Earth Science
Grade 7
Chapter 3: Minerals
Vocabulary
• Mineral- 4,000 minerals are naturally
occurring inorganic solids with a definite
structure and composition.
• Crystal- is a solid in which the atoms are
arranged in repeating patterns.
• Magma- cooling of hot melted rock material.
• Silicate- materials that contain silicon and
oxygen.
Mineral Identification
Test
Description
Appearance
Observe - What does it look like?
Hardness
Mohs scale 1-10 (talc is the softest - 1;
diamond is hardest – 10)
Luster
How well does it reflect light? Metallic
shiny, non-metallic is dull.
Color
Distinct; yellow for sulfur and purple for
amethyst
Streak
Color left on tile
Cleavage
Smooth break like mica
Fracture
Rough break like quartz
Other Tests
Smell, Magnet, Acid Test, Double
Refraction
Uses of Minerals
• Gems-rare, beautiful, highly prized minerals
• Ores-mineral mined for a profit
• Titanium-Strong, lightweight, nontoxic ore
that can be used in airplanes, artificial body
parts, sporting equipment, wheelchairs, etc.
Other Uses of Minerals
Chapter 4- Rocks
• Rock-mixture of minerals, mineraloids, glass or organic matter
• Rock Cycle- a continuous dynamic process where one rock
changes to another
• Processes of the Rock Cycle
• Weathering-breaking of rocks into smaller pieces, either
mechanically or chemically
• Erosion-the process that wears away surface materials and
moves them from one location to another, usually by gravity,
glaciers, wind, or water.
• Compaction-pressing sediments of rock together
• Cementation-sediments naturally being glued together
• Sediments-made from loose rock fragments
Igneous Vocabulary
• Igneous Rock-most abundant rock on Earth because
its inside and outside the earth, formed from magma
and lava
• Intrusive-forms inside the earth from magma
• Extrusive-forms outside the earth from lava
• Granitic-light colored, light weight, low density rocks
like Pumice and Granite (Silicon,Oxygen)
• Andesitic-medium color and density
• Basaltic-dark colored, heavy rich in Iron and
Magnesium
Igneous Rock Examples
Obsidian
Granite
Pumice
Scoria
Metamorphic Rocks
• Metamorphic-rocks that have changed due to
heat and pressure
• Foliated-rocks with parallel lines
• Nonfoliated-rocks with out parallel lines
Metamorphic Rock Examples
Slate
Gneiss
Marble
Quartzite
Sedimentary Rocks
• Sedimentary Rocks-form when sediments get
pressed or cemented together
• Organic-made from the remains of once living
things
• Detrital/Clastic-made from broken rock
fragments
• Chemical-when minerals precipitate out of a
solution
Sedimentary Rock Examples
Shale
Coquina
Coal
Conglomerate
Limestone
Sandstone
Chapter 5-Views of the Earth
Landforms:
• Plains- large relatively flat areas of land, good
for grazing and crops
• Plateaus-a relatively raised flat area of land
• Mountains-rise above surrounding land
• Examples-folded, volcanic, up warped, and
fault-block
Landform Examples
Plains
Plateau
Mountains
Viewpoints
• Equator-imaginary point that separates the
Northern and Southern hemispheres
• Prime Meridian-line that separates the Eastern
and Western Hemispheres
• Latitude-tells us degrees north or south of the
equator
• Longitude-tells us degrees east or west of the
prime meridian
• Time Zones-6 times in the United States, 24 Time
Zones in the World
Viewpoints
Globe
Equator and Prime Meridian
Chapter 6
WEATHERING
Types of Weathering
Mechanical Weathering
Chemical Weathering
Breaks rocks apart without
changing chemical
composition
Chemical composition of the
rock changes
Water & Oxygen are factors
Examples:
Examples:
-Plant roots grow into the
cracks of rocks
-Animals Burrowing
-Ice Wedging
-Acid Rain
-Rust
Sediments + Organic Matter = Soil
• Soil• Humus• Soil Profile-
• Horizon• Leaching-
Layers of Soil
Chapters 7 & 8
Erosion Forces
Deposition
Erosion Words
to Know
• Erosion
• Deposition
• Mass Movement
• Slump
• Creep
More
Erosion Words to Know
• Glacier
• Plucking
• Till
• Moraine
And More Erosion Words to Know
• Deflation• Abrasion• Loess-
Chapter 11
Plate Tectonics
Continental Drift
• Continental Drift
• Pangaea
Evidence Supporting Continental Drift
Climate Clues
Rock Clues
Fossil Clues
Fossils of warm weather
plants found in typically
cold climates, Antarctica
could have been closer to
the equator at Pangaea
time
Similar rock structures on
different continents , East
coast of South America and
West Coast of Africa
Fossil remains found on
different continents ,
dinosaurs could not swim
across the ocean,
ex. Mesosaurus
Seafloor Spreading
• Seafloor Spreading• Magnetometer• Age Evidence-
Theory of Plate Tectonics
• Plate Tectonics• Plate• Lithosphere• Asthenosphere-
Plate Boundaries
Divergent Boundary
Convergent Boundary
Transform Fault Boundary
Plates divide, move apart
Plates collide
Plates slide past each other
Ex. Mid-Ocean Ridge
Ex. India crashed into China Ex. San Andreas Fault in
to create the Himalayan
California
Mountain Range
Cause of Plate Tectonics
• Convection Currents-
• Effects of Plate Tectonics-
Ch. 9- Earthquakes
Forces Inside Earth
• Fault• Earthquake-
Types of Faults
Normal Fault
Reverse Fault
Strike-Slip Fault
Plates move
apart, Tension
Compression
crash into each
other
Rocks move past
each other
Ex. Mid Ocean
Ridge
Ex. Rocky
Mountains
Ex. San Andreas
Fault
Aka Divergent
Boundary
Aka Convergent
Boundary
Aka Transform
Fault Boundary
Earthquake Information
• Seismic waves• Primary Wave• Secondary Wave-
• Focus• Epicenter-
Draw & label the parts of an earthquake.
Include the following:
focus, epicenter, fault, primary wave, secondary wave, surface wave
Earth!
• Inner core• Outer core• Mantle-
• Crust• Moho discontinuity-
Compare the layers of earth
to an apple!
Earthquake Destruction
• Seismologist• Seismograph• Magnitude-
Ocean waves generated by earthquakes are
called seismic sea waves, or tsunamis.
What is A Volcano?
• A VOLCANO is an opening in Earth’s surface
that often forms a mountain when layers of
lava & ash erupt
• After many thousands or even millions of
years, magma reaches earth’s surface and
flows out through an opening called a VENT.
Magma vs. Lava
MAGMAmolten material
inside a volcano
LAVAmolten material on
earth’s surface
Draw & Label the Parts of A Volcano
Where do volcanoes occur?
1. Where plates move APART
AKA: Divergent plate boundaries
1. Where plates move TOGETHER
AKA: Convergent plate boundaries
Where do volcanoes occur?
3. HOT SPOTS
areas of earth that
melt rock & force
magma upward
Pacific Ring of Fire
area around the pacific plate where
earthquakes & volcanoes are common
Active vs. Dormant
• Most of Earth’s volcanoes are DORMANT, which
means they are not currently active
• There are more than
600 active volcanoes
in the world
• The most active volcano
in the world is Kilauea in Hawaii
Brain Pop
http://www.brainpop.com/science/earthsystem
/volcanoes/
Quick Review!
1. I am an opening in earth’s surface that often
forms a mountain when lava & ash build up
2. I am an opening through which magma flows
3. I am an area around the Pacific Plate where
earthquakes & volcanoes are common
Label the Volcano!
Don’t Forget:
Vent
Crater
Lava
Types of Volcanoes
A volcano’s form depends on whether it is the
result of a quiet or an explosive eruption.
TYPE 1: SHIELD VOLCANO
Hawaiian
Islands
• Broad volcano
• Gently sloping sides
TYPE 2: CINDER CONE VOLCANO
Paricutin, Mexico
- steep sides
- loosely consolidated
• Explosive eruptions throw lava into the air
• Lava then cools & hardens into TEPHRA
TYPE 3: COMPOSITE VOLCANO
Mount Saint Helens
• Vary between quiet & explosive eruptions
• Lava & tephra is repeated over & over
Websites!
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www.brainpop.com
Kids.nationalgeographic.com
www.mineralogy4kids.org
www.geology4kids.com
www.geography4kids.com