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Each country is sovereign – can authorise the use of radio transmissions
Needs to plan and control the use of radio
Licensing, etc
In UK: OFCOM
(previously the Radiocommunications Agency)
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Particular problem as the transmitters are not within the territory of the country
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Common objectives to coordinate the use of radio:

To avoid interference
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Create common equipment specifications
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Permit cross border use
In Europe
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European Communications Committee of CEPT
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ETSI
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International Telecommunication Union
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International treaties to regulate the use of the radio spectrum and the satellite orbits
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 range covered by ITU Radio Regulations. 16

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Band No 3 4 5 6 7 8 ELF ULF VLF LF MF HF VHF 9 10 11 12 13 14 UHF SHF EHF Symbol Frequency Range < 300 Hz 300 Hz -3 kHz 3 kHz - 30 kHz 30 kHz - 300 kHz 300 kHz - 3 MHz 3 MHz - 30 MHz 30 MHz - 300 MHz 300 MHz - 3 GHz 3 GHz - 30 GHz 30 GHz - 300 GHz 300 GHz - 3 THz 3 - 30 THz 30 - 300 THz 300 - 3000 THz Wavelength Corresponding metric sub-division of wavebands > 1000 km 1000 - 100 km Hectokilometric 100 km - 10 km Myriametric 10 km - 1 km Kilometric 1 km - 100 m Hectometric 100 m - 10 m Decametric 10 m - 1 m Metric 1 m - 100 mm Decimetric 100 mm - 10 mm Centimetric 10 mm - 1 mm Millimetric 1 mm – 100  m Decimillimetric 100 - 10  m Centimillimetric 10 - 1  m Micrometric Symbol B.hkm B.Mam B.km B.hm B.dam B.m B.dm B.cm B.mm B.dmm B.cmm B.
 m 1 - 0.1  m Decimicrometric B.d
 m 17

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Letter Radar (GHz) symbol Spectrum region GHz Examples GHz L S 1 – 2 2 – 4 2.3 - 2.5 2.7 - 3.4 Space radiocommunications Nominal designations 2.5 GHz band Examples (GHz) 1.215 - 1.4 1.5 GHz band 1.525 - 1.710 2.5 - 2.690 C X 4 – 8 8 – 12 5.25 - 5.85 4/6 GHz band 8.5 - 10.5 3.4 - 4.2 4.5 - 4.8 5.85 - 7.075 Ku K Ka (1) (1) V 12 – 18 13.4 - 14.0 15.3 - 17.3 11/14 GHz band 12/14 GHz band 18 – 27 24.05 - 24.25 20 GHz band 27 – 40 33.4 - 36.0 30 GHz band 40 GHz bands 10.7 - 13.25 14.0 - 14.5 17.7 - 20.2 27.5 - 30.0 37.5 - 42.5 47.2 - 50.2 18

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ELF (below 3 kHz) and VLF (3-30 kHz) Typical services: world-wide telegraphy to ships and submarines; time standards; worldwide comms, sub-surface comms System considerations: even largest antennas only a small fraction of a wavelength with low radiation resistance; bandwidth very limited, only low or very low data rates; high atmospheric noise Propagation: In Earth-ionosphere waveguide, relatively stable propagation; asymmetric propagation E/W & W/E. Propagation through sea-water, which has significant skin depth for these wavelengths.
No international frequency allocations below 9 kHz. 19

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LF (30-300 kHz) Typical services: long-distance shore-to-ship communication; fixed services over continental distances; broadcasting; System considerations: vertical polarisation (for ground wave propagation, & possible; noise; limited bandwidth. Propagation: wave at night, slow fading 20

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MF (300 kHz -3 MHz) Typical services: broadcasting; radionavigation; maritime mobile communications; System considerations: 1/4 l vertical antenna at 1 MHz is 75 m high; directional antennas possible, magnetic receiving antennas; Propagation: ground wave more pronounced over sea; strong sky wave absorption during the day, but little absorption at night; high atmospheric noise levels 21

HF ( 3-30 MHz) I
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Typical services: international broadcasting, national broadcasting in tropical regions; long-distance point-to-point communications; aeronautical and maritime mobile communications; System considerations: arrays of horizontal dipoles; log-periodic antennas (vertical or horizontal), vertical whip antennas; frequency agility essential; crowded spectrum needing good intermodulation performance; external noise environment varies with time and location. Bandwidths up to about 6 kHz 22

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HF ( 3-30 MHz) II Propagation: propagation up to world-wide distances by ionospheric sky-wave, very variable in time. Propagation window between MUF and LUF (maximum and lowest usable frequencies) varies from a few MHz to about 20 MHz Comment: necessary to change the operating frequency several times during 24 hours. Broadcasting uses schedule of frequencies. Fixed and some mobile services use intelligent frequency adaptive systems. Continues to provide the main intercontinental air traffic control system. Most modulation bandwidths may exceed the correlation bandwidth. 23

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VHF ( 30-300 MHz) I Typical services: land mobile for civil, military and emergency purposes, maritime and aeronautical mobile; sound (FM and DAB) and (outside UK) TV broadcasting (to about 100 km); aeronautical radionavigation and landing systems; cordless telephones; paging; very limited little LEO satellite systems System considerations: multi-element dipole (Yagi) antennas, rod antennas suitable for vehicle mounting, atmospheric noise small but man-made noise significant. Some use for meteor burst communications 24

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VHF ( 30-300 MHz) II Propagation: usually by refraction in troposphere; reflections may cause multipath on line-of sight paths; screening by major hills, but diffraction losses generally small; some anomalous propagation due to atmospheric refractivity; unwanted ionospheric modes due to sporadic E and meteor scatter. substantial Faraday rotation and ionospheric scintillation on Earth-space paths 25

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UHF (300 MHz - 3 GHz) Typical services: TV broadcasting; cellular and personal communications; satellite mobile; GPS; important radio astronomy bands; surveillance radars; terrestrial point-to-point service; radio fixed access; telemetry; cordless telephones; tropospheric scatter links.
System considerations: small rod antennas; multi-element dipole (Yagi) antennas; parabolic dishes for higher frequencies; wide bandwidths available Propagation: : line-of sight and slightly beyond; tropospheric scatter for transhorizon paths, screening by hills, buildings and trees; refraction effects; ducting possible; ionospheric scintillation 26

SHF (3-30 GHz)
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Typical services: fixed (terrestrial point-to-point up to 155 Mb/s); fixed satellite; radar; satellite television; GSO and NGSO fixed satellite services; remote sensing from satellites; RFA System considerations: high-gain parabolic dishes and horns; waveguides; major inter-service frequency sharing; wide bandwidths Propagation: severe screening; refraction and ducting; scintillation; rain attenuation and scatter increasing above about 10 GHz; atmospheric attenuation above about 15 GHz, 27

EHF (30-300 GHz) Typical services: line-of sight communications, future satellite applications; remote sensing from satellites; MVDS; fixed service in the future using high altitude platforms System considerations: small highly directional antennas; equipment costs increase with frequency; little use at present above 60 GHz; very wide bandwidths; short range
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Propagation: severe difficulties: screening; atmospheric absorption; rain; fog; scintillation 28

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Not a real equation!
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BUT: More relevant to define spectrum utilisation in terms of the geographic space denied to others Consider: radiated power antenna directivity propagation for small time percentages Passive applications such as radio astronomy, have no transmissions, but still need a large geographic space to give protection against interference 33

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Perfect technical efficiency would require: Perfect transmitters – no unwanted emissions Perfect receivers – no susceptibility to other etc signals - perfect selectivity High gain antennas, accurately pointed Emissions limited to the necessary bandwidth Minimum power to provide sufficient signal Maximise frequency reuse
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This would impose impossible demands on equipments - too expensive - unreasonable maintenance - no flexibility for changing requirements
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Seek efficient use within practical constraints Specifications for unwanted emissions reasonable selectivity characteristics Design for acceptable cost Rapid entry to market Provide for future flexibility etc.
Effective usage is a more reasonable aim
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History of International Telecommunciation
1849 first international telegraph 1865 foundation of international telegraph union To deal with emerging technical and financial problems of international telegraphy 1876 invention of telephone 1895 first wireless communication 1906 first international Radio Conference 1927 CCIR established 1932 becomes International Telecommunication Union 1947 becomes specialised agency of the united Nations 40

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Purposes of the ITU
To extend international cooperation To offer technical assistance To promote the development of telecommunication facilities and their most efficient operation To this end the ITU, amongst many other things Undertakes studies Adopts recommendations Collects and publishes information 41

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The ITU shall
Allocate frequency bands, register assignments and geostationary orbit positions to avoid harmful interference Coordinate efforts to avoid harmful interference and improve use of spectrum and GSO Facilitate international standardization Foster international cooperation Harmonise development of facilities Establish rates as low as possible, consistent with efficiency Ensure safety of life Undertake studies 42

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Membership of ITU
Registered operating agencies Scientific and industrial organisations 43

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ITU modernised in 1947 Plenipotentiary Conference - Every 5 years World Adminstrative Radio Conferences (WARC) - Held as required World Administrative Telephone and Telegraph Conferences (WATTC) - infrequent 44

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General Secretariat International Frequency Registration Board CCIR secretariat (international radio consultative committee) CCITT secretariat Telecommunication Development Bureau 45

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- Record and register frequency assignments and locations in the GSO - Maintain and publish the Master International Frequency Register - Examine the probability of harmful interference - Advise on spectrum usage - Publish the seasonal HF broadcasting schedule - Undertake inter-sessional work for WARCs - Offer technical assistance - Develop coordination procedures 46

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Need for change
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WARCs following WARC 1979
1981 W general allocations 1981 R 1983 W 1984 W 1984 R 1985 R 1985 W 1985 W 1987W 1988 R 1988 W 1989 R 1992 W MF BC (region 2) mobile HFBC 1 st session VHF BC (reg 1 & part reg 3) radiobeacons (Europe) VHF/UHF BC (Europe) GSO planning 1 HFBC 2 GSO 2 nd nd allocations, etc st session MFBC (region 2) session session VHF/UHF TV BC in Africa 48

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New ITU
Radiocommunication Telecommunication standardization Telecommunication development
study groups, advisory group, and is supported by a Bureau 49

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Every 2 years ( now a longer interval)
To manage the study groups, at the same time ad the WRCs
Meets annually
9 part time members
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ITU-R Study Groups
(space research, radio astronomy, standard frequencies and time signals)
& related satellite services
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ITU-R Study Groups
Task Groups – for urgent time limited studies Working parties Email correspondence groups
Recommendations Handbooks Reports 52

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ITU-R STUDY GROUP 4 FIXED-SATELLITE SERVICE
Scope:
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Baseband transmission variability, delay & echoes in Characteristics of antennas at earth stations in the FSS Use of transportable transmitting earth stations in the FSS including use for feeder links to broadcasting satellites Preferred multiple-access characteristics in the FSS Feeder links in the FSS used for the connections to and from geostationary satellites in various MSS Frequency sharing of the FSS with terrestrial radio services other than the FS Frequency sharing between the FSS and the EESS (passive) and SRS (passive) services near 19 GHz 54

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Frequency sharing of FSS & ISS with other space services Protection of GSO against unacceptable interference from transmitting earth stations in FSS above 15 GHz Availability & interruptions to traffic on digital paths in FSS Performance objectives of intl. digital links in FSS Voice & data signal processing for intl. digital links in FSS Video signal proc. for intl. digital links in FSS Use of satellite communication systems in B-ISDN Frequency sharing among networks in FSS, MSS & those of satellites equipped to operate in more than one service in the 20-50 GHz band 55

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QUESTION ITU-R 113-1/9 FREQUENCY SHARING BETWEEN RADIO-RELAY SYSTEMS AND SYSTEMS OF THE EARTH EXPLORATION-SATELLITE SERVICE AND THE SPACE RESEARCH SERVICE The ITU Radiocommunication Assembly, (1990-1993)
considering
a) that radio-relay systems are widely employed throughout the world and make extensive and increasing use of several frequency bands; b) that there is potential for interference between radio-relay systems and both geostationary and non geostationary satellite radiocommunication systems; c) that special consideration must be made of the unique characteristics of systems in space radiocommunication services other than the traditional fixed-satellite service; d) that Radiocommunication Study Group 7 has undertaken some preliminary studies with regard to radio-relay systems sharing with the earth exploration-satellite service and the space research service; e) that the World Administrative Radio Conference (Geneva, 1979) (WARC-79) allocated these services to to study certain aspects of the sharing criteria between radio-relay systems and passive sensors for the earth exploration-satellite service and the space research service operating in the band 18.6 to 18.8 GHz; f) that administrations will require agreed sharing criteria to carry out compatibility analysis under the Radio Regulations, such as Article 14, decides that the following Question should be studied 1 What are the levels of interference from the earth exploration-satellite service and the space research service acceptable to radio-relay systems, including percentage of time considerations?
2 What are the constraints on the services which would be necessary and acceptable to facilitate sharing?
3 What special considerations of sharing are required when non-geostationary satellites are used by these space services?
4 What are the feasibility and constraints on sharing these services when the space services employ passive 56

Considering:
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a) that radio-relay systems are widely employed throughout the frequency bands; b)that there is potential for interference between radio-relay systems and both geostationary and non-geostationary satellite radiocommunication systems; c)that special consideration must be made of the unique characteristics of systems in space radiocommunication services other than the traditional fixed-satellite service; d)that Radiocommunication Study Group 7 has undertaken some preliminary studies with regard to radio-relay systems sharing with the earth exploration-satellite service and the space research service; e)that WARC-79 allocated these services to share additional frequency bands and at the same time requested the ex-CCIR via Rec.706 to study certain aspects of the sharing criteria exploration-satellite service and the space research service operating in the band 18.6 to 18.8 GHz; f)that administrations will require agreed sharing criteria to carry Article 14 57

decides that the following Question should be
studied
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1What are the levels of interference from the earth exploration-satellite service and the space research service acceptable to radio-relay systems, including percentage of time considerations?
2What are the constraints on the services which would be necessary and acceptable to facilitate sharing?
3What special considerations of sharing are required when non-geostationary satellites are used by these space services?
4What are the feasibility and constraints on sharing these services when the space services employ passive or active microwave sensors?
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Provide World-Wide agreement on the use, coordination and regulation of radio Contain the International Table of Radio Frequency Allocations
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4.1
Member States shall endeavour to limit the minimum essential to provide in a satisfactory manner the necessary services. To that end they shall endeavour to apply the latest technical advances as soon as possible 4.2
… in assigning frequencies to stations which are capable of causing harmful interference to services … of another country, such assignments are to be made in accordance with the Table of Frequency Allocations and other provisions of these Regulations 4.3
Any new assignment or any change of frequency … shall … avoid causing harmful interference … derogation of either the Table of Frequency Allocations … or other provisions … except on the interference 60

Fixed* Mobile* - -┼- - - - - Land Mobile* ┌ - - Aeronautical Mobile ( R ) ┌ - -Aeronautical Mobile* - ┴- - - Aeronautical Mobile (OR)* └ - - - -- Maritime Mobile* - - - - ┬ - - Ship Movement └ - - Port Operation └ - Radiolocation* ┌ - Maritime Radionavigation* Radiodetermination*-┬- Radionavigation* ┴ Aeronautical Radionavigation* Broadcasting* Amateur* Radio Astronomy Meteorological Aids Standard Frequency and Time Signal*
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The terrestrial services marked with an asterisk. Plus:
earth-exploration-satellite meteorological-satellite inter-satellite space operations space research 62

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wxyzABC the first 4 characters give the necessary bandwidth the next 3 characters give the classification according to the type of modulation there may also be two additional final characters which provide some supplementary information, where necessary.
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3 digits for numerical value and a letter, in position of the decimal point for the multiplier: necessary bandwidth of 0.1 Hz = H100 2.4 kHz = 2K40 202 MHz = 202M 5.65 GHz = 5G65 64

Classification of Emissions. A: Type of modulation
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An unmodulated carrier The main carrier is amplitude-modulated Double-sideband Single sideband, full carrier Single sideband, reduced or variable level carrier Single sideband, suppressed carrier Independent sidebands Vestigial sideband The main carrier is angle modulated Frequency modulation Phase modulation The main carrier is amplitude and phase modulated, simultaneously or in a pre-established sequence Pulse emissions a sequence of unmodulated pulses Modulated in amplitude Modulated in width/duration Modulated in position/phase With angle modulation of carrier during pulses Other pulse modulation methods or combinations of methods Hybrid modulation systems not covered above, involving two or more basic modulation techniques, amplitude angle or pulse Other cases N A H R J B C F G D P K L M Q V W X 65

Classification of emissions, B: Nature of modulating signal No modulating signal A single channel of quantized or digital information Without the use of a sub-carrier with a sub-carrier A single channel containing analogue information Two or more channels containing analogue information Other cases 0 1 2 3 Two or more channels containing quantified or digital information 7 8 A composite system containing both analogue and digital channels 9 X Classification of emissions, C: Type of Information No information transmitted Telegraphy - for aural reception Telegraphy - for automatic reception Facsimile Data transmission, telemetry, telecommand Telephony (including sound broadcasting) Television Combinations of the above Other cases N A B C D E F W X
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cw telegraphy dsb AM ssb, suppressed carrier tv vision fm telephony 4 frequency telegraphy A1A A3E J3E C3F F3E F7B fm sound bc: 180K F3E G N
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NECESSARY BANDWIDTH, for a given class of just sufficient to ensure the transmission of information at the rate and the quality required under specified conditions. The Radio Regulations ASSIGNED FREQUENCY BAND is determined by adding the necessary bandwidth to twice the frequency tolerance
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OCCUPIED BANDWIDTH is defined as the width of above the upper frequency limits, the mean powers emitted are each equal to a specified percentage (usually 0.5%) of the total mean power of the emission. This definition takes account of the 68

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Frequency Tolerances Spurious emissions Radiated power Antenna gain definitions
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ITU Regions
75° 160° 140° 120° 100° 80° 60°
C
40° 20°
B
0° 20° 40° 60° 80° 100° 120° 140° 160° 180°
A
75°
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60° REGION 1 60° REGION 2 40° 30° 20° 0° 40° 30° 20° 0° 20° 30° 40° 60° REGION 3
C
160° 140° 120° 100° 80° 60° 40°
B
20° 0° 20° 30° 40° REGION 3
A
20° 40° 60° 80° 100° 120° 140° 160° 180° 60° The shaded part represents the Tropical Zones as defined in Nos. 5.16 to 5.20 and 5.21.
5-01 71

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5.235 Additional allocation: in Germany, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Spain, Finland, France, Israel, Italy, Liechtenstein, Malta, Monaco, Norway, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Sweden and Switzerland, the band 174-223 MHz is also allocated to the land mobile service on a primary basis. However, the stations of the land mobile service shall not cause harmful interference to, or claim protection from, broadcasting stations, existing or planned, in countries other than those listed in this footnote 74

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Frequency Assignments
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within the frequency block allocations, for transmission at radio stations;
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Interference may cross national frontiers
National authorities notify BR, and ask for frequency International Frequency Register (MIFR). BR may merely check that the assignment is in accordance with the RR, then registers it. Or BR will do technical checks to verify that the new assignment of another country.
Or the RR require national authorities to discuss and agree (“coordinate”) Or there will be an a-priori plan 79

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Regional spectrum management
- establishing common standards across a region - provide a large market place - remove barriers to trade - permit cross-border operation 81

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Europe
CEPT - Electronic Communications Committee European Telecommunication Standards Institute European Telecommunication Network Operators European Union 82

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EU harmonisation measures
ERMES Directive DECT Directive SPCS Directive GSM Directive UMTS Directive 1990 1991 1997 1997 1998 83

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- established in 1959 by 19 countries - original members were monopoly-holding postal and telecommunications administrations - in 1992, postal & telecom operators set up PostEurope and ETNO CEPT became a body of policy-makers & regulators. Central & East European Countries became eligible for membership in CEPT. 84

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Albania, Andorra, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Moldova, Monaco, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Rep of Macedonia, Romania, Russian Federation, San Marino, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, Vatican.
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- establish European forum for sovereign and regulatory issues for post and telecommunications - provide mutual assistance among members - exert influence on goals & priorities through common positions; - carry out its activities at a pan- European level; - strengthen and foster more intensively co-operation with Eastern and Central European countries; - promote and facilitate relations between European regulators; influence developments in ITU and UPU - respond to new circumstances in a non-bureaucratic, cost-effective and timely way - settle common problems through close collaboration - give its activities more binding force, if required; - create a single Europe on posts and telecommunications sectors 86

BAL Electronic Communications Committee
develop Radiocommunication policy coordinate frequency, regulatory and technical matters consult with users, operators, industry and standards bodies develop guidelines for ITU meetings guide and coordinate work of the ERO and the WG’s 87

ECC policy goals - 1
- Forward plan use of the spectrum - Harmonise use of frequencies within Europe; foster world-wide harmonisation; ensure effective utilisation, minimum interference and safety of human life - Ensure European telecommunications standards; utilise spectrum efficiently; consider market demands; introduce standards in national type approval regimes - Provide for free circulation of radio equipment - Provide mutual recognition of type approval certificates & mutual acceptance of test reports - Provide mutual recognition of radio licences - align admin procedures for free circulation & use
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ECC policy goals - 2
- Exchange of information on national research - Exchange information & harmonise national legislation - Exchange information on principles of financing the work of administrations; find a common basis for fees - Encourage deregulation & minimise burdens on users - Coordinate Members action with respect to EC initiatives - Foster development of ECP's; coordinate Members’ activities in respect of ITU - Consult widely
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ECC working groups (radio related)
Frequency Management (FM) - to agree and harmonise the use of parts of the spectrum within Europe Radio Regulatory (RR) - concerned with licensing, certification, etc Spectrum Engineering (SE) - concerned with compatibility & related technical issues
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Project teams Supported by the European Radio Office in Copenhagen 90

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develop technical guidelines for the use of the frequency spectrum by various radiocom services; develop sharing criteria between radiocom services, systems or applications using same frequency bands; develop compatibility criteria between radiocom services using different frequency bands; co-ordinate related activities & contributions to work in ITU-R; co-operate with relevant technical bodies in ETSI study technical impacts of ISM & other non-radio equipment on radio services 91

BAL Working Group SE - 2
contribute to CPG on preparation of CEPT positions for WRCs and other relevant fora; seek contributions & assistance from ERO, etc consult various bodies & organisations within CEPT countries or Administrations outside the CEPT, to collect information & broaden support for deliverables; prepare draft Decisions and prepare & approve Recommendations and Reports as necessary; 92

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European Telecommunication Standards Institute
Established 1988 Membership - industry & administrations Objective: to be a regional standards body sensitive to market needs with an innovative and efficient approach to producing quality standards in a timely manner Facilitate integration of telecoms infrastructure Assure interworking of future services Achieve compatibility of terminal equipment Create pan-European telecoms networks Contribute to international standardization (ITU) 93

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TC ERM TC MSG TC SES TC PLT emc and radio spectrum matters mobile standards satellite earth stations and systems EP DECT EP BRAN power line telecommunciations JTC broadcast digital cordless phones EP TETRA terrestrial trunked radio broadband radio access networks 94

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EN
ETSI deliverables
European Standard (telecommunication series) contains normative provisions, approved for publication by a process involving national standards organisations or ETSI national delegations; TS ES SR Technical specification which contains normative provisions approved by a technical body; Standard which contains normative provisions approved by the membership Special Report containing information approved by a technical body EG 95

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National - UK
UK legislation: wireless telegraphy act 1949 wireless telegraphy act marine, etc. broadcasting (offences) act 1967 telecommunications act, 1967 1984 interception of telecommunications act, Broadcasting act, Wireless telegraphy act Communications Act and many statutory instruments 1985 1990 1998 2003 96

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To do this OFCOM shall: Balance the promotion of choice and competition with the duty to foster plurality, informed citizenship, protect viewers, listeners and customers and promote cultural diversity.
Serve the interests of the citizen-consumer as the communications industry enters the digital age.
Support the need for innovators, creators and investors to flourish within markets driven by full and fair competition between all providers.
Encourage the evolution of electronic media and communications networks to the greater benefit of all who live in the United Kingdom.
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Radiocommunications Agency
Until the end of 2003 Managed the civil radio spectrum Aim: optimal use of the radio spectrum in a dynamic and successful UK economy with enhanced quality of life through excellence and innovation in spectrum management 101

Radiocommunications Agency
610 staff (400 in London) Eight licensing centres Monitoring station at Baldock Technical centre at Whyteleafe, Surrey Income Expenditure £138M £66M 2001/2002 2001/2002 RA prepared and led international work in Europe and ITU
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Radio users
210 types of licence from Vodafone (3G licence for 20 years - £6 billion) to CB and amateur user (£15 per year) Mobile phones Broadcasting Infrastructure (satellite and terrestrial) Broadband networks and local networks Defence and emergency services Radar Radio astronomy Amateur and CB 103

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Economic impact
Value of spectrum estimated at £20 billion in 2000 & continues to grow 2.5 million more cellular subscribers than a year ago 12% growth in fixed links since Oct 2001 15% growth in satellite earth stations 104

Vision statement - 1994
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We will publish, and update annually, a strategic plan for the use and development of the radio spectrum.
We are also committed to improving communications ......by publishing more information about spectrum usage......" The 2nd commitment is being met by the availability from the Agency library of a large number of information sheets, (see index on http://www.radio.gov.uk) 105

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Strategic plan 1996
1. Providing access to the spectrum - maximising the use of the spectrum & endeavouring to ensure access 2. seeking improvement in global and regional spectrum coordination 3. ensuring compliance with spectrum management conditions 4. improving communications and decision making 5. developing the skills of RA staff and the supporting systems 106

Green paper 1994
How to manage the spectrum?
Regulation not sufficient – burdensome, inflexible, ineffective in predicting future use
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Congestion – PBR, mobile telephony, terrestrial BC, fixed links Telecoms policy RA or SMO’s Pricing – Auctions cost based pricing undervalues spectrum – leads to wastage & apparent shortage Spectrum rights Secondary trading enforcement 107

Green paper 1994
Response: pricing – 70% - reform desirable prefer administrative pricing secondary trading – mixed response organisation – yes to self managed SMOs no to commercial SMOs RA should enforce RA’s function – core spectrum management impartial independent accountable
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Wireless Telegraphy Act 1998
Licence fees prescribed by regulation, or as determined by the Secretary of State Regulations may: make different provisions for different cases confer exemptions fees may be refunded make transitional arrangements Fees may be greater than necessary for cost recovery May undertake or arrange research and development May make grants 109

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Fixed satellite service
RR1.20
fixed service:
A radiocommunication service between specified fixed points.
RR1.21
fixed-satellite service:
A radiocommunication service between earth stations at given positions, when one or more satellites are used; the given position may be a specified fixed point or any fixed point within specified areas; in some cases this service includes satellite-to-satellite links, which may also be operated in the inter- satellite service; the fixed-satellite service may also include feeder links for other space radiocommunication services.
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FSS allocations WARC 1963
3400 - 4200 MHz (down-links) [i.e. space to Earth] 4400 - 4700 MHz (up-links) 5725 - 6425 MHz (up-links) 7250 - 7750 MHz (down-links) 7900 - 8400 MHz (up-links) 112

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FSS allocations
10.95 - 11.2 GHz (down-links) 11.45 - 11.7 GHz (down-links) 11.7 - 12.2 GHz (down-links) (Region 2 only) 12.5 - 12.75 GHz (down-links) (Region 1 only) 14.0 - 14.5 GHz (up-links) 17.7 - 21.2 GHz (down-links) 27.5 - 31.0 GHz (up-links) plus several pairs of bands between 35 and 275 GHz and narrow bands at 2.6 GHz.
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FSS allocations WARC 1988
down-links
3.4 - 4.2 and 4.5 - 4.8 7.25 - 7.75 10.7 - 11.7 12.5 - 12.75
up-links
5.15 - 5.25 5.725 - 7.075
7.9 - 8.4
12.5 - 13.25 12.75 - 13.25 15.43 - 15.63
17.3 - 17.7
17.7 - 21.2 37.5 - 40.5
27.5 - 31.0
42.5 - 43.5
47.2 - 50.2
50.4 - 51.4
plus several pairs of bands at higher frequencies.
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Almost all of the FSS bands are shared with other services Elaborate means are used to enable this shared use
115

Mobile Satellite service
RR1.24
RR1.25
mobile service: A radiocommunication service between mobile and land stations, or between mobile stations mobile-satellite service: A
radiocommunication service:
– between mobile earth stations and one or more space stations, or between space stations used by this service; or – between mobile earth stations by means of one or more space stations.
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This service may also include feeder links necessary for its operation 116

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RR1.67
mobile station: A station in the mobile halts at unspecified points.
RR1.68
mobile earth station: An earth station in in motion or during halts at unspecified points.
RR1.69
land station: A station in the mobile service not intended to be used while in motion.
base station: in the land mobile service.
coast station: in the maritime mobile service.
aeronautical station: in the aeronautical mobile service.
117

a radio station which is on wheels and roadworthy but is only operated while it is stationary at one or more specified points may be a fixed station, because its use of frequencies can be co-ordinated with the use made by other fixed stations of the same frequencies. , a transportable station which is set up to operate at unspecified points but is always stationary when it is in operation is nevertheless classified as mobile.
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FSS needs very large allocated bandwidth because of the information flow - sharing constraints devised to allow both FSS & FS to operate in the same frequency band, (more difficult for small dish systems) MSS systems use quite small earth station antennas. - demands high down-link PFD & high up-link receiver sensitivity, - sharing difficult.
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Choice of radio frequency
For all satellite systems: cost of RF power to satellite antenna is high - desirable to select frequency bands to maximise C/N ratio For FSS choice is simple; allocated bands start at 3.4 GHz - desirable to use bands close to this bottom limit, but relatively small penalty for higher frequencies up to say 15 GHz. (rain attenuation significant at higher frequencies) 120

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Choice of radio frequency
For MSS, assume gain of satellite antenna is fixed determined by the required coverage area. (a) As frequency reduced, size of satellite antenna for constant gain increases, as it gets too big to launch, gain of the satellite antenna may start to fall away below a certain frequency, ( b) For given satellite antenna gain & given earth station antenna size, transmission loss constant regardless of operating frequency. - but mobile station antenna gain increases & beamwidth reduces, - more costly tracking 121

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(c) antennas of constant gain at both satellite & earth station: - transmission loss increases by 20 dB for 10-fold increase in frequency. 122

satellite tracking capabilities of mobile earth station
(a) simple, cheap antenna with no tracking: gain about 8 dBi; small enough to mount on most vehicles, regardless of frequency, (b) antenna on ship or aircraft with 10º beamwidth: simple tracking system. gain about 25 dBi. (at 2 GHz, diameter 1 metre),.
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(c) where high cost is tolerable, much better tracking is feasible, for 1º minimum beamwidth & 1 metre max diam. gain about 45 dBi for frequencies above 20 GHz, 123

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minimum earth station antenna size, minimum cost system, - frequencies well below 1 GHz desirable, particularly for wide coverage systems. larger earth terminal antenna of medium cost (e.g. INMARSAT), transmission loss is less, - optimum frequency band, say 800 MHz to 2 GHz high performance, high cost earth terminal, - frequency range spreads from below 1 GHz to at least 30 or 40 GHz, ( beware of rain attenuation at the higher frequencies) 124

MSS frequency allocations
137 - 138 MHz down link partly secondary allocations 148 - 150.05
up link 235 - 322 312 - 315 335.4 - 399.9 footnote provision - not causing interference 387 - 390 400.15 - 401 footnote provision- not causing interference up link down link 399.9 - 400.05 up link down link 406 - 406.1
455 - 456 459 - 460 up link ) Region 2 only ) up link
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1525 - 1559 MHz down link ) mainly maritime and aeronautical ) mobile with some land 1610 - 1660.5
up link ) mobile as secondary in some parts 125

MSS frequency allocations
1980 - 2010 up link 2170 - 2200 2483.5 – 2520 down link 2670 - 2690 down link up link 7250 - 7375 down-link ) footnote provision 7900 - 8025 up-link ) - no interference 19.7 - 21.2 GHz 29.5 - 31 down-link up link
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And some higher bands 126

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Broadcast Satellite Service
RR1.38
broadcasting service:
A radiocommunication service in which the transmissions are intended for direct reception by the general public. This service may include sound transmissions, television transmissions or other types RR1.39
broadcasting-satellite service:
A radiocommunication service in which signals intended for direct reception by the general public.
In the broadcasting-satellite service, the term “direct reception” shall encompass both individual reception and community reception.
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BSS frequency allocations
TV down links: 620 - 790 MHz. - footnote 2520 - 2670 MHz. - shared band, limited to “national and regional” BSS networks for community reception main bands Region 1; 11.7 - 12.5 GHz Region 2; 12.2 - 12.7 GHz Region 3; 11.7 - 12.2 GHz and higher frequencies 128

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BSS frequency allocations
Sound broadcast down links 1452 to 1492 MHz - limited to dab 129

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BSS feeder links
10.7 - 11.7 GHz. (Reg 1 only) (shared with FSS downlinks) 14.5 - 14.8 GHz. (excluding Europe) 17.3 - 18.1 GHz. (part shared with FSS downlinks) and higher frequencies 130

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Other space services
11 other space radio services  ISS inter-satellite service hardly used so far   AmSS amateur satellite service – widely used Other 9 services: typically operated by governments, etc satellites not usually geostationary earth stations are few & can be located to avoid interference from terrestrial stations frequency allocations are many but narrow, often national & often secondary 131

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Inter-satellite service
54.25 - 58.2 GHz 59 - 64 GHz 116 - 126 GHz 126 - 134 GHz 170 - 182 GHz 185 - 190 GHz 132

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Amateur satellite service
Most amateur allocations also available for the amateur satellite service 133

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Radiodetermination satellite service
RR 1.9 radiodetermination: “the determination of the position, velocity and/or other characteristics of an object, or the obtaining of information relating to these parameters, by means of the propagation properties of radio waves”.
radionavigation (RN) service - involve safety of life factors radiolocation (RL) service - no direct safety of life factors 134

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Radiodetermination satellite service
149.9 - 150.05 MHz & 399.9 - 400.05 MHz. - were used for Transit 1215 - 1350 MHz (down-links). - GPS 1559 - 1610 MHz (down-links). - GPS & GLONASS 14.3 - 14.4 GHz (down-links). - secondary allocation 135

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Space research satellite service earth exploration satellite service
space research service (SRS) - “in which spacecraft or other objects in space are used for scientific or technological research purposes”. earth exploration-satellite service (EESS) – “... in which: information relating to the characteristics of the earth and its natural phenomena is obtained from active ... or passive sensors on earth satellites, similar information is collected from airborne or earth-based platforms, such information may be distributed to earth stations within the system concerned, platform interrogation may be included.” 136

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meteorological satellite service
meteorological-satellite service (MetSS) - “an EESS for meteorological purposes.” These 3 services all need frequency allocations for three kinds of use:  active sensors  passive sensors - for transmission of observed data, control signals etc., 137

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Space research satellite service earth exploration satellite service meteorological satellite service
       Active sensors, bands centred on: 1250 MHz 8600 MHz 17.25 GHz 3200 MHz 9650 MHz 78.5 GHz 24.15 GHz 5300 MHz 13.7 GHz 35.55 GHz Passive sensors, bands centred on: 1385 MHz 7160 MHz 21.3 GHz 1412 MHz 10.64 GHz 2647 MHz 10.69 GHz 2670 MHz 15.27 GHz 22.23 GHz 23.8 GHz 31.4 GHz 4970 MHz 15.37 GHz 6475 MHz 18.7 GHz 31.65 GHz 36.5 GHz.
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meteorological satellite service
400.15 - 401 MHz, down-links, primary.
401 - 403 MHz, up-links, secondary.
460 - 470 MHz, down-links, secondary, shared 1670 - 1710 MHz, down-links, primary.
7450 - 7550 MHz, down-links, primary, shared 8175 - 8215 MHz, up-links, primary, shared 18.1 - 18.3 GHz, down-links, primary, limited to GSO & shared 139

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Space operation service
6 very narrow allocations, - primarily for use in the launch phase
Standard Frequency and Time Signal satellite service
140

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Radio Astronomy
RR 1.13 “astronomy based on the reception of radio waves of cosmic origin”.
Included as a radio service as it requires protection from interference Many allocations throughout the spectrum 141

radio services have advantages of flexibility and rapid deployment.
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limits rate of system deployment may never be available in more rural areas.
142

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143

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space to earth 17.3-17.7 GHz Reg 1 18.3-19.3 GHz Reg 2 19.7-20.2 GHz earth to space 27.5-27.82 GHz Reg 1 28.35-28.45 GHz Reg 2 28.45-28.94 GHz 28.94-29.1 GHz Reg 2 & 3 29.25-29.46 GHz Reg 2 29.46-30 GHz 39.5-40 GHz 40-40.5 GHz 40.5-42 GHz Reg 1 Reg 2 47.5-47.9 GHz Reg 1 48.2-48.54 GHz Reg 1 49.44-50.2 GHz Reg 1 48.2-50.2 GHz Reg 2 144

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RESOLUTION 143 (WRC-03)
Guidelines for the implementation of high-density applications in the fixed-satellite service in frequency bands identified for these applications
The World Radiocommunication Conference (Geneva, 2003), considering a) that demand has been increasing steadily for global broadband communication services throughout the world, such as those provided by high-density applications in the fixed-satellite service (HDFSS); b) that HDFSS systems are characterized by flexible, rapid and ubiquitous deployment of large numbers of cost-optimized earth stations employing small antennas and having common technical characteristics; c) that HDFSS is an advanced broadband communication application concept that will provide access to a wide range of broadband telecommunication applications supported by fixed telecommunication networks (including the Internet), and thus will complement other telecommunication systems; d) that, as with other FSS systems, HDFSS offers great potential to establish telecommunication infrastructure rapidly; e) that HDFSS applications can be provided by satellites of any orbital type; f) that interference mitigation techniques have been and continue to be studied in ITU-R to facilitate sharing between HDFSS earth stations and terrestrial services; g) that to date, studies have not concluded on the practicability of implementation of interference mitigation techniques for all HDFSS earth stations, 146

noting a) that No. 5.516B identifies bands for HDFSS; b) that, in some of these bands, the FSS allocations are co-primary with fixed and mobile service allocations as well as other services; c) that this identification does not preclude the use of these bands by other services or by other FSS applications, and does not establish priority in these Regulations among users of the bands; d) that, in the band 18.6-18.8 GHz, the FSS allocation is co-primary with the Earth exploration-satellite service (EESS) (passive) with the restrictions of Nos. 5.522A and 5.522B; e) that radio astronomy observations are carried out in the 48.94-49.04 GHz band, and that such observations require protection at notified radio astronomy stations; f) that co-frequency sharing between transmitting HDFSS earth stations and terrestrial services is difficult in the same geographical area; g) that co-frequency sharing between receiving HDFSS earth stations and terrestrial stations in the same geographical area may be facilitated through the implementation of interference mitigation techniques, if practicable; h) that many FSS systems with other types of earth stations and characteristics have already been brought into use or are planned to be brought into use in some of the frequency bands identified for HDFSS in No. 5.516B; i) that HDFSS stations in these bands are expected to be deployed in large numbers over urban, suburban and rural areas of large geographical extent; j) that the 50.2-50.4 GHz band, adjacent to the band 48.2-50.2 GHz (Earth-to-space) identified for HDFSS in Region 2, is allocated to the EESS (passive),
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147

recognizing a) that in cases where FSS earth stations use bands that are shared on a co-primary basis with terrestrial services, the Radio Regulations stipulate that earth stations of the FSS shall be individually notified to the Bureau when their coordination contours extend into the territory of another administration; b) that, as a consequence of their general characteristics, it is expected that the coordination of HDFSS earth stations with fixed service stations on an individual site by-site basis between administrations will be a difficult and long process; c) that, to minimize the burden for administrations, simplified coordination procedures and provisions can be agreed by administrations for large numbers of similar HDFSS earth stations associated with a given satellite system; d) that harmonized worldwide bands for HDFSS would facilitate the implementation of HDFSS, thereby helping to maximize global access and economies of scale, recognizing further that HDFSS applications implemented on FSS networks and systems are subject to all provisions of the Radio Regulations applicable to the FSS, such as coordination and notification pursuant to Articles 9 and 11, including any requirements to coordinate with terrestrial services across international borders, and the provisions of Articles 21 and 22,
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148

resolves that administrations which implement HDFSS should consider the following guidelines: a) making some or all of the frequency bands identified in No. 5.516B available for HDFSS applications; b) in making frequency bands available under – that HDFSS deployment will be simplified in bands that are not shared with terrestrial services; – in in bands shared with terrestrial services, the impact that the further deployment of terrestrial stations would have on the existing and future development of HDFSS, and the further deployment of HDFSS earth stations would have on the existing and future development of terrestrial services; resolves a) , take into account: c) take into account the relevant technical characteristics applicable to HDFSS, as identified by ITU-R Recommendations (e.g. Recommendations ITU-R S.524-7 and ITU-R S.1594); d) take into account other existing and planned FSS systems, having different characteristics, in frequency bands where HDFSS is implemented in accordance with resolves a) above and the conditions specified in No. 5.516B,
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149

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invites administrations
1 to give due consideration to the benefits of harmonized utilization of the spectrum for HDFSS on a global basis, taking into account the use and planned use of these bands by all other services to which these bands are allocated, as well as other types of FSS applications; 2 to consider implementing simplified procedures and provisions that facilitate the deployment of HDFSS systems in some or all of the bands identified in No. 5.516B; 3 when considering the deployment of HDFSS systems in the upper portion of the band 48.2-50.2 GHz, to take into account as appropriate the potential impact such deployment may have on the satellite passive services in the adjacent band 50.2 50.4 GHz, and to participate in ITU-R studies on the compatibility between these services, taking into account No. 5.340; 4 to, given invites 3 above, and where practicable, consider starting the deployment of HDFSS earth stations in the lower part of the band 48.2-50.2 GHz 150

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Frequency reuse?
Can HDFSS really be described as high density?
151