 Erik
Erickson’s theory of
psychosocial development is
one of the best-known theories
of personality in psychology.
Erikson believed that
personality develops in a series
of stages, and his theory
describes the impact of social
experience across the whole
lifespan.
 Psychosocial
Stage 1 - Trust vs. Mistrust
 Psychosocial Stage 2 - Autonomy vs. Shame and
Doubt
 Psychosocial Stage 3 - Initiative vs. Guilt
 Psychosocial Stage 4 - Industry vs. Inferiority
 Identity vs. Role Diffusion (12—18 years).
 Intimacy vs. Isolation (young adulthood).
 Generative vs. Stagnation (adult middle years).
 Ego Integrity vs. Despair (older years).
--1859-1952
• Pragmatism
• Traditional
and
Progressive
Education
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Humanistic
Improving the human
condition—societal purposes
and individual purposes
Teacher-directed
Continuity
Interaction
Learning is active
Children should be involved
in real-life tasks
Progressivism
John Dewey
 John Dewey most famous
 Protest against Perennialism
 Instead of books and authoritative
teachers, stressed activities,
experiences, nature as a classroom
 Cooperative learning instead of
competitive learning
developmental
psychologist
known for his
sociocultural perspective


Vygotsky posited two types of psychological
functioning: "natural," consisting of biological
growth, both physical and cognitive development;
and "cultural," consisting of learning to use
psychological and cultural tools, including signs,
symbols, and language

He suggested that learning and development are
facilitated in a hypothetical region called the
zone of proximal development (ZPD).

Scaffolding
a psychologist and professor at Harvard
 Graduate School of Education,

challenged the view that something
called “intelligence” can be objectively
measured and reduced to a single number or “IQ”
score.


definition of intelligence is multifaceted

Project Zero, at Harvard

intelligence can be learned and improved upon
throughout a lifetime.

Maria Montessori
(1870 - 1952)
 Student-centered
 Supports the natural
development of
children
 Encourages creativity,
problem solving and
critical thinking

Children develop self-care
skills
first woman in Italy to qualify as a
physician
 children
learn best in a “child-sized”
environment
 stimulating and inviting
 offers beauty and order
 child chooses own work
 activities have meaning and purpose
 hands-on; self-correcting; sensorial;
didactic
 daily living skills practiced
 conceptual.
Behaviorism
BF Skinner
 BF Skinner, Ivan Pavlov and John
Watson – major theorists
 Free will is an illusion. We are all
products of our external environment
 Operant and Classical Conditioning
 Positive and Negative Rewards
 Some would say this is not a true
philosophy, but a theory of behavior
management
Humanistic approach
Father of Client-Centered
Therapy
Realness in the facilitator
of learning
When an educator is
“real” with the student
she/he is a more
effective teacher.
Prizing, acceptance, trust
Accepting the students
and valuing their opinions
and feelings. .
Empathic understanding.
This creates a climate of
self-initiated learning.
 Cognitive
learning
 Brain based research
 Differentiation
 Control theory
 Constructivism
 Piaget’s theory of child development
 Erikson’s 8 stages