Unit5
Day 1
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Mining Brought the 1st settlers to the west.
Comstock Load- one of the largest silver ore
mines found in Six mile canyon, NV.
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Silver was exhausted and the people left- this is
called the Boom and Bust Economy Ghost towns
created
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Open Range- government owned property
where ranchers could let cattle graze
Civil war had depleted a lot of the cattle in the
U.S. which made prices of meat high.
Rail Roads Reached the Great Plains which
made shipment on meat back east Easy.
The Range would soon close because of
ranchers putting up barbed wire
Mavericks- were cattle that were found with no symbols
to identify the owners.
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A lot of cowboys in the west were African
American.
buffalo soldiers- name given to African
American soldiers who fought against natives
on the frontier.
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Rail Road sold land cheap and gave settlers
credit.
Homestead act of 1862- settlers could claim
160 acres of public land and would receive
title if lived there for 5 years. (only paid 10
registration fee)
But life was hard on frontier
How was it hard?
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Natives were nomads-traveled place to place
following the buffalo
Natives and settlers started clashing
Indian Peace Commission -created two
reservation on plains.1 for Sioux,1 for Southern
Plains
Buffalo population on a decline
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Battle of Little Big Horn
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George Custer and the 7th Calvary surrounds
Lakota and Cheyenne. All the 7th Calvary killed by
natives
Sitting Bull was one of the main leader. After
battle he headed for Canada.
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Tragedy at Wounded Knee
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Natives are doing the Ghost Dance -ritual that
native do hoping ancestor will come back and
bring buffalo and take white man away.
Sitting Bull was killed after returning from Canada.
Blamed for natives not stopping the Ghost Dance
Troops disarming natives at wounded knee creek a
shot was fired and troops killed 200 Lakota women,
men, and children
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Assimilation-absorb a group into a larger
group. This is the policy of U.S. towards
natives
Dawes Act
Allotted 160 acres to natives head of
household
 Land left over would be sold
individual settlers
 Natives lost land over time.
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Ch 14
Day 2
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Industrialization occurs because of
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2. Workforce tripled 1860-1910
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1. Large Work Force, Natural Resources (water coal,
cooper, iron), and Free Enterprises
Large Families and Immigration 20 million arrive
mostly from Southern and Eastern Europe.
3. Laissez faire- no governmental interference
with the business or market (free Market)
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4. New Inventions
Alexander Gram bell - telephone (1876),
Thomas Edison - phonograph, light bulb, and
electric generator, motion picture improved,
1st refrigerated rail car (Gustavus Franklin
Swift)
1st Transcontinental cable across the Atlantic.
U.S. and Europe had instant contact (Cyrus
fields)
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Railroad increased 35,000 miles in 1865 to
200,000 miles of track in 1900.
Pacific Railroad Act- provided for the
construction of a transcontinental R.R. Land on
right away given to R.R. (incentive)
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Transcontinental R.r. –connected the east with the
west.
Union Pacific started in Omaha Nebraska
Central Pacific started in California
They met in Ogden, Utah
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Chinese workers used in the construction
R.R. increased business by increasing
available market.
Country spilt in to 4 time zones
Robber Barons- railroad entrepreneurs who
swindled investors and taxpayers, bribed
elected officials used insider trading to make
fortunes. Ex. Jay Gould –used insider trading
to make millions
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Andrew Carnegie- Rags to riches. Worked
way up in R.R. industry. Got money from
investing in R.R. Met Henry Bessemer-who
had invented the Bessemer Converterproduced high quality steel at a low price.
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Vertical integration – a company buys out
businesses on which it depends for its operation.
Carnegie did this.
Horizontal Integration- combining of business
that do the same type or work under one
cooperation.
Standard Oil company under John D. Rockefeller
owned 90% of the oil refining by 1880 creating a
monopoly.
Monopoly- is when a company owns almost all
the market in something.
Trust- is where one person manage several companies.
(standard oil 1st one)
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Workers did specific task never seeing end product.
Since of accomplishment gone
Long Hours, Unhealthy working condition
Wages were cut (but with deflation actually people
were still making more than they were) but people saw
getting paid less for the same job.
2 types of Industrial work
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Craft worker- had special skill or training ex. Machinist, iron
molder, glass blowers, shoe makers. Earned high wage
Common labors- had little or no skills, and earned low wage
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Tactics used to keep unions out of industry
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Blacklist, lockouts, strikebreakers (scabs) ,
People saw unions as a Marxist ideal
Karl Marx- Marxism- a theory of socialism in
which a class struggle would exist until the
workers were finally victorious , creating a
classless state.
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Panic of 1873 struck and wages were cut
Great Rail Road Strike of 1877.
1st nationwide strike from St. Louis to Chicago(11
states in all)
 Gun battle broke out in many places
 President Hayes sent troops in Chicago to put
down strike. This ended the strike
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*American Federation of Labor- Started by
Samuel Gompers
only accept skilled workers.
 Wanted 8hr work day, better working
conditions, higher wages (wanted
smaller gains)
 Closed shop- only workers from
union could be hired
 Wanted to make unions more
acceptable to mainstream America
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Knights of Labor -1st nationwide industrial
union
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Called for 8 hour Work day, Equal pay for women,
No child labor, Worker owned factories
Used arbitration- 3rd party talks, didn’t not strike at
first
Haymarket Riot
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People protesting for 8 hr work day
Someone throws bomb. 7 police are killed and 4
protestors by the police.
8 men arrested executed for bombing one has a
knights or labor card in pocket
This ends the knights of labor.
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Pullman Palace Car Company
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George Pullman founded this company and made it
a self contained community. He provided everything
for the workers
Depression of 1893 hits and wages cut by 30%.
Rent is increased
3 Workers file grievances and are fired.
American Railway Union called in to help.
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ARU American Railway Unionfounded by Eugene Debs. They
stop handling Pullman cars.
Railroads are paralyzed.
Pullman attaches mail car to
Pullman Car.
Pres. Cleveland sends troops in to
make sure mail gets delivered.
Busting up strike and the ARU
collapse.
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Chapter 15
Day 4
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By 1890’s half the immigrants in U.S. were from
Eastern and Sothern Europe.
 People came because or religious persecution,
military service, and European class system.
Immigrants arrived on the east coast at Ellis Island.
(NY City) we do not accept everyone.
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Chinese immigrants came to America because
of gold rush.
Transcontinental R.R. needed workers
20 million Chinese lost life in rebellion at home
Economic condition in china not good
Angel Island is where immigrants arrived on
west coast.
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Nativism- extreme dislike for immigrants by the
current population
People wanted to limit immigration because:
 Religion: Most were catholic coming in (destroying
protestant nation), Taking jobs, and work as strike
breakers.
Chinese Exclusionary Act- kept Chinese Immigrants
from coming to the U.S. for 10 years and prevented
Chinese already here from becoming citizens.
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Cities start to grow (NY City 800,000(1860) to 3.5
million (1900)
Innovation that allowed Cities to grow
– Skyscrapers, mass transit cable cars, horse cars,
trolley cars (pulley system), electric trolley cars
3 class Immerge during the end of 1800’s
– High society– Middle class– Working class- the largest population
• Lived in tenements- dark, crowded multi-family
apartments
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Political Machines- Informal political groups
that gained power because government could
not keep up with growing city
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helped the immigrants and got votes in return
Tammany Hall- most famous democratic
machine (in New York)
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William M. “Boss” Tweed- famous leader of
Tammany hall 1860-1870
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The Gilded age was coined by Mark Twain
and Charles Warner
Called the Gilded Age because:
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Everything looks great on outside but underneath
lay corruption, poverty, crime, disparity between
rich and poor.
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Individualism- idea that a person could go far
as their talents and ability would take them
Herbert Spencer applied Charles Darwin’s
Theory of Evolution and natural selection to
society this was called Social Darwinism.
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Survival of the fittest. Carnegie and Rockefeller
believed in this
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Carnegie Starts his “Gospel of Wealth”believed that the wealthy was obligated to
help the poor. He built libraries.
Philanthropy started.
Settlement houses- places where the poor and
immigrants could go get help (food, shelter,
medical care, and education) people like Jane
Addams believed it was their Christian duty
to help the poor. (she opened Hull House)
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Politics and Reforms
Day 5
Baseball became popular , Ragtime (Scott
Joplin famous ragtime composer), Schools
practicing Americanization,
Maple Leaf rag
Entertainer
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Spoil System- the winning party gave jobs to
their supports. Huge turnover at election
time.
Pendleton Act- limited the spoil system.
People had to take test to get job now.
Sherman Antitrust Act- Made it illegal to
form a trust.
Wabash V. Illinois- said only Federal Gov.
could regulate interstate trade.
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Citizen Outrage by Court ruling, this made Pres.
Cleveland create the Interstate Commerce
Commission- 1st federal law to regulate interstate
commerce.
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Farmers Started to form Alliances that would soon
become the Populist Party because:
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Production increased because of technology, crop prices
falling
High tariffs on manufactured goods made it harder to sell
products overseas
R.R. Charging high rates
Banks charging High Interest rates
Government stopped printing Greenbacks
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Greenbacks-money printed that couldn’t be traded for silver or
gold.
Caused deflation-money worth more but prices fell. Farmers
had borrowed money and croups were bringing lower prices.
Interest rates had increased. Farmers lost homes and farms.
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The Grange- 1st national farm
organization(1866) formed by Oliver
Kelly
 Was a social and educational
organization
 Started cooperatives- farmers
came together and bought in bulk
(supplies, farm equipment)
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Farmers Alliance- came about in Lampasas
County, TX 1877
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Alliance met in Ocala, Fl and made a list of demands
known as the Ocala Demands
 Demands were: sub-treasury, abolition of
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banks, direct election of senators, govt.
owning the R.R., free coinage of silver, lower
tariffs. Did not want to start 3rd party.
Met in Omaha Nebraska year later and decided to
form a new party the
Populist or people’s party wanted:
sub-treasury, abolition of banks, direct election of
senators, govt. owning the R.R., free coinage of silver,
lower tariffs. Did not want to start 3rd party
 James Weaver 1st Presidential candidate to run for the
populist party .
 Got 1 million votes
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Election of 1896 ends Populist Party
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Democrat candidate Williams Jennings Bryan
supported populist ideals. Populist backed him.
Bryan lost and the populist party was over.
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Segregation
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Many African American became Sharecroppers
after civil war
 Sharecroppers- landless farmers who
farmed other people’s land and gave the
owner a portion of the crop.
Exodus- is when many African Americans left
the south. And went to places like Kansas.
Led by Ben Singleton
Mississippi Plan- is a common name for
states passing voting laws to disfranchise
certain groups.
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Laws kept poor whites and African Amer. From
voting (disfranchised)
Poll tax, literacy test, own property, grandfather
clause
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Segregation- separation of races
 Jim Crow-laws enforcing
segregation
 Plessey V. Ferguson- separate
but equal
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Lynching- killing of a person w/o a hearing
Ida B. wells- launched a crusade against
lynching.
Booker T. Washington- wanted economic
advancement. Vocational Education
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Atlanta compromise- he told people to postpone the
fight for civil rights.
W.E.B. Du Bois- wanted immediate equality
and started the NAACP