)
DHCP (design goal – 6), SNMP (design goal – 7)
20
Changes of Networking
Environment
 Trusted => Untrusted
Users
 Researchers => Customers
Operators
 Nonprofits => Commercial
Usages
 Host-oriented => Data-centric
Connectivity
 E2E IP => Intermittent Connection
21
Assumptions
Incremental Design
 A system is moved from one state to another with incremental patches
 How should the Internet look tomorrow ?
IETF and IPv6 perspective
Clean-Slate Design
 The system is re-designed from scratch
 How should the Internet look in 15 year ?
Future Internet
It is assumed that the current IP’s shortcomings will not be
resolved by conventional incremental and “backwardcompatible”
style designs. So, the Future Internet designs must be made
based on clean-slate approach.
22
Problem Statement (1/4)
1. Basic Problems
1.1. Routing Failures and scalability
 The problems have been examined as being caused by mobility,
multi-homing, renumbering, PI routing, IPv6 impact, etc. on the
current Internet architecture.
1.2. Insecurity
 As current communication is not trusted, problems are self-evident,
such as the plague of security breaches, spread of worms, and denial
of service attacks.
1.3. Mobility
 Current IP technologies was designed for hosts in fixed locations, and
ill-suited to support mobile hosts.
 Mobile IP was designed to support host mobility, but Mobile IP has
problems on update latency, signaling overhead, location
privacy, etc.
23
Problem Statement (2/4)
1.4. Quality of Service
 Internet architecture is not enough to support quality of service from
user or application perspective.
 It is still unclear how and where to integrate different levels of quality
of service in the architecture.
1.5. Heterogeneous Physical Layers and Applications
 Recently, IP architecture is known as a “narrow waist or thin waist”.
 Physical Layers and Applications heterogeneity poses tremendous
challenges for network architecture, resource allocation, reliable
transport, context-awareness, re-configurability, and security.
1.6. Network Management
 The original Internet lacks in management plane.
Narrow Waist for
Internet Hourglass
(Common Layer = IP)
Source : Steve Deering,
IPv6 :addressing the future
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Problem Statement (3/4)
1.7. Congestive Collapse
Current TCP is showing its limits in insufficient dynamic range to handle
high-speed wide-area networks, poor performance over links with
unpredictable characteristics, such as some forms of wireless link, poor
latency characteristics for competing real-time flows, etc.
1.8 Opportunistic and Fast Long-Distance Networks
Original Internet was designed to support always-on connectivity, short
delay, symmetric data rate and low error rate communications, but
many evolving and challenged networks do not confirm to this design
philosophy.
 E.g., Intermittent connectivity, long or variable delay, asymmetric
data
rates, high error rates, fast long-distance communications, etc.
1.9. Economy and Policy
The current Internet lacks explicit economic primitives.
There is a question of how network provider and ISP continue to make
profit.
25
What is Future Internet? (1)
Need to resolve the challenges facing today’s Internet by rethinking
the fundamental assumptions and design decisions underlying its
current architecture
Two principal ways in which to evolve or change a system
 Evolutionary approach (Incremental)
A system is moved from one state to another with
incremental patches
 Revolutionary approach (Clean-slate)
The system is redesigned from scratch to offer improved
abstractions and/or performance, while providing similar
functionality based on new core principles
It is time to explore a clean-slate approach
 In the past 30 years, the Internet has been very successful using
an incremental approach
 Reaching a point where people are unwilling or unable to
experiment on the current architecture
26
What is Future Internet? (2)
Future Internet?
 Clean Slate design of the Internet’s architecture to satisfy the growing
demands
 Management issues of Future Internet also need to be considered from the
stage of design
Research Goal for Future Internet
 Performing research for Future Internet and designing new network
architectures
 Building an experimental facility
27
Merits & Demerits of Current Internet
Merits
 The original Internet design goal of robustness
Network architecture must not mandate recovery from
multiple failures, but provide the service for those users
who require it
 Openness: low barrier to entry, freedom of expression, and ubiquitous
access
Demerits
 “Nothing wrong – just not enough right”
 Pervasive and diversified nature of network applications require
many functionalities
 Current network architecture doesn’t support
 E.g., TCP variants for high bandwidth delay product networks,
earlier work on TCP over wireless networks, and current effort
towards cross-layer optimization
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Research Institute for Future Internet (1)
US NSF
 Future Internet Design (FIND)
 Global Environment for Networking Innovations (GENI)
European Commission
 Future Internet Research and Experimentation (FIRE)
 EIFFEL’s Future Internet Initiative
 EuroNGI & EuroFGI
 FP7
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Research Institute for Future Internet(2)
AsiaFI by CJK
China : NSFC & MOST
 973 Fundamental Research Project
 MOST 863 High-tech Project
 CNGI Project
JAPAN
 NICT’s NeW Generation Network (NWGN)
 Japan Gigabit Network II (JGN2)
 AKARI Project
KOREA
 Future Internet Forum (FIF)
30
Sensor Network in the Future Internet and NGN Environments
- Layers in the Ubiquitous Sensor Networks
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Thinking and Execution!!
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Thank you !
Q&A