Theories of Personality
Jung
http://www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/jun
g.html
Outline
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Overview of Analytical Psychology
Biography of Jung
Levels of the Psyche
Dynamics of Personality
Psychological Types
Development of Personality
Jung’s Method of Investigation
Related Research
Critique of Jung
Concept of Humanity
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Biography of Jung
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Overview of Analytical Psychology
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People are extremely complex
Opposing qualities
Occult Phenomena Influence Lives
Inherit Experiences from Ancestors
Aim at Achieving Balance between
Opposing Forces
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Levels of Psyche
Conscious
Unconscious
Personal
Collective
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Archetypes
Archetypes
Archetypes include:
– Persona
– Anima
– Animu
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Shadow
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Great Mother
www.roxyn.typad.com
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Wise Old Man
www.wikopedia.com
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Hero
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Self
• Your picture here!
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Dynamics of Personality
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Causality and Teleology
Past experiences
Future
expectations/goals
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Progression and Regression
– Progression
• Forward flow of psychic energy
– Regression
• Backward flow of psychic energy
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Psychological Types
Attitudes
Introversion
Extraversion
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Psychological Types (cont’d)
Functions
Thinking
Feeling
Rational
Sensation
Intuition
Irrational
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Jungian Types
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Introversion – Thinking
Extraversion – Feeling
Introversion – Sensation
Extraversion – Intuition
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Jung and Madonna
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Development of Personality
Stages of Development
1) Childhood (birth to adol)
• Anarchic
• Monarchic
• Dualistic
2) Youth
3) Middle Life
4) Old Age
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Self-Realization
• Individuation
assimilation of unconsciousness
– Process of integrating opposites
– Must allow unconscious to dominate
– Rarely achieved
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Jung’s Method of Investigation
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Critique of Jung
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Concept of Humanity
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Deterministic or Pessimistic
Causal or Teleological
Conscious or Unconscious
Biology or Social
Similarity or Individual Differences
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Theories of Personality
Horney
Biography of Horney
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Outline
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Overview of Psychoanalytic Social Theory
Introduction to Psychoanalytic Social Theory
Basic Hostility and Basic Anxiety
Compulsive Drives
Intrapsychic Conflicts
Feminine Psychology
Critique of Horney’s theory
Concept of Humanity
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• Why would college women with an
alcoholic parent offer more help to an
exploitative person than to a nurturing
person?
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Overview of Psychoanalytic Social Theory
• Social and Cultural Conditions Largely
Responsible for Shaping Personality
• When Needs Are Not Met in Childhood,
Basic Hostility and Anxiety Arise
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Psychoanalytic Social Theory
• Horney criticizes Freud
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Horney’s theories
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– The Impact of Culture
– The Importance of Childhood Experiences
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Basic Hostility and Basic Anxiety
• Basic hostility
• Basic anxiety
• Protective factors
– Affection
– Submissiveness
– Power or prestige
– Withdrawal
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Compulsive Drives
• All use strategies to protect self
• Neurotic Needs
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Neurotic need for:
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Affection and approval
Powerful partner
Restrict life in narrow borders
Need for power
Exploit others
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Neurotic need for (continued):
6. Social recognition/prestige
7. Personal admiration
8. Ambition and personal achievement
9. Self-sufficiency and independence
10. Perfection
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Horney and Stewie
Neurotic need for ……..
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Neurotic Trends
–Moving toward people
–Moving against people
–Moving away from people
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Intrapsychic Conflicts
• become part of belief system
• take on a life of their own
• separate from the interpersonal conflicts
that created them
• Originate from Interpersonal
Experiences
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Intrapsychic Conflicts
Idealized self image
• Neurotic search for glory
• Neurotic claims
• Neurotic pride
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Intrapsychic Conflicts
• Self-Hatred
– (1) relentless demands on self,
– (2) merciless self-accusation,
– (3) self-contempt,
– (4) self-frustration,
– (5) self-torment or self-torture
– (6) self-destructive actions and impulses.
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Feminine Psychology
–Found concept of “penis envy”
unsound
–If that existed, should also be
“womb envy”
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Critique of Horney
• Horney’s Theory Is:
– Moderate on Internal Consistency and
Parsimony
– Low on Falsifiability, Generating Research,
and Guiding Action
– Very Low on Organizing Knowledge
– Based mostly on own clinical experiences
with neurotic patients
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Concept of Humanity
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Free Choice vs. Determinism
Optimism vs. Pessimism
Biology vs. Social Influence
Similarities vs. Uniqueness
Causality vs. Teleology
Conscious vs. Unconscious
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Name that Theorist!
Anatomy is destiny
Freud
A particularly beautiful woman is a source of terror. As a rule, a
beautiful woman is a terrible disappointment.
Jung
To be human means to feel inferior.
Adler
I cannot think of any need in childhood as strong as the need for a
father's protection.
Freud
Like all sciences and all valuations, the psychology of women has
hitherto been considered only from the point of view of men.
Horney
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America is the most grandiose experiment the world has seen, but, I am
afraid, it is not going to be a success.
• Freud
Everything that irritates us about others can lead us to an understanding
of ourselves.
• Jung
Men are more moral than they think and far more immoral than they can
imagine.
• Freud
War is organized murder and torture against our brothers
Adler
Concern should drive us into action, not into a depression.
• Horney
Neurosis is the inability to tolerate ambiguity.
• Freud
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• As we ascend the social ladder, viciousness
wears a thicker mask.
• Creativity requires the courage to let go of
certainties.
• In love the paradox occurs that two beings
become one and yet remain two
• Man is the only animal for whom his own
existence is a problem which he has to solve.
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Erich Fromm
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Outline
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Overview of Humanistic Psychoanalysis
Biography of Fromm
Fromm’s Basic Assumption
Human Needs
The Burden of Freedom
Character Orientations
Personality Disorders
Critique of Fromm
Concept of Humanity
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Biography of Fromm
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Overview of Humanistic Psychoanalysis
• People Have Lost Their Connection
with Nature and One Another
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Fromm’s Basic Assumption
• Personality can only be understood in
the light of history
• “torn away” from their prehistoric union
with nature
• Two fundamental dichotomies
– Life and death
– Complete Self-realization and the fact that
we cannot reach this goal because “life is
too short
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Human Needs
1) Relatedness
2) Transcendence
3) Rootedness
4) Sense of Identity
5) Frame of Orientation
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Fromm and the Simpsons
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• Summary of Human Needs
– needs have evolved from humans’
existence as a separate species
– Aimed at moving humans toward
reunification with the natural world
– Lack of satisfaction of any of these needs
is unbearable and may result in insanity
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The Burden of Freedom
• Freaks of the universe
• Freedom means no more fixed roles
• Freedom becomes a burden
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The Burden of Freedom
• To reduce sense of isolation
• 3 Mechanisms of Escape
– Authoritarianism
– Destructiveness
– Conformity
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Questions re: Burdon of Freedom
• Did you feel more lonely after moving
away from home?
• Is technology (Internet, Email) increasing
the sense of loneliness?
• Insignificance?
• Alienation?
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The Burden of Freedom
• Positive Freedom
– Spontaneous and full expression of both
rational and emotional potentialities
– Achieved when a person becomes
reunified with others and with the world
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Character Orientations
• Assimilation
• Socialization
• The Nonproductive Orientations
– Receptive
– Exploitative
– Hoarding
– Marketing
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Character Orientations
• The Productive Orientations
– Working
– Loving
– Reasoning
– Psychologically healthy people work
toward positive freedom
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Personality Disorders
–Necrophilia
–Malignant Narcissism
–Incestuous Symbiosis
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Critique of Fromm
• Fromm’s Theory Is:
– High on Organizing Knowledge
– Low on Guiding Action, Internal
Consistency, and Parsimony
– Very Low on Generating Research and
Falsifiability
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Concept of Humanity
Unconscious vs. Conscious
• Free Choice vs. Determinism
• Pessimism vs. Optimism
• Uniqueness vs. Similarities
• Teleology vs. Causality
• Social vs. Biology
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