1. What are P-Notes? Explain why does SEBI seek to regulate them?
a. P-Notes or Participatory Notes are instruments issued by registered Foreign Institutional Investors (FII) to
overseas investors, who wish to invest in Indian stock market without registering themselves with the market
regulator, the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI).
P-Notes bring anonymity for the investor, and previously SEBI was unable to know who is investing, thus resulting
in constant fear of market fluctuation. P-notes are also used for tax saving by some investors to take advantage of tax
laws of certain preferred countries.
Also, P-notes are one of the biggest source of ‘hawala transfers’ i.e. Money Laundering from India. In 2012,
Government brought a White Paper on Black Money, in which P-notes were identified as a major route of transfer of
black money to foreign which comes back through a process called ‘round tripping’ to India.
P-notes are relatively easier and thus widely used. But, the above reasons forced SEBI to regulate them. Currently
the FII’s are allowed to invest 40% through P-notes route. Also, they have to reports details of P-notes transactions
within 10 days which was previously 6 months. Alternatively registration of FII’s is made easier so that more
investors prefer to register directly.
b. P-Notes short form of Participatory notes, is the facility provided to foreign investors to invest in India without
the need to get registered with SEBI.
So how does it work? simply SEBI has allowed them to participate through FII mode who are registered with it.
That simply means they provide anonymity and ease of investment for the foreign investor, this route has been
allowed despite its ill effects because India needs foreign investors to boost many of its sectors.
But SEBI also wants to regulate them so that they may not act as source of money laundering and terror financing or
as a tool of tax evasion.
Also there is an impending fear that they can withdraw this money very easily making economy vulnerable to the
shocks, but this has been partially taken care by allowing limit (40%) in FIIs.
So it can be said that although P-Notes are an important contributor to Indian economy but it needs to be regulated
to insulate economy from its ill effects.
c. Participatory notes or P-Notes are financial instruments used by registered foreign investors, who want to invest
in Indian stock markets without registering with Security Exchange Board of India (SEBI). It is a popular medium to
invest in India because of its ease. Foreign investors held Rs 2.07 lakh crore through the P-Note route.
SEBI is not very happy about participatory notes because there is no way to know who owns the underlying
securities. Regulator fears that hedge funds acting through participatory notes will cause economic volatility in
India’s exchanges.
SEBI proposed curb on P-Notes in 2007, which accounted for nearly 50% of the FII in India. Sudden proposal to ban
led to knee-jerk crash in market. Later withdrawal of the proposal stabilized the market.
Need for the regulationsGovt of India’s white paper on black money identified P-notes as one of the routes through which black money
transferred outside India comes back through a process called round-tripping. Fluctuations in the capital markets a
result of manipulation using participatory notes is the main cause of concern for SEBI.
The regulator restricted their use to well-regulated entities under the new rules for foreign portfolio investors (FPIs).
Now unregulated entities which have already been issued participatory notes (P-Notes) can continue to make use of
these, despite the new regulations banning use of the instrument.
As India is already witnessing large FII withdrawal for few months due to US tapering, this move may also have
some adverse impact on the foreign investors’ sentiments. GoI should also provide alternative ways to continue and
promote foreign investments in India.
2. Discuss the importance of digital infrastructure to India’s economy. Examine the problems being
faced by this sector.
http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/shyam-ponappa-an-infra-road-map-114043001544_1.html
a. India is facing huge challenges in Infrastructure sector, which is impeding its growth rate. Digital infrastructure is
also part of such infra which our country has not been able to develop and modernize.
Digital Infrastructure is essential for the growth of modern IT enabled services. Today our country is facing huge
corruption and bad governance. Digitization of records and more transparency will tackle these issues.
Digital Infrastructure will help in growth of Internet network and Digital TV to all parts of India including rural
areas. Digitisation will revolutionise the education sector, health care sector, judicial sector and revenue and local
administration. Schemes such as ‘Adhaar’ and Nachiket Mor committees recommendation of bank account for all
Indians above 18 need Digital Infra for their implementation. Once infra is set up, cost of such services will also
reduce thus making them affordable by common populace.
The main problem in setting up Digital infra is failure of Government to implement its policies such as National
Optical Fiber Network (NOFN) which is again due to lack of clear policies, planning, discipline, initiative, and
competent leadership. Setting up of digital Infrastructure needs huge investment, which won’t give sharp returns in
rural sector. Thus Government investment is needed to set up infra.
b. Digital Infrastructure refers to all such technologies, devices, tools, networks and platforms, which work on ICT.
Service led economy and need for better governance prove its importance. Its benefits are multifaceted and
interdisciplinary.
Digital infra shall help in traditional factors like growth, employment, further investment, development, ease of use
for both business and consumers etc. Also e-Governance follows from it. Be it transparency, accountability to tackle
corruption. Or be archiving public records so as to avoid their destruction or manipulation.
CCTV’s, Bio-metric Attendance systems, GPS tracking technologies etc all help in various sectors of investigation,
security, policing, identification etc. Web-Broadcasting, Video conferencing, help in education (EDUSAT),
healthcare, financial inclusion.
Even power sector, transportation, ports, logistics, i.e. almost every department today requires digital infrastructure.
Problems faced by it are many. Lack of funds, technology, skilled labour, resources, Research and Development is
there . On the other hand, requirements are large, be it in terms of area or scale or number or intensity. Policy
Paralysis and poor leadership inhibit its growth. Investments are scarce and priorities not intended. New
Partnerships from various stakeholders and new models of investments are needed to fulfil the need.
c. The Digital Infrastructure is defined as the ability to store and exchange data through a centralized
communication system. Data communication and exchange are all simplified with the right software and hardware
equipment.
This infrastructure includes data centers, computers, computer networks, Database Management devices, and a
regulatory system.
Importance1) Reduces the paper trail and storage requirements.
2) Government Program aims at providing better access to national collections to people located in rural and
suburban areas.
3) Important to maintain the captured data, monitor the technology resources, and ensure uninterrupted
accessibility to digitized collections.
4) Implementation of the e-Government projects in the social sectors like education, health, social security,
employment guarantee, financial and banking services.
5) CCTNS (Crime and Criminal Tracking Network & Systems), linking all police stations, using Bio-metric Data for
crime investigation, digitization of education by EDUSAT and NPTEL programs etc.
When India is implementing many schemes to register individuals like Unique Identification (UID) or Aadhaar
scheme, the National Population Register (NPR), the multipurpose national identity card, the voter identification
card etc., building Digital infrastructure is becoming necessary to fulfill these purposes. Collection and storage of
such big data is not an easy task for the govt., especially in the atmosphere of regular cyber crimes.
National Optical Fibre Network (NOFN) by Bharat Broadband Network Limited (BBNL) is an important initiative to
link over 245,000 village panchayats by the end of 2013 by extending a countrywide network on the foundation of
the existing fiber networks
Challenges1) Lack of sufficient technology
2) Insufficient telecommunication infrastructure in villages and distant areas due to inaccessibility of these areas.
3) Increasing threats of cyber crimes, cyber warfare etc.
4) Lack of technical awareness among masses.
5) Slow progress of ongoing projects like NOFN, UID etc.
India has been ranked much below in “networked readiness index” that ranks countries based on an assessment of
their digital infrastructure and ability to use information and communications technologies to grow, foster
innovation, and improve the well-being of their citizens.
Govt. should promote development of digital infrastructure with the help of private players, encourage digital
literacy, help brightest minds of the society by means of incubation, Flexible Technology Neutral Laws and
Regulations, and seek International Cooperation and Global Standards on cyber security research, and increase
government funding.
3. In the light of Myanmar’s recent decision to ban the export of raw timber, critically comment on
the need for Myanmar to adopt sustainable growth strategy and its implications on regional ecology.
http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/barun-roy-myanmar-logs-its-progress-114043001541_1.html
a. Cyclones are common in Myanmar which brings a lot of devastation. Ecological barriers such as Mangrove forests
were Natural barrier against such natural disasters which have been increasingly reduced due to encroachment by
coastal population for livelihood purposes.
Myanmar is a developing country and thus needs huge investment in its economy and infrastructure. Timber
exports were one of the chief sources of foreign currency. But, the devastation brought by Natural disasters such as
Cyclone Nargis in 2008 in Irrawaddy Delta has forced Myanmar to rethink its strategy for development. Also, losses
of forests were resulting in climate change, and environment pollution.
So, Myanmar has banned exports of raw timber, especially teak. This will help in stopping the fast depleting forests
of Myanmar. Also, since every ecological change is interrelated, so saving of teak forests will have positive impact on
a number of other Ecological systems, namely rivers, rains, mangrove forests in coastal areas.
Many species of flora and fauna will get protection, which were endangered due to rampant destruction of forests.
Myanmar may also get investment in its infrastructure, from countries which were consuming its teak exports, as
they will try to get sustainable supply by investing in its infrastructure thus spurring economy and growth.
4. Comment on the growth of e-commerce sector in India. Do you think its growth and expansion is
good for the economy? Explain.
http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/rahul-jacob-enjoy-the-e-tail-boom-while-it-lasts114043001542_1.html
a. e-Commerce is a business model, where sale/purchase of commodities take place over internet. It has seen it’s
gradual growth in India, reaching a market worth 13$ by 2013. Innovative techniques like ‘Cash on Delivery’, ‘ Same
day Delivery’ etc have boosted its prospects. Despite this, its growth is low vis-a-vis countries like US, China etc. It
still accounts for only 4% of the total retail sales.
Reasons for this tortoise growth are many. Large computer and internet illiteracy remains, along with poor internet
penetration in far-flung regions. Then, much success depends upon PC penetration, owing to the satisfactory
purchase a consumer makes on PC. It is also low in India.
Other traditional reasons in India are also present. Informal relations with local shops. Lack of service enquiry and
instant delivery, in e-commerce. Also one cannot touch and see live products. Further, infrastructure and logistics
constraints remain an issue to develop it’s network in India.
The growth of e-commerce will benefit the economy. Macro level benefits include Infrastructure, Employment,
Connectivity of backward and rural areas with these services and Competition in retail segment to enhance
standards of delivery. All this will further GDP growth and development.
Other micro-level benefits like home based delivery, broad-based choice for consumers, new products information
and better comparison between different service providers shall help the consumers.
Therefore, overall its expansion shall help the economy.
b. E-commerce or electronic commerce means business transactions occurring through the internet. This sector
started in earnest after 2000, when Paypal started operating in India. After that several sites which allow to buy/sell
using convenience of internet came up such as Flipkart, Snapdeal, Travel sites, Indian Railways site, airlines sites,
bookmyshow and so on. Overall, e-commerce sector accounted for about $3.2 Billion of sales in 2013-14 in India. Its
growth has picked up very fast over the past few years and is expected to grow further at a scorching pace.
Comparing this growth with other countries, India still lags behind. For instance, Alibaba- China’s largest ‘e-tailer’
alone had more business than $3.2 Billion (India’s revenue for entire ’13-’14!). Growth of e-commerce in India thus
has to catch up with other countries.
For the economy, expansion of e-commerce sector is good because India’s almost 23 crore internet users get a more
convenient, hassle-free way to buy or sell things. It is cheaper, leaves smaller carbon footprint and competition
brings good quality products at affordable rates to doorsteps of consumers. Several rural craftsmen, fashion
designers etc. get to directly sell their ware rather than high initial investment in physical stores thereby giving boost
to business, tourism, India’s brand image.
Still, the current bottoming out of growth of e-commerce companies’ revenues in developed markets like USA must
also be noted. Till competition persists and consumers get good deals, e-commerce growth will gallop, yet after
maturity in sector sets in and companies consolidate, growth may come down. However, in India the e-commerce
boom is still in its infancy and the young demographics will push growth for a couple of decades more, bringing
economic benefits to all.
5. “It is safe to say that amongst the India’s most pressing problems is its inability to generate
anywhere close to the massive number of jobs that it needs to accommodate its very large and
growing working-age population.” Critically examine what strategies needs to be adopted by
governments to boost job creation.
http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/may-day-reflections-114043001538_1.html
a. Right to adequate means of livelihood is one of essentials incorporated in the constitution under the DPSP.
Employment leads to the socio economic development of the citizens , thereby achieving the objectives of the welfare
state.
The NCAER report shows the fall in the farm based agricultural employment. Though majority of the population is
dependent on agriculture, the under development of the allied sector has inhibited the potential employment
generation. The low productivity in the sector could be circumvented by giving push to the food processing industry.
Reducing regional restrictions and augmenting infrastructure would increase employment generation.
The plethora of factors ranging from the capital intensive, stringent labour norms, inadequate infrastructure and
delay in clearances has impeded the growth of the manufacturing sector. The employment intensive sector should be
promoted by bringing labour reforms, setting up of SPV, reducing the delays , infusion of the capital and skill
development of the citizens. The effective implementation of the skill development initiatives Ajeevika would lead to
increasing the productivity in the system.
Though the service sector is less employment intensive, yet it provides highly skilled employment. The government
should keep pace with the technological advancements and ensure adequate skill development of the citizens to be
fit for employment in the sector.
The government should also ensure adequate supply of capital to the self employment initiatives under the NRLM.
Though the MNREGA has increased the employment in the rural non farm sector, a more effective implementation
would further augment its capacity for employment generation.
b. Every year nearly 1.5 million new labor force joins our workforce. With an employment elasticity of 0.4, India
needs to grow atleast at 7% (GDP) to theoretically meet the employment demands.
Indian economic growth story is an exception in a sense that instead of going from agricultural to manufacturing
sector led growth, we directly embarked upon with services sector led growth. This has on the one had, led to rapid
growth of the economy but on the other hand, a huge section of low skilled farm labor force is left without many
options of jobs in the market.
A services sector led economy is bound to create less low skilled job because of the very nature of work that is
created – productive jobs. Its the manufacturing sector, specially small scaled manufacturing, that can satisfactorily
absorb the labor force that moves out of farms and migrates to urban areas. This is the reason why we see most of
the labor force, mostly being absorbed by the construction sector.
For job creation we need to balance our economic growth. The Nationa Manufacturing Policy aims at achieving 25%
share from manufacturing sector to the GDP in coming years. For that we need to increase our capability to produce
Capital Goods indigenously. Also, apart from schemes like MGNREGA, we need to look for innovative ways of job
creation. Skill development of human capital too is an important element.
The government will have bring up a strategy which can address the regional imbalance in the growth story of our
nation. This will check migration and problems faced in urbanization projects as well. Only a holistic, solution
keeping in view, the emerging challenges of the future can address the problem of job creation.
6. Explain how the situation in Europe immediately following the fall of Germany led directly to the
Cold War. In your opinion, should the Western Allies have acted to oppose Soviet domination of
Eastern Europe? (from Sparknotes)
Western powers and Soviet Union were miles apart on the ideology of Economic system and democracy. Western
powers supported capitalist form of economy and democratic form of government, while Soviets followed socialist
economy and Communist government.
Soviet Union was powerful and one of the four allied forces which occupied Germany after end of world war.
Opposition to the occupation was not a feasible option for western allies as Soviet Union was a powerful country
with proved military competence and economic growth. Also, it was a major power to fight and bring down Hitler, as
without Soviet support it would have been impossible to stop Hitler.
European powers although even having ideological differences were not capable to afford another rift with Soviet
Union which was very powerful. They themselves were recovering from war time causalities and destruction. Also,
Soviet Union and America possession of nuclear arms were having huge effect as any clash and use of such WMD
(Weapons of Mass Destruction) was assured to lead to Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD).
So, it was morally not feasible to deny the Soviets their part in occupation and reconstruction after war was over, as
they were one of the main allies. Also, it was practically not possible to oppose Soviet domination of Easter Europe
due to military might and power of Soviet Union.
7. What do you understand by Antimicrobial resistance (AMR)? Why does it occur? What are its
threats? Explain.
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/antibiotic-resistance-a-worldwide-threat-to-public-healthwho/article5964649.ece
a. Antimicrobial resistance is the resistance developed in microorganism for Antimicrobial drug which was earlier
effective against infections caused by it.
It occurs when there is exchange of resistant strain between microorganisms or when they replicate themselves
erroneously. This natural evolution is hastened by excessive or inappropriate use of drugs.
AMR causes ineffectiveness of existing drugs against the resistant microbes. Diseases like Malaria, AIDS & TB are
becoming immune to prevalent drugs. It heightens death rate & consumption of expensive resources meant for
second line & third line treatment.
Healthcare becomes sub-optimal due to failure of drugs. Economic & social loss due to prolonged illness is
multiplied by ignorant doctors.
Microorganisms like E.Coli & K. Pneumonia have become resistant to some common drugs & they have posed
serious challenges. AMR has also increased risk during transplantation of organs, as infection becomes out of
control.
Though India has amended Drugs & Cosmetics act 1990 & restricted the use of antibiotics by specifying schedule H1,
still threats are serious. Innovation of new antimicrobial drugs & adequate use of existing drugs have the potential to
control the deteriorating situation.
b. Antimicrobial resistance (A.M.R) is defined as the resistance developed by micro – organisms like bacteria ,
viruses against traditionally used antibiotics over a period of time.
The main reason for development of antimicrobial resistance is frequent and wide use of antibiotics. Even improper
, self medication and irregular intake of antibiotics can lead to development of resistance by micro – organisms
against them.For example multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) cases in the world , have increased over the
time .Also there are increase number of cases involving resistance to one of the most widely used antibiotic for the
treatment of urinary tract infections caused by E. coli. Easy availability of antibiotics without the need of
prescription especially in developing countries is also one of the factor responsible for antimicrobial resistance (
A.M.R) .
Antimicrobial resistance is one of the most challenging problem faced by scientists in this era. With increase in
A.M.R cases , it can easily lead us to post antibiotic phase where a common disease known to be easily curable could
result in a life threatening disease.Even the latest W.H.O report on “Antimicrobial resistance” points in this
direction. Antimicrobial resistance can also further lead to development of new types of diseases with a stronger
immunity towards antibiotics.Ifstrictly followed , a simple initiative like selling of antibiotics only on prescription
can act as a starting point in order to tackle the problem of antimicrobial resistance ( A.M.R).
8. What are the reasons for declining bird’s population? Comment on the steps taken by GOI and
global institutions to safeguard migratory and domestic species of birds.
http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/declining-bird-population-at-okhla-worries-all/article5890820.ece
a. Bird species form an important aspect of biodiversity in the world. Creating essential living conditions for birds
specially which are in the brink of extinction would pave the way for a prosperous ecology. Nevertheless, there has
been a steep decline the population of birds, specifically migratory birds in India. There are plethora of reasons for
this decline, some of which are mentioned below
1) Climate change
2) Pollution
2) Improper wetland conservation, mangroves destruction.
3) Inefficient maintenance of habitats.
4) Hunting, backed with lack of awareness.
India is a home to lot of migratory birds in the months of may and December. Most of these migratory species rely
on the wetland and mangrove regions. Recently, there have been many cases of either hunting down, or unnatural
death and decline of these migratory birds in India. The pragmatic reason behind unnatural decline or killing is lack
of awareness and lack of stringent laws around. On the other side many factors of the environment and water level
play a huge role in controlling the population of these species. The extinction of vultures,amur falcon, white
flamingos, and the categorization of 15 Indian birds as critically endangered by IUCN can be attributed to the factors
above.
The various steps undertaken by the GOI and International organizations to control this slow degradation of bird
species are
1) Initiation of schemes conserving wetlands ( Ramsar Wetland Sites)
2) Information Distribution through media and web.
3) Proposing stringent laws in and around wildlife sanctuaries
4) .Laws against people killing migratory birds.
As the issue is mushrooming up,in addition to the above, lots of efforts are being made to democratize the ill effects
to the public and corroborating the fact that it is high time to call for action.
9. With an example, critically examine the flaws associated with urban planning in India. What
suggestions would you give to overcome these flaws? Explain.
http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/shirish-b-patel-why-urban-planning-is-humbug114050100948_1.html
a. Large cities in the developing countries are increasingly facing the problem of accommodating the needs of the
populations. Such a haphazard development leads to prevalence of perpetuating poverty ,inadequate housing and
health infrastructure ,proliferating slums and squatters and most importantly deterioration of the very ecosystem.
For instance in case of Chennai, because of inadequate attention to planning in areas such as
a. Water pollution and Sewage conditions are dismally bad .Even though Rain water harvesting system was
implemented , unplanned wastage disposal system leads to seepage of waste and harmful substances into the
groundwater by a process called leaching. This makes the groundwater contaminated and unusable.
b. Traffic and congestion are increasingly manifested in the congested roads and below par public transportation
Services.
c. Slums and settlements in Saidapet ,Central station manifests inadequate housing facilities. Also the settlements
near the once so called river Coovum makes the lowest strata of the economy to become more vulnerable to diseases
like diarrhea ,dysentery and typhoid.
The moot point to make such a city more flexible ,energy efficient and sustainable. For this ,Limiting city size so that
it is large enough to function as a city but small enough to be a community is a dire neccesity..This can be done by
ensure a green belt of agriculture land and recreational land around the city .Satellite towns ,a fast catching up
concept in planning is a welcome step.To reduce traffic, enhanced public transportation services and encouraging
energy efficient modes of transport for short distance like micro cars, bicycles are possible ways out . Proper wastage
management involving reducing ,reusing and recycling techniques is the need of the hour. A concerted and
coordinated effort from civil society , institutions and community can certainly achieve these objectives.
b. Urban planning refers to integrated planning of all the sectors like transportation, land, sewage & waste disposal,
etc, which are essential for development of urban centers.
The present day urban planning is flawed owing to:
(i) Archaic laws govern the planning process. For instance, basic planning instrument of Maharashtra is the
Maharashtra Regional and Town Planning Act, 1966 (MR&TP Act), which has outlived its purpose.
Solution lies in updation of legislations with time .
(ii) The basic principle in planning is projection of future 20 years of population, development pattern & then plan
the services. This approach is flawed since actual developments are quite different than anticipated ones.
So, Western concept of development of basic core services & then improvising by provision of subsidiary services is
needed.
(iii) Though Urban planning is primary responsibility of Urban Local bodies, these departments of transportation,
sewage planning, Infrastructure development work in silos & hence integrated approach is missing.
We need to integrate various departments to ensure overall development of urban centers.
Example of Navi Mumbai: Recent preparatory plan of development of Navi Mumbai was found with serious lapses
since it did not consider other policies & bye-laws relating to urban planning.
Thus, for sustainable & inclusive growth of urban centers in India, Integrated and cohesive planning is needed.
10. Write a note on the United States Trade Representative’s (USTR) ‘Special 301′ report. Explain
why was it controversial with reference to India.
http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/a-confrontation-averted-114050100947_1.html
a. The Special 301 report is an official assessment of the global state of IPR protection and enforcement in the U.S.’
trade partners. It is prepared annually by the Office of the United States Trade Representative (USTR) under Section
301 of the Trade Act of 1974.
The reports identify trade barriers to U.S. companies and products due to the intellectual property laws, such as
copyright, patents and trademarks, in other countries. This report has three types of lists mainly1) ‘Priority Foreign Countries ‘- countries which have inadequate intellectual property laws; these countries may be
subject to sanctions.
2) ‘Priority Watch List’- countries which have ‘serious intellectual property rights deficiencies’ that require increased
USTR attention.
3) ‘Watch List’- countries having ‘serious intellectual property rights deficiencies’ but are not yet placed on the
‘Priority Watchlist’.
India-US has been witnessing many trade disputes as IPR issues in Pharma Drugs industry, India’s National food
security Act, Solar panel local procurement policy, and nuclear trade disputes. These all led to create row between
these two countries.
India has been placed in ‘priority Watchlist’ for many years. It was expected that U.S. may put India into ‘priority
foreign category’ and can impose unilateral sanctions. But India remains on the Priority Watch List in 2014. India
calls this a wise decision. Because according to Indian officials, we have not violated any IPR law under TRIPS
agreement of WTO. India would challenge unilateral sanctions by US, if so happens.
Critics call ‘Special 301 Report’ as a public law devoted to the service of private corporate interests. India’s name for
the ‘priority foreign country’ was suggested with intense pressure and lobbying efforts by a section of the influential
American businesses.
Putting India in this list in the middle of elections, and weeks ahead of formation of the new government, would not
serve any purpose for US and in fact would have an adverse impact on establishing a positive and constructive
relationship with the new leadership in New Delhi. So US kept India in watchlist again.
11. Critically comment on the rise of communism in Nepal. What is its present ideology? What is
India’s position vis a vis Nepal’s communist parties? Explain.
a. The unified communist party of nepal(maoists)was formed in 1994 after a prolonged civil war in nepal .It was
launched to uproot the monarchy and feudalism from the country.It started as a guerrilla warfare and is now a
political party in nepal.
The ideology of the communist party was influenced by the china’s communist revolution under
mao zedong.The Maoists announced a ‘People’s War’ , under the slogan: “Let us march ahead on the path of struggle
towards establishing the people’s rule by wreaking the reactionary ruling system of state.”
There has been a radical shift from its policy of the past where it has embraced the democratic values and norms.It is
now actively partcipating in the formation of new constitution and the policy process of nepal .however the recent
trend indicates a turn around where the party president has called for a”social revolution”.
Observers thought that India would never accept Maoists in Nepal as Indian government was deeply worried about
the Maoists strong anti India dialects. And moreover, the linkage between the Nepal ’s Maoists and Indian Maoists
was also causing a headache for India . But contrary to all the popular beliefs, india changed its outlook and
supported the Maoists party alliance.
Indian administration sensed that Nepal was slowly inching towards a failed state status. They feared that a failed
Nepal poses a serious threat for India , which is affected by Maoist movements of her own, than a stable Nepal with
Maoists in the mainstream of Nepalese politics.
pls review
b. Communism in Nepal originated against the then feudal society under monarchy. It grew up as an armed
rebellion which was ultimately successful. Then it opted to reconcile with the constitutional democracy model of
government. But the party ideology and internal dynamics are yet to change in line with this new situation. The
current acrimonious intra-party debate in this regard may be seen as the birth pangs of a democratic revolutionary
party in the line of CPI(M).
The present ideology of the party is an unsettled position. While the latest general convention urged it to complete
the socialist revolution, prominent leaders like Mr. Bhattarai argue that the party has adopted a capitalist model of
development and therefore has to change course given the “new situation”.
India has viewed the rise of “Maoist” brand of communism in this buffer state with trepidation, because of the
chances that PRC would have bigger footprint in a communist-Maoist Nepal. But the new ideological shift towards
constitutionalism and democracy is welcome change for New Delhi, which is wont to help such change, overtly and
covertly.
12. What strategies does India need to adopt to combat drought and abnormal Monsoon conditions
to guarantee food and water security? Critically examine.
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/managing-the-monsoon/article5967958.ece
a. Increased frequency of extreme weather conditions like floods,cyclones,droughts etc have been witnessed in the
recent past which can be largely attributed to climate change.Therefore being an agrarian economy with largely
monsoon dependent agriculture it becomes imperative to develop a plan to combat such situations.
Food security can be ensured by growing area specific crops like drought resistant crops(ex-jowar,bagra) in water
scarce regions and viceversa.This needs to be added with good quality seeds being made timely available to the
farmers along with fertilizers and adequate information regarding crops to them.Further it can be substantiated with
constant energy and irrigation supply also making sure the latter is usedefficiently.Soil conservation techniques can
be practiced to increased production.Lastly post harvest storage facilities needs to be developed at the regional scale
in collaboration at national level.This will ensure food storage during bumper production and using them in bad
times.
Water remains to be the most exploited renewable source in thecountry.With ever increasing demand,leakages and
water pollution further aggravates the problem.Therefore awareness needs to be spread among the populace added
with increased use of water conservation techniques.Linking rivers where possible can be viable option along with
water harvesting at home,farms and factories.Further leakages needs to corrected along with curbing water pollution
which will increase thequanitiy.All this will help in moving towards water sufficiency.
Being a agrarian economy all this will not only ensure food and water security but will also ensure
livelihood,employment,energy security which will further help in dealing with problems like hunger etc.Therefore a
kit and glove approach needs to be followed to ensure the above targets to sustain the demands to the populace.
b. As there is forecast that south-west monsoon rainfall may be deficient and possibility of an El-nino event during
June to Sept, there is need to frame a proper plan to combat the difficult time.
As more than 60% of the Indian population is dependent on agriculture and allied services for livelihood, to ensure
food and water security, India needs to adopt some strategies as1) Proper implementation of national food security act (NFSA) to fulfill the legal obligation of providing 5 kg wheat,
rice or millets to nearly 67% of total population, especially to 75% rural population.
2) Framing a national food grain storage policy with three level storage- small storage bins at farm level, rural
godowns at village level and ultramodern food-grain godowns at state or regional level.
3) Establish cattle camps to look after animals and provide fodder and water during drought period.
4) At least two members of every panchayat or local body should be trained to be climate risk manager.
5) Promote Agro-forestry, family farming, and supporting small-scale farmers.
6) Boost production in normal monsoonal years with proper soil management, increasing crop diversity, fertilizer
use efficiency.
7) Efficient use of existing water by Agro-ecological and organic farming, smarter irrigation systems, Integrated
farming systems.
8) Improving food production from existing livestock by diversifying livestock breeds.
9) Water harvesting at houses, farms, and govt. buildings in rural areas and in underground tanks in cities in all
buildings.
Guarantying a food system is not feeding people with anything available; it’s about better management of natural
resources, equitable distribution, and the right to healthy and nutritious food. When we know these strategies to
combat the drought conditions, it is now the question to put these strategies to work.
c. India’s socio-cultural and economic life revolves around the monsoons. With almost 58% people dependent upon
agriculture for livelihood and over half of cultivated land still rain-fed, a weak or abnormal monsoon wreaks havoc
upon Indian economy. This is because droughts result, buffer stocks reduce, food becomes scarce alongwith lowered
water table and poor water availability.
India must adopt a number of strategies to help tide over such conditions to guarantee food and water security:
1) Encourage proper cropping pattern based on agro-climatic zones: This will ensure scientific growth of crops
suited to climate, soil, water availability of the region. For instance, in dry areas dryland farming be encouraged
rather than growing water-intensive crop (sugarcane, rice etc.)
2) Ensure water harvesting: Structures to harvest water (reservoirs, tanks etc.) in rural areas and using laws to
enforce roof-top rain water harvesting in urban areas is a must for water security throughout the year.
3) Scientific agriculture: Crop rotation, Drip irrigation, inter-cropping, terrace farming (highlands) etc. must be
practised to save water and enhance water retention.
4) Proper policies: Warehousing facilities must be boosted so that more buffer stock can be stored to ensure food
security. Drought resistant crops research must be done and tested in farms. MSPs can be tweaked to encourage
nutritious dryland crops (millets, jackfruit etc.)
In addition to above broad strategies, India must build strong trade ties so that essential commidities’ scarcity can
be met by robust trade in a severe food shortage year. New technologies like water desalination, recycling via water
treatment plants etc. is essential to have water security.
With increasing effects of climate change and weather phenomena like El Nino, drought combative strategies must
be implemented at the earliest for India’s food and water security.
13. Comment and the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW)
role in eliminating violence against women.
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/filtering-content-on-the-internet/article5967959.ece
a. The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), also known as an
international bill of rights for women was adopted in 1979 by the UN General Assembly. it has been ratified by 188
states till now.
it consists a preamble and 30 articles which define what constitutes discrimination against women and set up an
agenda for national action to end such discrimination.
By accepting the Convention, States commit themselves to undertake a series of measures to end discrimination
against women in all forms, and• Rejection of violence against women as it impedes the advancement of women and maintains their subordinate
status
• Equality of women and men under the law; protection of women and girls through the rule of law
• Demand security forces and systems to protect women and girls from gender-based violence, to establish tribunals
and other public institutions to ensure the effective protection of women against discrimination; and
• Recognition of the fact that distinct experiences and burdens of women and girls come from systemic
discrimination
• Ensure that women’s experiences, needs and perspectives are incorporated into the political, legal and social
decisions that determine the achievement of just and lasting peace
The Convention ensures women’s equal access to equal opportunities in, political and public life- including the right
to vote and to stand for election – as well as education, health and employment. It affirms women’s rights to acquire,
change or retain their nationality and the nationality of their children.
It has been successful to a significant level in controlling honor killings, female infanticides, rapes and domestic
violence against the women and promoting women’s participation in decision-making at all levels.
14. Discuss the areas of concern in trade between India and the European Union. Examine the
impact of these concerns on the growth of trade between these two.
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/sour-turn-in-indiaeu-trade/article5967957.ece
a. The EU is India’s largest trading partner, accounting for 20% of Indian trade. Trade between the two has more
than 80 billion euros from 2011. India-EU is also pursuing a free trade agreement with each other.
But negotiations on FTA are not working good as both countries do not want to lose their grounds.
EU raised concern over India’s national manufacturing policy (NMP) and other barriers regarding imports of
European Cars and other automobiles. India also worried about sanitary and phyto-sanitary (SPS) measures and
other standards imposed by EU strictly.
Recently, The EU’s Standing Committee on Plant Health imposed a ban on Indian mangoes, bitter gourd, taro,
eggplant and snake gourd, as pests and insects were detected in a number of consignments shipped from the
country. The ban is applicable from May 1.
India has now made it mandatory for exports of all perishable items to the European Union to be routed through
recognized pack-houses under the vigilance of plant protection inspectors to minimize quality glitches.
India wants EU to provide greater market access in the services and pharmaceutical sectors, data security status for
its IT sector and liberalized visa norms for its professionals. EU, in turn, is pressing India hard for reforms in the
banking & insurance, wines & spirits, intellectual property regime, automobile and public procurement sectors.
b. Major areas of concern between India & European Union (EU) on trade are related to standards, services,
agriculture, intellectual property regime & human rights.
Recent ban on Alphonso mangoes & 4 varieties of vegetables due to non-compliance with sanitary & phyto-sanitary
standards has strained exports. EU demands a strict IP regime while India maintains that its patent rules comply
with Trade related Intellectual Property system of World Trade Organization. This conflict has affected pharma &
music industry.
India wants more access to EU’s service market, in addition to liberalized Visa policy. EU demands entry into
agriculture, dairy & retail market of India. But European dairies are highly subsidized & India’s dairy sector is not
enthusiastic to receive them. Further, India has reservations on human rights, labor laws & environment issues
because they are not directly related to trade.
As a result, India’s bilateral trade with EU shrank to around €75 billion in 2012, as compared to €80 billion in 2011.
Agreement on Trade & investment has been delayed.
To improve relations, India needs to better its reputation internationally. EU has to avoid impression of following a
biased or punitive approach. Furthermore, an open mindset towards each other may push trade relations to a new
height.
15. The Summer of 1940 was such a crucial time in the beginning of World War II. Explain the
events that occurred during this time. How did German victories in the west affect at least two of the
following powers and their actions: France, Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and the United States?
Summer of 1940, which was preceded by much infamous Phoney War(Twilight war btw sept 1939-april 1940) that
saw German Reich under Hitler annexing Poland and consequential declaration of war by France and Britain was
the starting point of second world war.
Lack of any major act of aggression by France and Britain against Germans and with Soviet support(Ribbentropmolotov pact aka Non-aggression pact) Hitler embarked on a retaliatory path against major European aggressors to
gain back lost respect of Germany after First World War.
Summer of 1940 first saw the fall of France when Paris had fallen to Germans by mid-june. This led to France
surrendering to Germany by June end and signing a truce treaty which made Germany occupy more that half of
France. This annexation of France elevated Germans as superpower of Europe leaving only Britain as another major
power left. This lightening pace of war by Germans is referred to as “BLITZKRIEG”.
To continue on its huge success Germans with ambition to invade Britain had to control English channel to
successfully thwart British navy attempt to counteract them. To control channel Germans needed control of Air.
Hence started the famous “Battle Of Britain” with Germans and Britain involved in several air-raids on each other.
The summer of 1940 came as a spell of doom on major European powers with Germany evolving as the lone
superpower of European continent.
Aftermath include Britain successfully thwarting German invasion, Germany attacking Soviet Union and thereby its
own appetite leading to its own downfall. But since summer of 1940 was specifically asked that’s why contained my
answer only to it.
16. Recently scientists synthesised an artificial yeast chromosome. What is its significance? Explain
the potential applications of this scientific breakthrough.
http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/devangshu-datta-it-s-in-the-super-genes-114050100950_1.html
a. Recently by synthesizing artificial yeast chromosome, synthetic biology took a gaint step forward. Such process
had been carried out earlier with bacteria but yeast is more complex. Also, yeast shares about one-third of its genes
with humans.
Significance:
–successful functioning of entirely artificial gene can lead to re-design of microorganism to produce new medicines.
– apart from bread and wine, certain anti-malaria and anti-hepatic drugs are developed from yeast itself.
–biofuels with yields could also be developed from yeast.
Potential applications :
–the ability to replace natural chromosomes wih engineered ones can be used to develop immunity against virus
attacks by changing some genetic code.
–more possibilities is the revival of extinct species. If a full sequencing DNA of an extinct species is available, this
technique can be used on a close relative to revive extinct species.
– in future it might be possible for human beings to insert super genes to give resistance against diseases like
diabetes, HIV, etc.
– even human beings may be cloned as a possible adventure..
17. What are hybrid cars? Explain the technology used to manufacture them? What are their
benefits over ordinary cars?
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/hybrids-can-make-the-most-of-indias-chaoticroads/article5967940.ece
a. Hybrid cars are vehicles that use 2 or more distant power sources to move the vehicle. Hybrid electric vehicles
combined internal combustion engine and one or more electric motors. The various power sources includes CNG,
LNG, electricity, electric battery, petrol, diesel fuel, solar, wind energy, human peddling, etc.
Recent study has found that hybrid vehicles are more suitable to moving conditions on Indian roads. Situations like
heavy traffic, few highways, frequent breaks leading to frequent starting and stopping help hybrids save additional
fuel. Hybrids achieve this fuel saving through regenerative braking, that is, to turn off engine when car is stopped or
in low power condition. Hybrid can achieve fuel savings of about 47 to 48 % over conventional cars in India.
However, such vehicles share tiny market in India. Government seeks to give impetus to such vehicles along with
National Mission on Electric Mobility.
18. What do you understand by Gravitational Lensing? Why was it in news recently?
Gravitational lensing is a phenomena of bending of light due to presence of gravitational field. Light possess energy
and all sources of energy are influenced by gravitational field. Presence of celestial bodies or group of bodies,
example a cluster of galaxies, that are so massive, generate strong gravitational force. Thus, light coming from
distant objects behind it gets distorted, brightened or magnified while passing through it.
Scientist in NASA have recently discovered massive cluster of galaxies showing gravitational lensing effect.
Gravitational lensing can be used to make a direct measurement of universe’s expansion rate. This concept can be
further used to answer questions about the dark matter, dark energy, big bang theory, etc.
19. Compare and contrast how Russian economy grew since the inception of communism and its
subsequent fall later.
http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/t-n-ninan-putin-model-russia-s-future-114050201512_1.html
aRussia was part of former Soviet Union which was a centrally planned economy. After disintegration of USSR, both
political system and economy changed from Communism and centrally planned to Democratic and Market
Economy.
Since, inception of Communism in Soviet Russia, its economy outperformed Market Economies initially due to high
growth in industrial base and workforce. At the same time, capitalist economies faced the burnt of 1930′s great
depression and later shock’s from World wars.
During 1950′s and 60′s Soviet Economy kept its lead. But, after that its growth rate started to decline, due to lack of
motive to work hard, efficient direction and policy making by government, production of unproductive assets such
as Military equipment’s and mismatch in demand and supply of essential goods.
Thus, Economy of Russia stagnated and became quite backward against Market Economies of the world, resulting in
restructuring to Market Economy and privatization. Privatization has created many oligarchs in Russia. Its economy
since 1991, has seen many upturns and downturns.
Russia has huge mineral and oil resources, which is the strength and key driver of it’s economy. Presently Russian
economy is again in trouble, with almost zero growth rate and rift with EU and USA over Ukraine crisis.
b. Russia after revolution of 1917 entered into a phase of dictatorship to finally communism.
In principle dictatorship and communism moved together ans since Russia was ruled for years by a backward
looking Czar so economic growth was not a priority.
But after 1950 things started to change and Russia was on a path of high growth even outpacing more established
western partners. This was due to modernization, setting up up of modern industries and its natural resources base
proved adequate to carry high growth.
But as we know communism has certain inherent drawbacks i.e lack of motivation to carry hard work as people were
not allowed its fruits, suppression of personal freedom, press muzzling etc.
But above all Cold war changed the nature of production in favour of military and in many cases even if it was
uneconomical it was carried in the name of national prestige. So economy had her way and a fall was noticed and
subsequently disintegration of soviet union.
Now Russia embraced market based economy and due to its abundance natural resources and technical know how it
was back on path of growth but Global economic meltdown and other international realities and her involvement in
disputes had putted back economy on downward trajectory.
So Russsia had a Zig Zag growth path before communism and after its end.
c. Russia or the erstwhile USSR happens to be the first state to adopt state economy. It adopted communism after
the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917. Owing to its huge petroleum and natural gas reserves and huge industrial base, its
economy saw huge surge in first few decades.
The great economic crisis of 1930s impacted western market economies badly followed by the crisis after second
world war. However Russia survived the impact and faced only a little blow. In 1950s and 1960s Russia outpaced all
the capitalist economies of the world and matched their pace in 1970s.
The growth rate in Russia however started declining in 1980s . Since all the resources were owned by the state and
people did not get fruits of their hard work and innovation, it worked as a disincentive for them. The huge
expenditure in the production of defence equipments due to the cold war neglected health, education and other
sectors. The inefficient government policies exacerbated the situation and resulted in the discontent among the
people.
Russia finally had to resort to market economy and privatisation post 1990s due to the disaster witnessed by its
economy and polity in the form of disintegration. This led to creation of many oligarchies there. However again its
vast natural resources and technical expertise came to the rescue and the economy revived. Its economy has
witnessed many ups and downs in the last decade. Of late Russia is feeling the heat due to the dispute with EU and
USA because of Ukraine crisis. However Russian economy is robust now and more prepared to survive a blow.
20. Examine the role of media in addressing gender disparities. Do you think Indian media is
addressing this issue adequately? Comment.
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/media-coverage-on-gender-identity-issues-drawsflak/article5971751.ece
a. Media is the fourth pillar of democracy, and its role in ensuring the golden objective of equality can hardly be
overemphasized. Particularly, in the case of gender disparity it has special advantage in enabling discussion,
reportage of gender related atrocities, giving a voice to the till now suppressed women, and acting as a model by
providing equal platforms in their working environments.
Yet, Indian media seems to have lacked in achieving this. The TRP craving media has focussed more on traditional
issues in the fear of antagonizing patriarchal mind-set of viewers. At the same time cases of sexual harassment in
media itself, for example in Tehalaka case, puts a question mark on the capabilities of media to showcase itself as
role model for society. Further, stereotyping women in commercial advertisements reinforce the narrow patriarchal
mindsets, rather than challenging it.
b. Traditionally Many societies display favouritism towards male gender. Females are grossly undermined when it
comes social and economic rights, further transgenders are not even recognised as active members of the society.
Media has a huge role to play in changing the perception of society towards gender issues.
media is a widely accessed means of spreading information to masses. Media helps in people forming their attitudes.
There are strongly prevalent prejudices and stereotypes existing regarding the roles of gender. Media can raise
awareness by making people think over their wrong belief system. Media can explain gender discriminatory
practices and provide ways to correct them. media can promote positive role models from different genders for
enhancing the gender image. Various discussions and debates over gender issues involve people to actively
participate and verify their beliefs logically. Also media can highlight positive effort towards Reduction of gender
disparity like government policies, programmes, activities of community organizations, etc.
During past few decades Indian media has played an important role improving the image of females, however
transgenders remain grossly neglected. Infact they have been displayed in negative characters in many movies. Since
transgenders are in minority, media doesn’t seem to care enough about them. various studies indicate inactive role
of media in sensitizing people over sexual orientation and gender identity issues. Thus media needs to take more
actions to promote equality of human rights across the genders.
c. Media is increasingly penetrating the life of common population, and has huge effect on their thoughts and
perceptions. Its role in increasing awareness on sensitive issues like Gender inequality, transgender problems and
Gay rights issues is immense.
Television, radio, movies, and newspapers have an increasing tendency to show and report the crimes, tortures and
discrimination against women . But, a large section of media presents the story in such a manner, as to increase their
profit and popularity rating. Newspapers are filled with rape and torture stories with no additional column
condemning the act and raising awareness. Seldom some editorials come, or we listen some news about gender
issues in radio.
In Television we see diverse forms of women. In several soaps and serials, they are shown as villains. In movies, we
can get several acts where women are shown to be inferior to be men and rape and honor killings are portrayed as
revenge act and violence is glorified.
Thus, media has reported all such issues, but is not doing enough to reduce discrimination. Its findings are not protransgender or women, but neutral and sometimes biased against them.
We can take some examples.Media has been successful in convincing people to go to polio booths. Its adverse effects
are commercial ads inciting people to eat unhealthy junk foods.So, it can act in both positive and negative ways.
All these examples show media’s power to influence the thoughts of its viewers. Thus, it can play a very important
role in raising awareness and removing gender discrimination.
21. Discuss why India’s services sector has outgrown manufacturing sector? Do you think it’s good
for the Indian economy? Comment.
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/china-wants-to-tap-indias-expertise-in-servicessector/article5971818.ece
a. India’s services grew immensely after restructuring of economy in 1991. Before that, services were having
dominance against agriculture and manufacturing.
The growth of Services resulted due to favorable conditions presented by Indian economy. Availability of skilled
labor and English speaking population resulted in growth IT and BPO. Many call centers were formed in India due
to cheap labor and unit installation cost.
Government also promoted services by its policies as it was not able to provide enough stimulus to manufacturing,
which needs huge infrastructure investment in which India was lacking. Services were thus natural choice.
Growth of fast communication, through mobile and digital networks, made service sector easier to grow.
Government development activities already employed huge population which is serving common people.
Proliferation of schools through ‘Sarva Siksha Abhiyan’ resulted in huge increase in number of school teachers.
Medical, management and engineering sector also grew, with many new colleges producing Engineers, Doctors,
Pharmacists, MBA’s.
At the same time, Manufacturing was not able to grow due to lack of capital and supportive infrastructure, inefficient
labour laws, land procurement problems, demand and supply side constrains and Government policies.
Growth of any sector whether Services or Manufacturing or Agriculture is good for Indian Economy. Surplus,
generated in these areas will result ultimately in capital formation and thus investment in other areas. But, surely
sufficient incentives, infra and policies by government will be needed for such development to occur.
b. India’s services sector contributes over 55% of India’s GDP while contribution of manufacturing sector is about
15% of GDP. Several reasons can be attributed to this.
Globalisation of the Indian economy in early 90s helped the service sector. FDI inflows increased in several subsectors of service sector leading to better growth. Foreign companies got chance to outsource their work to Indian
companies due to globalisation. This particularly helped the IT and ITeS sectors. Presence of qualified human
resource and required infrastructure also propelled growth of service sector.
On the other hand, manufacturing sector almost stagnated since 90s. Inadequate infrastructure, stringent labor
laws, weak human resource development, regulatory issues, etc all combined to act as drag on manufacturing
growth. Indian manufacturing sector, esp. MSMEs had to face greater competition post-liberalisation both from
foreign firms and cheap imports inhibiting their growth.
This particular pattern has both benefits and drawbacks. On the one hand, rapid service growth has led to greater
services exports, employment generation, better living standards, cheaper services and better choices for customers.
On the other hand, employment generation has been slow because service sector needs skilled personnel which is
scarce in India. Growth in manufacturing would have generated far more employment opportunities.
To conclude, rapid growth of services sector and stagnating manufacturing sector has been mixed bag of successes
and failures. India needs to propel its manufacturing sector while equally promoting service sector to leverage the
benefits of both.
22. Critically bring out the relationship between ‘Big Data’ and security issues. Do you think
governments should be empowered to access and collect Big Data at will to ensure security of their
citizens? Comment
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-international/us-mulls-big-data-privacy-fornoncitizens/article5971785.ece
a. ‘Big Data’ simply means any huge collection of information, which is very difficult to process, analyse or work.
Increased information flow and digitization has resulted in enormous data production, which is daily creating huge
new reserves.
Terrorists attack on World Trade Center in USA resulted in war against terrorism by US. India is victim of several
terrorist attacks and internal disturbances in form of violent naxal movements, communal riots, and secessionist
movements. Local crime syndicates, smugglers, black marketers, profiteers and criminals are increasingly using
latest technological equipment, such as mobile, from where, relevant data could be mined and thus security of
citizens ensured.
Growth of Security challenges for national security have compelled governments to take steps to find relevant
information from these ‘Big Data’ archives. USA ‘Prism program’ was one such effort where massive snooping was
done, not only on private data of US citizens , but also on several sovereign friendly countries from which US was
having no immediate threat.
Thus, a duality of situation emerges where, Government needs to ensure safety of citizens, but it is infringing their
private life. At the same time, snooping on other countries has set a very bad president.
Government should be empowered to collect and analyse ‘Big Data’ for security of its citizens which is its top priority
and responsibility. But, this should be allowed for exceptional circumstances. Otherwise, individual liberty should be
protected, and liberty of friendly and sovereign countries should never be breached.
b. Big data is the term for a collection of data sets so large and complex that it becomes difficult to process using onhand database management tools or traditional data processing applications.
Increased digitization and technological revolution in information technology has resulted in creation of huge
reserves data. This is part of most of the modern day tools we are using such as mobile, banking transaction, location
based services, military movements had great impact on economic and political system of the society.
Its negative effects are it usage for terrorist activities, cyber crime(Banking system collapse), cyber warfare (Against
enemy countries program). In order to monitor this unlawful activities USA has launched its PRISM program.
Because of lack of regulatory mechanism on internet governance, USA started collecting data related to its friendly
countries which is not the intention cyber security.
Providing access to sovereign countries for access to Big Data has multiple factors.
– Security and safety of citizens
– Inter-state relations between friendly countries
– Ethical dimensions
– Individual privacy
Now we are in a Global world and internet is “World Wide Web” it not possible to have proper justifiable monitoring
system by empowering each countries to take decision on its own path. There should be a international regulatory
framework on internet governance and cyber security. Its actions must be justifiable in International Court of
Justice.
23. “The contemporary practice of Public Interest Litigation (PILs) has atrophied and morphed into
a format that has lost sight of this original political and constitutional justification.” Critically
comment.
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/restoring-legitimacy-to-pils/article5971744.ece
a. Public Interest Litigation commonly known as PIL can be broadly defined as litigation in the interest of general
public where one can seeks legal remedies where the interests a section of public are at stake. This was devised to let
voices of many illiterate and marginalized citizens of the country reach the apex court against the injustice occurred
to them in form of breach of public duty or violation of the Constitution or law.
However, in recent times it has been felt that the instrument instead of fulfilling its rightful purpose has become a
soft edged yet deadly sword at the hands of politically motivated groups. Though there has been no study to find
facts and patterns to the PILs but the approach so far has been favouring the wealthier states in counts. Even in suo
motu turning of citizen letter into PIL by Supreme Court has no rationale behind such selections and rejections.
Organisations disguised as PIL forums in partisan interests of their political front misuse PILs to meet their goals
that would otherwise be costlier or not possible as was illustrated by Shisksha-Bachao-Andolan in bringing
Dongier’s book on Hindus off-stores.
In order to let not political groups and others abuse its process, court must frame strict guidelines on management
and disposal in addition to have check petitioner’s fidelity. Also the need is to make PIL activists responsible and
accountable.
b. Public interest litigation (PIL) was invented in 1970’s to bring the focus of Indian judiciary towards the plight of
marginalized section and unheard voices of society. It has been able to deliver justice and redress grievances of the
poor people. But in the new millennium, PIL is being transformed from counter-Majoritarian instrument to counterdemocratic one and poses grave threats to our constitutional and political institutions.
It has been observed that PIL no longer represent only marginally people but become a tool for powerful people.
Studies show that most of the appeals came from Punjab and Haryana while larger but poorer neighbor states were
less well represented.
The wining proportion of the PIL for marginalized people is lesser in compare to PIL by powerful people. It is also
observed that nearly one percent of the total applications only are accepted for regular hearing for Supreme Court.
Issues like cricket and corruption etc which were more popular in media were accepted for regular hearing. So we
may conclude that PILs today are not exclusively focused on remedying deficient access to the courts.
Another controversy with use of PIL is that by using this anti-democratic and illegitimate people can halt the govt.
development process and program. In many examples like ‘Narmada bachao aandolan’ and ‘vedanta mining issue’
and Kudankulam nuclear power plant etc. legitimacy of petitioner creates doubts. the Shiksha Bachao Andolan
Samiti, a front organisation for the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, filed PILs to remove “objectionable material” in
National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) textbooks and thereby bring “Indianness in the
field of education.”
PIL is a radical procedural innovation that allows the court to overcome conventional, constitutional norms of the
separation of powers, dilute procedural norms and devise unique and far-reaching institutional remedies. This may
only be justified if it is used as an extraordinary instrument that compensates for the political and legal marginality
of groups or interests otherwise excluded by current institutional practices.
It is essential for the court to revitalize PILs by constraining them to their foundational justification before their
legitimacy is eroded beyond repair.
24. “ India’s internal security infrastructure is severely anaemic.” Critically comment.
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/the-sad-state-of-indias-security/article5971743.ece
a. The increase in the crimes and the recent extremist activities across the country highlight the lacunae in the
internal security of India. Despite the investment made for augment the technology and personnel, it has not been
able to combat the threats to the internal security.
There personnel in the internal security forces lack the adequate skills and training standards. This ill- trained
personnel cannot use the security infrastructure as is evident in the instances where the beeping of the metal
detectors is ignored due to low awareness of the personnel. The skill deficit in the forensics and intelligence
capabilities in the forces limits their capability to counter the threats. The intelligence services face a thirty three
personnel deficit . This is exacerbated by the lack of coordination among the internal security forces. The recent
extremist activities could have been avoided with a better coordination and use of technological instruments . There
has been a lack of political will and bureaucracy to provide adequate equipments and training to the personnel .
The insurgencies in the north east, naxal activities in the red corridor and state sponsored terrorism pose a pertinent
threat to the internal security. Recognizing this, it would essential to take measures to strengthen the capacity of the
forces along with the greater coordination among them.
b. Internal security poses a big challenge in front of India due to threats like terrorism & secessionism.
After Mumbai attack 2011, there was large-scale expansion of police manpower & modern technologies. Internal
security agencies like Central Bureau of Investigation, Intelligence Bureau & National Security Guards were
strengthened to counter terrorism. NatGrid was established to streamline communication among various security as
well as Law & Order agencies.
Despite these efforts, Internal Security Infrastructure is below minimum acceptable standards in India, as seen in
recent Chennai blasts. Experts in specialized fields like Forensics & intelligence are insufficient. Frisking & scanning
of luggage at public places like Railway Station lack seriousness.
India is a member of Financial Action Task Force (FATF) which works against money laundering. Still procedural
delays hinder confiscation of terrorists’ properties & cutting off their financial resources. Government has infused
modern quality education in madrassas. But violent extremism has not been curbed efficiently, resulting in riots &
blasts.
In such situation, Public vigilance & implementation of well-deliberated National Policy on Internal Security are
urgent needs. Fool proof security structure of Delhi Metro may act as example to make citizens’ lives safe in their
own country.
c. India has been facing manifold problems in internal security like insurgency in northeast, Naxalite violence in red
corridor, management of national borders, coastal security and trends of global terrorism. These create doubt about
India’s internal security infrastructure.
Even after huge railway protection force, railways are not safe from crimes like rapes, murders, fires and even from
bomb-blasts. Recent bombing in Chennai railway station exposed the loopholes in the technical level and expertise
of security agencies and forensic dept. in India. Metal detectors are generally not working or people ignore them.
This helps in free flow of explosives and smuggling of drugs and illegal arms throughout India by public transport
means.
Mumbai terror attack, 2008 show our coast guards’ incapacity to control terrorist to enter into mainland and spread
the terror activities. We improved much after that incident, but still India doesn’t have sufficient coast guards and
enough technology for maritime security.
Increasing left wing extremism in Red corridor, communal riots and racial attacks on North Eastern people are sign
of loopholes in internal security infrastructure and policies. Porous border and insufficient patrolling in north-east
and Kashmir are threats to external security.
Cyber security is another area which India can’t ignore as many of our govt. websites have been hacked many times
recently. Data theft and snooping into govt. secret plans may have much adverse results for country. We have not
been able to establish fully indigenous technology and instruments to prevent cybercrimes till now. Black money and
organized crime, terror financing etc. also make India paranoid about its security.
But it is not true to say that India has not been doing anything for this. We are developing capacity to combat all
these threats. Various institutions like NCTC, NDMA, NIA, NATGRID, CCS, and NBA etc. have been setup. Many
laws as such PMLA, POTA, Cyber security policy, 2013 etc. have been implemented along with many programs.
These all efforts have provided a much needed confidence to people for their security.
But potential threats of political instability in coalition govt. era have impacts in achieving the goal of security. There
is need for greater cooperation at international level and to formulate an efficient internal security strategy with the
goal to create and maintain the security environment.
25. Critically comment on the role of Japan in escalating the World War – 2. Examine how Japan
was made to surrender during the end of the War.
Under a militarist regime, Japan had become an imperialist Country towards the end of the Nineteenth Century.
Alongwith Germany and Italy, Japan claimed to fight communism and all three signed an Anti –comintern pact.
Further, all three in their imperial ambition agreed to redivide the world in which Germany and Italy recognized
Japan’s supremacy in rearranging power in Asia. With this, Japan occupied Manchuria in China, South Sakhalin and
lower Liatung in Russia and Korea.
However, there was no action against Japan by the League of Nations inspite of its provision of taking unilateral
economic and military sanctions as well as collective action against an aggressive country. Hence, though Japan was
imperialist, anti-democratic but the tensions led to world war because of the appeasement policy followed by the
Western Countries in order to divert its aggression against communist forces in USSR and China.
This appeasement policy led Japan to attack American Naval base at Pearl Harbour without any warning in
expectation that US would not retaliate. As a reaction, US joined the war leading to entanglement of Germany, Italy
and many countries in America joining the war making it global.
After forming allied alliance to counter the axis countries, USSR attacked Japan and its forces surrendered.
Subsequently, US attacked Japan with two devastating atom bombs which razed its two cities Hiroshima and
Nagasaki to the ground. Hence, the collective action of the allied powers brought the world war to an end.
26. Comment on the provisions of the Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land
Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013. Do you think this act needs amendments?
Explain why.
http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/plancom-advice-to-new-govt-tweak-land-acquisitionlaw-114050500050_1.html
a. Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act which
was introduced to do away with the loop holes of the previous bill namely, Land acquisition bill,1894 is still fret with
the same.
The bill provides for rehabilitation and compensation for private and PPP projects. 80% consent is required for such
acquisitions and Social impact assessments,intent of acquisition,declaration of compensation are necessary.
Compensation shall be four times the market value in case of rural areas and twice in case of urban areas. However,
the bill has exempted acquisitions for projects like railway,, SEZ etc.
Inspite of all these clause, Acquisition of land is still difficult. There is no minimum time limit for social impact
assessment and this can delay the acquisition. Though the bill talks on private and PPP acquisition, it is silent on
PSU acquisition
The compensation is based on market price, and as under-reporting of land value is rampant people may not sell
their land at such low price. The bill is silent on compensation. when the government acquires land for three years
Hence, with regards to the above reasons, it is necessary to amend the bill to cover up the many loopholes that still
lingers about.
b. Right to Fair compensation in LARR act, 2013 is the legislation that regulates the process of the land acquisition
and provides guidelines for compensation , rehabilitation and resettlement of the affected persons. The law replaces
the archaic Land acquisition act, 1894.
Though the legislation is progressive,there are certain flaws which restrict its utility. It requires the social impact
assessment survey of the land acquisition. This may lead to delaying the government projects. The delay in the land
acquisition may also result into the decreasing the industrial activity and foreign investment.
The act provides for the compensation at four times in rural areas and twice in urban areas of the market evaluation
based on the land transactions. Since the land transactions are under valued , it would result into the depriving the
affected person their fair share.
The government may acquire the land for shorter duration of three years. In such cases, the affected persons would
not be entitled to resettlement and rehabilitation.
Though the provisions for the intention and declaration of the acquisition , timely compensation to affected persons
aim at securing the benefits to the affected persons, the lacunae in the bill hinder the realization of the objective.
Thus, amendments should be made to ensure greater efficacy.
c. Economic growth and job creation require efficient usage of land resources. It is important that a fair and
transparent process for purchase and for acquisition of land is followed. Recently parliament passed Right to Fair
Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013.
It defines public purpose to include infrastructure projects related to agriculture, agro-processing and cold storage;
industrial corridors, mining activities, national investment and manufacturing zones; government administered or
aided educational and research institutions; sports, healthcare, transport and space programs. A land cannot be
acquired for use by companies unless they satisfy any of the above end-uses.
The act includes a requirement of the consent by 80% of land owners if it is for use by a Private Company or 70% if it
is for use by a public private partnership (PPP). The rationale of having differential consent is not clear. There is lack
of such requirement for the government or a public sector undertaking.
The compensation of the land will be given by a formula which will be multiplied by a number from 1 to 2 depending
upon the distance from urban center. The justification given for the multiplier is that many transactions are
registered at a price significantly lower than the actual value in order to evade taxes. This doesn’t answer the
question whether such under-reporting is uniform across the country.
This act also mandates that all persons who are affected by the project should be rehabilitated and resettled (R&R).
The acquisition process will take several steps as review by expert committee and state govt., updating of land
records, grievances Redressal by hearing, rehabilitation etc. The total time for this process can last up to 50 months.
This time frame would hinder economic development and the viability of projects.
There are several restrictions on the land acquired. The purpose cannot be changed. If land is not used for five years,
it would be transferred to a land bank or the original owners. Transfer of ownership needs prior permission, and in
case of transfer in the first five years, 40% of capital gains have to be shared with the original owners.
Recent cases of land acquisition have been followed by public protests, and the stalling of the acquisition. The
challenge for Parliament is to examine the new act again and craft the amendments in a way that it is fair to
landowners, while making acquisition feasible and practical for projects that are required for economic development
and other areas of public interest.
27. Write a note on Astra missile. Explain its significance to India’s military.
Astra missile is India’s first Beyond Visual Range Air-to-Air missile and has been designed and developed
indigenously by the DRDO. It has a target range of 60 Kilometers. What makes it more lethal is that it can be
operated in every weather condition. Further its active radar terminal guidance which means there will be
continuous radar guidance about the path and the target till the missile hits its target. It has a excellent ECCM
(electronic counter-counter measures) features which leaps India into the electronic warfare zone where Astra will
have its own electronic “stealth”, smokeless propulsion and process improved effectiveness in multi-target scenario,
making it a highly advanced state-of-the-art missile.
The significance of Astra to India lies in Its indigenous technology. With India, planning its own fighter plane called
Tejas this small missile will be the best cost to benefit missile to add to Tejas arsenal. It completes the decade-long
tortuous developmental saga of the complex beyond visual range (BVR) weapon which is much needed as now air
warfare will be of hide and seek pattern [no dog fights of WWii].
Therefore, the next set must to test the Astra Mark II, which has a range of 100 kilometer. Further India enters the
club of a few countries like the US, Russia, France and Israel who have developed BVR missiles.
28. Do you consider Tippu Sultan as a freedom fighter? Substantiate your answer.
Yes, he was a freedom fighter as he was fighting for manintaining sovereignty of his princely sate from imperialist
cum colonialiast East India company. Thus instead of accepting humiliating Subsidiary alliance traety, imposed by
Lord Wellesly, thereby surrendering sovereignty/freedom fundamentals viz External relations, defence etc, he
decided to fight for Independence of his state. Therefore he preferred a honourable death of Freedom fighter instead
a life of a British stooge.
However as for freedom fighter as understood in India in modern sense, he did’t fit the criteria, because Nationalism
itself was a modern phenomenon and was evolving at that time. India during rein of crumbling Mughal authority
and Tipu sultan rule was more of a “Geographical Expression” instead of united Nation state. Therefore it’ll be
wrong to judge Tipu sultan from status of National level Freedom Fighter (which obviously he was not).
Thus Tipu was definitely a lover of freedom ana fighter for National Sovereignty as it stood then, but not as we
understand it today.
29. Explain how MNREGA scheme works. Critically comment on its design especially with reference
to transparency and accountability measures.
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/mgnrega-snatched-our-livelihoods-villagers/article5977056.ece
a. MNREGA is one of the major flagship programme of govt. which was started to alleviate poverty from the masses
especially poorer section of society from rural background and also to provide them employment for decent living
standard.
The scheme works on the simple principle of self selection. while the scheme was formed for poorer section it is open
to all. However it has been seen the only people with poorest section join it and hence exemplify
its principle. Those who need it will join it.
However our past experience show what happens to welfare scheme and hence checks needed. In domain of
transparency a MIS(management information system) is present which shows all physical and financial aid, also RTI
is applicable and coupled with public hearing leads to social auditing.
In accountability domain with the help of IT involvement of every official could be seen, more emphasis on semi
literates to know their rights and a district level ombudsman is present who takes complains.
Still these measures are not sufficient and govt. needs to take some more innovative steps to take this scheme out of
corruption.
b. MNREGA scheme is aimed at ensuring right to work for rural population to reduce poverty level along with
controlling their out migration and creation of infrastructure. The scheme provides for 100 days guaranteed wage
employment for a member from rural household in the form of unskilled manual work. A willing member has to
register with gramsabha, issues job card to the registered members. within 15 days of registration employment
should be provided. Minimum wages are fixed and Unemployment allowance should be paid in case no work can be
provided. It’s the responsibility of district programme coordinator (DPC) and programme officer (PO) to co-ordinate
among different agencies like gramsabha, district panchayat, state government and ministry of rural development.
Financing is shared between state and central government, also employment guarantee fund is created at both
levels.
For ensuring transparency and accountability, the scheme provides for annual reports, mandatory audits, social
audit, proactive disclosure of information, citizens charter, vigilance committee and grievance redressal system.
Community participation in monitoring is ensured through continuous social audits at different stages of work.
CAG’s evaluation has brought out multiple deficiencies in the scheme like lesser number of working days, non
issuance of job cards, non payment or delayed payment of wages, non payment of unemployment allowance, lack of
awareness among beneficiaries, corruption in the purchase of material, ghost workers, poor quality work, etc.
Recently names of Sachin Tendulkar, Amir Khan were found out in the workers roll of Goa. In many states social
audits lack community participation and in some places they are not even conducted. Thus government needs to be
proactive for successful implementation of transparency and accountability measures provided under scheme.
c. MNREGA is a livelihood security scheme. It provides at least 100 days of work to adult member of every rural
household per year. Person willing for unskilled manual work has to register himself in Gram Panchayat, which
issues him a job card.
Job card entitles him for work from Gram Panchayat or other authorities as nominated by state government. Work
is planned & assigned by Gram Sabha, within permissible list of activities. After work measurement by authorized
personnel, wages are transferred to bank or post office account.
Mandatory social audit by Gram Sabha within 6 months is provided, to ensure accountability. But lack of training &
educational provisions has weakened it. Through e-FMS (electronic fund management system) & e-FRS
(expenditure based fund release system), fund management & release is done on real time basis. Still, wage mafia in
Odisha & Uttar Pradesh has extracted benefits by bogus entries & fake accounts.
MNREGA has benefited 3.8 crore households in 2013-14 with more than 50% workers as women. But there is scope
of improvement through a pro-active role of Gram Panchayat combined with strict monitoring. Creation of more
productive assets having sustained rate of return may change the face of rural India.
30. Explain the mechanism of landslides. Examine their causes.
A landslide is a movement of mass rock, debris, or earth down a slope. The failure of the slope happens when gravity
exceeds the strength of the earth materials.
Landslides represent one of the most common geographical processes, not only for their rapid effect on the
modifications of the Earth’s surface but also for their intrinsic hazard.
MechanismLandslide occurrence is related to some typical and principal triggers, such as rainfalls and earthquakes.
Stability of a slope changes to unstable form due to any of the triggers. Then in upper part of the slope, debris, snow,
rocks or any part of earth surface break and displaced from its position and start to move down the slope. Gravity
increases its speed and extent. It stops finally at the foot of the slope generally.
Causes of landslide:
1) Rain- able to trigger shallow landslides (eg. debris flows). El Nino which increases precipitation in South America,
led to thousands of landslides in that part.
2) Erosion of the toe of a slope (the natural wearing of rocks and soil) by rivers, glaciers or oceans can overly steepen
slopes.
3) Addition of moisture from heavy rainfall, flooding, rapid snow melting, glacier melting, and an increased water
table can all saturate the hillside and cause a landslide.
4) Earthquakes – Shocks and Vibrations of 4.0 magnitudes and above can create stresses that weaken slopes. In
Alaska, many landslides was due to earthquakes.
5) Volcanic eruptions can produce loose ash deposits, heavy rain, and debris flows. The eruption of Mount St. Helens
has caused many of largest landslides of the world.
6) Human activities such as deforestation, construction works, vibrations by big machinery and traffics on the
slopes, blasting in the hills can trigger the landslides.
A large landslide in Afghanistan in May, 2014 buried more than 2000 people and their homes. The easiest solution
for preventing catastrophic landslides is to stop building on steep slopes or on the edges of mountains – landslides
may still occur, but the chances of people or property getting damaged is much less. Planting vegetation and
controlling water run-off will be the best efforts to save lives.
31. Write a critical note on Kerala government’s Kudumbashree scheme.
Kudumbashree means ‘prosperity of the family’ in Malayalam. Kudumbashree, a joint program of Govt. of Kerala
and NABARD for the empowerment of women was launched in 1998. This aims to encourage their entrepreneurship
and active leadership in women-involved activities through community development societies.
Kudumbashree was started as ‘State Poverty Eradication Mission (SPEM)’. It has unique three tier structure.
Neighborhood Groups (NHG) at the grassroots level send representatives to the ward level Area Development
Societies (ADS). The ADS sends its representatives to the Community Development Society (CDS). Today, there are
1.94 lakhs NHGs, over 17,000 ADSs and 1061 CDSs in Kudumbashree. It is the largest women movement in Asia
with a membership of 40 lakhs families.
The programs conceived as a part of the strategy to reduce poverty are:
• Microfinance operations/Thrift and Credit Societies
• Micro Enterprises
• Bhavanashree – Micro Housing
• Ashraya- Destitute Identification, Rehabilitation and Monitoring Program
• Haritashree – Lease Land Farming
• Balasabha – Children’s Neighbourhood groups
• Solid Waste Management /Clean Kerala Business
• Special Employment Program for the Educated Youth
• Buds- Special School for the Disabled Children/
• Self Employment Program under SJSRY.
It launched ‘Sree-Sakthi Portal’ which is exclusively for women to participate in active discussions on various issues
related to them. Rather than the traditional system of heavily subsidized approach, Kudumbashree promote selfhelp approach for building houses, latrines, access to drinking water, sanitary facilities etc., availing the minimum
support from Government.
Political Empowerment of Women is also a main approach of this initiative. Its success can be assessed by the fact
that in 2010 alone nearly 12000 women candidates contested Panchayat election and nearly 5500 of them had won
the elections.
Women, who were regarded as voiceless and powerless started identifying their inner strength, opportunities for
growth, and their role in reshaping their own destiny. The process of empowerment becomes the lifeline to their
children, their families and the society at large. Kudumbashree presents a unique model of participatory
development, which can very well, be adopted by other states in India and other developing countries.
32. Do you think the appointment of the Chief Justice of India should be solely based on seniority
alone? Critically comment.
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/choosing-the-chief-justice/article5977000.ece
a. Constitution relies on independence of Judiciary. From this breeds the objectivity of CJI, which is done
traditionally on basis of seniority. It gives impartiality and objectivity to process. But over time, debate has emerged
over the effectiveness of the same.
Seniority criterion curbs the doubts, fears, grievances of subjectivity, which may arise from a judge of SC. Every
judge gets his due share of service. If such objectivity is lost, it may lead to prejudiced and unaccountable selections,
which may become controversial, as the recent selection of judges.
But on the other hand, seniority brings inefficiency and fragmentation in stable leadership to the judicial system as a
whole. In coherency in approach is a result and institution as a whole suffers. Larger public interest suffers, as
Judiciary has large backlog of cases. A stable, fixed term would ensure a better and continuous approach to deal with
it. It shall bring clear vision and streamlined framework without much changes,
India witnessed 16 CJI’s in last 20 years. Only 4 served for more than 2 years. 8 served for less than a year and 1
even for less than a month. It does not go fulfill the requirement of position.
Therefore, seniority should not be the sole criterion, rather length of service of CJI should be given primacy and
latter can compliment it. An accountable, transparent system which is effective as well as objective should be in
place.
b. CJI holds the highest judicial position in India. He appoints the constitutional benches and allocates the cases to
them. Though there is no special provision for the appointment of CJI, he is appointed in a manner similar to the
appointment of SC judges according to article 124. The senior most judge is appointed by the President as the CJI.
Seniority is considered as a measure of the experience and wisdom of the judges. It provides a legitimate opportunity
to the SC judges to be appointed as the CJI. The consideration of the objective criteria also seeks to reduce the
corruption and the nepotism in the judicial appointments, thereby , bringing transparency into the system.
However, consideration of the seniority as the sole criteria reduces the efficacy of the post. The highest judicial office
is considered to be essential for securing the public interest. In the last twenty years the country has had 16 CJI`s
with only a few with a tenure exceeding two years. The short tenures results into the inefficiencies and incoherencies
in the judicial system, thereby undermining the public interest.
Recognizing the importance of the office, considering seniority as the sole criteria would not be adequate. The recent
JAC bill has proposed for commission for appointment and transfers of SC and HC judges would provide greater
consultation between the executive and judiciary , thereby bringing greater efficiency into the system.
c. As per the established convention (due to constitutional silence on the topic), seniority is the exclusive criterion
for the selection of the CJI. The reasons for establishing this criterion are:(i)It is an objective procedure which precludes the need for lobbying or partial practices on part of the judges. At the
same time, they can practice without the fear of prejudice in selection.
(ii)It provides a fair chance to every SC Judge and is seen as a natural progression.
(iii) It curbs any grievances in the mind of SC judges regarding the manner of selection.
(iv) It allows for the benefit of more experienced person helming the post.
However, the convention has increasingly come into question:
(i) Instability of leadership-the quick successions and frequent transitions lead to systematic inefficiencies. With
tenures as short as even a month, the judges don’t get a chance to set the house in order despite their best intent.
This leads to incoherence of policies and is especially problematic given the burden of pendancy facing the judiciary.
(ii)It undermines merit and is thus a sub-optimal solution.
(iii)It breeds a mindset of entitlement, putting personal honour ahead of public interest.
Clearly, when it comes to a constitutional post as crucial as the CJI, there is a need to revisit this tradition. This view
has also been enunciated by several ex-CJIs who have advocated a fixed tenure. While seniority offers the benefit of
experience, in today’s changing landscape of law-making with increasing complexities, international disputes and
transition to a digital interface, competence needs to be valued equally, if not more. The need of the hour is a fair, bipartisan selection committee. The recommendations of the JAC, though in need of greater reform, are indeed
commendable in this regard.
33. Why has the Korean War often been called America’s “forgotten war”? What purpose did the war
serve, and what impact did it have?
The Korean war is regarded as america’s forgotten war because it received less public attention than other American
war such as veitnam war.
Post world war 2, north korea was under communist influence and south korea was under American sphere of
control. The leader of Korean communist party Kim su 2 wanted to unite entire korea under communist rule,
thereby declaring war by marching troops south to 38 degree parallel. However, American forces were successful in
preventing the invaders and the spread of communism in south korea. The Korean war was one of the proxy or
limited war in which us and soviet confronted in third country.
Internationally, the war escalated the tension between two superpowers and was important in development of cold
war. UN came to be recognized as strong organization due to effective role it played in the war.
Socially, it scarred both north and south korea. Both nations suffered massive destruction of men and material.
Economically, south korea gradually became one of east asian tiger economy with the help of US in modernizing and
industrializing it. In comparison the north Korean economy was not that robust .
Politically, the peninsula remain divided into totalitarian communist state in north and authoritarian south state.
The tension between the two remains till this day specially in the aftermath of nuclear programe of north korea.
34. Critically comment on the issue of illegal migration from Bangladesh into Assam and the
resultant problems in many reasons of Assam. Do you think grievances of native people of Assam
who are against Bangladeshi migrants is justified? Explain why.
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/in-search-of-a-home-away-from-home/article5980512.ece
http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/assam-turns-violent-again-114050501252_1.html
a. Illegal migration have increased in the recent past in north-eastern region as a result of poverty,discrimination
and prejudice in Bangladesh.Thisincreased migration have lead to variety of problems in the north-eastern region.
Illegal migration puts pressure on the existing resources,employment opportunities also leading to forceful land
acquisition in few instances.Further it leads to development burden by the government along with sharing of
benefits in government schemes by the migrants.Allthis along with communal issues leads to conflicts and other law
and order problems as seen in the Assam recently.
On the other hand illegal migration also brings problems for themigrants.These include human rights
violation,health issues along with they being exploited as cheap labor,non-contractual risky jobs.
Therefore illegal migration brings problems for both the native population(Assam) as well as migrants.There is a
need for quick administrative actions in case of conflicts in the region.This can be substantiated with more patrolling
on the borders.Further pressure can be developed on the Bangladesh’s government to create employment
opportunities and basic amenities to the native population to curb migration.
b. As per Bangladesh the number of migrants from Bangladesh to India are close to 2 million. According to some
Indian political leaders, its actually close to 20 million. India has invested heavily in fencing the India Bangladesh
borders with barbed wires.
Today, Assam and adjoining regions have the immigrant question at the heart of most of the social strife. Amidst the
Statehood demands of Bodos, many a times Bengali speaking Muslims find themselves in conflict zones, facing riots
and killings.
The immigrant issue is rooted in the fact that India does not have an immigrant policy and we have taken ad-hoc
measures so far.
The concern against migration:
The continuous flow to Bangladeshis in Assam, is seen as pushing of the natives from their agricultural lands in
some cases and dominance on trade in other.
As the social tension has been building for a long time, the linguistic question has also become more important.
Even after the recognisation of Nepali in the 8th schedule, there is a demand of recognising Gorkha language as well
(which is very similar to Nepali). This is basically to strengthen the demand of Gorkha people for a separate state.
The highly divided North east region, becomes more unstable when the local leaders start the dividing the people on
the basis of locals and foreigners.
The grievance of natives against Bangladeshis is not simply against immigration always. There are covert aims as
well.
Nevertheless, there is a need of a National Immigration Policy to deal with the immigrants not only to address the
concerns of local people, but also to help improve the Indo-Bangladesh relations.
c. India , a highly heterogeneous society ,has a track record of accepting migrants at huge numbers and allowed them
into assimilate with the society . But the recent issue of illegal migrants from Bangladesh has unprecedented
ramifications.
. Because of the abject poverty , gross discrimination ,unemployment and the struggle for the survival in their native
country, illegal migrants move to relatively greener pastures. Here in case of Bangladeshi immigrants to Assam ,
they also provide cheap labor and work in all menial and risky environment .However , this has changed certain
equations in access to scarce resources like land , water , issues of national safety and security and most importantly
increasingly skewed electorate.
a. Because of the lack of proper data base in registration of migrants and land records , there is an often visible high
voltage protests by the locals to push illegal immigrants back to their country .
b. Increased immigrant population also becomes vote banks when they successfully voice behind a particular
politician. This is in turn offers them a chance to become citizens of India and skews political mandate drastically in
the local elections .
c. Most importantly increasing climate change will certainly will make life difficult in the flood prone areas of
Bangladesh and they are likely to stay here for generations creating issues of security.
d. Also recent reports of increasing militant organization in Assam and its neighbouring places has pressed the panic
button not only for natives in Assam but for the entire country.
.Though India has taken measures to have a national level dialogue with Bangladesh , increased fencing and
surveillance in the porous border ,it becomes a herculean task to curb it completely. A right balance between
compassion for illegal migrants and national security is the need of the hour.
35. Why was Financial Sector Legislative Reforms Commission set-up? What were its
recommendations on various legislations? Examine briefly.
http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/laying-down-new-law-114050501254_1.html
a. Recognising the fact that, as India is the second fastest growing economy in the world today, within a decade we
will be nearly $10 trillion economy, the government realized that there was need of strengthening the financial
sector laws and institutions to face the emerging challenges.
The Commission was set up by the Finance Ministry with following aims:
1) to examine and review the legislative and regulatory systems
2) the inter-play of jurisdictions of various regulators
3) the issues relating to conflict of interest of regulators
4) the manner of drafting and implementation of subordinate legislation
5) the criteria and terms of appointment of senior officials
in the regulatory authorities and appellate systems of financial sector;
6) clarifying the principles of legislative intent; the issues relating to independence and autonomy of regulators;
(source- FSLRC report – Introduction)
Key recommendation of FSLRC:
a) A unified financial regulator and limit the role of Reserve Bank to monetary management with three functions viz:
regulation-making, executive functions and administrative law functions..
b) A new regulatory architecture in which Securities and Exchange Board of India ( SEBI), Forward Markets
Commission (FMC), Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority ( IRDA) and Pension Fund Regulatory and
Development Authority (PFRDA) would be merged into a new unified agency.
c) Proposal for setting up of seven agencies — RBI, Unified Financial Agency (UFA), FSAT, Resolution Corporation,
Financial Redressal Agency, Public Debt Management Agency and FSDC.
d) The panel also suggested setting up of a new Debt Management Office (DMO) and also subsuming the existing
Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation of India (DICGC) into the Resolution Corporation.
The report has detailed guidelines for future consumer protection architecture along with proposals for Appellate
Tribunals.
b. Seeking to reform the financial sector regulations, the government-appointed Financial Sector Legislative
Reforms Commission (FSLRC), which proposed Indian Financial Code Bill for creation of a unified financial
regulator and limit the role of Reserve Bank to monetary management.
The Committee was setup because1) There was a public tiff between SEBI and IRDA over regulations of the ULIP (Unit Linked Insurance Products).
2) The suggestion to bring all financial sector regulation under one roof through a merger of commodities watchdog
Forward Markets Commission with SEBI was not accepted by the Ministry of Consumer Affairs.
3) Many financial sector laws date back several decades are not compatible with today’s financial scenario. For eg.
The SEBI (Securities and Exchange Board of India) Act does not give the regulator powers to arrest anyone but tasks
it with penalizing all market related crimes stiffly.
4) Gaps in regulation of financial instruments (For example, Ponzi schemes are not currently being regulated by any
of the existing agencies)
5) Reduced ability to understand risk (No single supervisor has a full picture of the risks that are present)
6) To identify capacity building requirements, skills required and qualifications keeping in view the role of financial
sector and what it should deliver.
FSLRC proposed the new regulatory architecture as1) Proposes setting up of seven agencies – RBI, FSAT, Resolution Corporation, Unified Financial Agency (UFA),
Financial Redressal Agency, Public Debt Management Agency and FSDC.
2) Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI), Forward Markets Commission (FMC), Insurance Regulatory and
Development Authority (IRDA) and Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA) would be
merged into a Unified Financial Agency (UFA).
3) Setup an independent public debt management agency(PDMA);
4) Setup The Financial Redressal Agency (FRA) to address consumer complaints across the entire financial system.
5) Setup of The Financial Sector Appellate Tribunal (FSAT) which will hear appeals against RBI and other Bodies’
functions.
6) The Financial Stability and Development Council (FSDC), which will be responsible for systemic risk oversight.
The Commission’s recommendations would solve the problems of inter-regulatory coordination and Regulatory
arbitrage. Still, the Commission’s report is not without controversy. If recommendations implemented in hurry,
would limit the role of the RBI to concentrate on monetary policy only. IRDA has set up a nine-member committee
to review the recommendations made by FSLRC.
36. What do you understand by demographic dividend? Do you think India is reaping its benefits?
Critically examine.
http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/ajit-balakrishnan-india-s-national-jobs-hunt114050501256_1.html
a. Demographic dividend means the share of growth in an economy, which it accrues owing to its favourable
demographics. Working class is more than dependent class. India’s rate of population growth has declined since
2001, but still it added more people than any other country.
India’s dependency ratio is expected to decline from 74.8 to 55.6 in the period 2001 to 2026. According to estimates,
every year 12 million people will join the workforce. India being a labour intensive economy, this is good news.
Working people create production and earn income. This leads further demand and jobs and incomes in other
sectors.
But such virtuous cycle has hurdles at supple side and demand side too. Firstly India’s large workforce will come
from poor states. A need for education, health, training, skills are mandatory for it to contribute. Then comes
adequate capital with banks to lend to prospective entrepreneurs. Land and Capital have to compliment Labour.
Second is adequate job creation and demand for them. A Surging manufacturing, services and other organised sector
needs proper investments and environment. These challenges prevent India from accruing its dividend. The
organised sector job growth has been negligible in last decade, which showcase the trend. It needs immediate long
term planning, investment, and push from all stakeholders.
b. Demographic dividend is a condition when the working age population is continuously increasing comparaed to
young and old people. In other words it is the rise in labour force participation along with reduction in dependency
ratio. Recent census of India reveals decline in fertility ratio along with rise in median age to 24. With ageing
population in the developed countries, India is expected to reap the benefits of demographic dividend by supplying
cheap labour force, goods and services to the developed nations.
However indian domestic economy experiencing jobless growth in recent times. There is a sharp decline in the
employment elasticity of GDP. This is because Services sector contributes a large share in GDP. Services sector other
than transport and construction is comparatively less labour intensive, also it mainly employs skilled professionals.
Labour intensive services are experiencing slower growth. The ability of manufacturing sector to absorb workers has
declined due to inflexible labour laws and increasing automation. Agriculture sector is already over crowded with
mere 15 percent share of GDP and more than 50 percent of workforce involved in it. The past few years there is more
focus on educating the youth, but their demand in the job market remains questionable. Often there is a skill
mismatch between demand from industry and educational courses. Further technology and skill life cycle are
shortening at a rapid pace.
As per CRISIL study less number of jobs are likely to be created in future compared to the recent past. Thus strong
actions are needed to reap the benefits of present demographic dividend. These may include – boosting exports,
focussing on labour intensive services live health, education, developing vocational education system with strong
industry linkages, providing for skill upgradation facilities, promoting agrobased industries, encouraging small
industries to grow into large ones and become organised.
c. “Demographic dividend” is the phenomenon in which the workable population(15-59) ratio increases as compared
to that of dependable population (0-14 & 60 years and above) This workable population when joins the workforce it
increases the demand for goods and services consequently pushing the growth on upward trajectory.
India is going through demographic transition and by 2025 it’ll become the youngest nation of the world but the
stagnant economic growth,sluggish performance of manufacturing sector,continuously increasing informal
sector,poor social and human development indicators like 48% of children are still malnourished,MMR still greater
than 200,life expectancy poorer than our neighbours indicates that we are not utilizing our demographics in a
proper manner.
Hence GOI is focussing on health and education in the form of schemes like SSA,RMSA,RUSA,Vocational and adult
education , NRHM , NUHM,JSY,IGMSY,RKSK,RBSY so that indian youth can be instilled with
cognitive,social,emotional,spiritual,and moral intelligence and can reap benifts of demographic dividend and thus
transforming india to a knowledge based economy with the population which till few decades back was seen as
libility.
37. “In advanced economies with reasonably free markets, bubbles are unavoidable.” Critically
comment with examples.
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/bubble-mania/article5980513.ece
a. Bubble is the new buzzword which doing rounds in communities which know even the iota of economy. Although
the concept of bubble is as old as wine, it came to limelight only with the recent global recession of 2008. Bubble is a
non-existing demand that was created by one or the other which ultimately results in increase in prices without any
solid fundamental base. Finally when the bubble pops, it pushes economy into recession.
Advanced economies almost all are market economies except a few. In advanced economies the spending culture is
different from other. They tend to create more capital by investing on high return entities i.e, capital expenditure.
Most of the investments goes through a common platform like banks, stocks, FiII’s of other emerging economies
e.t.c.,These investments are influenced by credit rating agencies mostly. These ratings will generate a positive
inflationary trend and increases prices dramatically without actual base on goods. For example, subprime crisis was
a result of callousness of banks while giving loans and failed to recover from them which placed ecnomy into
recession, Similarly in china where infrastructure is on prime focus, credit is cheap. This created credit bubble. In
canada it is housing bubble.
Most the bubbles have higher impact only when there is a serious concern about returns on investment. If there is
panic in most of the countries, then it’ll only be a few days before the economy collapses. Panic exacerbates the
situation. Not every bubble leads to recession or depression but only those which is added with greater panic.
38. Critically comment on the type of development India needs considering its social and economic
realities and requirements.
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/what-development-for-whom/article5980511.ece
a. Amartya Sen argues in Development as Freedom that development should lead to freedom. He further divides
freedom in five parts:
1) Economic Freedom
2) Freedom of movement
3) Social Freedom
4) Cultural freedom
5) Political freedom
Adam Smith believed that no society can be flourishing and happy, of which far great number of people
are poor.andmiserable.
In the light of such definitions of development and directions for building a happy society, India’s 12th Five Year
Plan that is titled as “Inclusive Growth and Sustainable Development”, seems to be the right path ahead.
The present day socio-economic reality, shows signs of improvement with a number of people coming out of BPL
each year and a widening middle class. Also, public debates through social media and mass movements are
indicative of the deepening of roots of democracy. The government has raised the budgetary allocation for health
and education sectors.
But, the incidences of violence against NE or Northern people in Maharastra or offences against women, agitation
against Vishwaswaroopam, banning of book written by Wendy Doniger, killing of Narendra Dabolkar, HinduMuslim riots in Muzaffarnagar, khap panchayats verdicts in favor of honor killings, female foeticide, low
occupational mobility in poor sections etc, show a mural of our socio-economic condition that is still similar to preindependence India.
Any political or executive decision to develop the country directly affects socio-economic fabrics. Thus any
development can take place by addressing these concerns. Also as we develop, people enjoy more freedoms and as
more freedom is given to people, their potential can be tapped efficiently and this fuel development. Demographic
dividend can be tapped only if we devolve more freedoms to people and create and environment where they can
exercise their freedoms.
Development has to be – equitable, just and inclusive on the ground level.
39. Write a note on Marrakesh treaty and explain its significance to India.
http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/reading-rights/
a. Marrakesh Treaty gives right to persons who are blind, visually impaired or print disabled, to access the published
records in formats like Braille, e-books, audio etc. India amended its Copyrights Protection Law in 2012. Thus
Indian works were accessible to all disabled in the format they chose. But the same wasn’t available for foreign
records. This treaty marks that advent.
It shall help disable to enjoy their rights to knowledge, to read and consequently right of speech and expression.
They can express their opinions, develop their abilities and contribute to the fields they enter. Thus a hidden
potential can be accrued.
India has been a staunch driver of rights of disabled. This treaty marks a victory for it. But not all sections of
disabled like deaf and all types of records have been made accessible. Much needs to be achieved. Rights of Disabled
are challenged on basis of rights of intellectual property for security, piracy and privacy. Further they argue other IP
may also be demanded by giving access to it.
Hence, fight needs to be continued, which need to be fought on the plank of rights of disabled rather than charity for
them. India’s role is seminal in this context.
b. The Marrakesh draft treaty, allows free distribution of books across borders in disabled-friendly formats. The
treaty will make specialist agencies responsible for producing and distributing accessible formats of books among
themselves and individual readers around the globe.
India can right claim its place as one of the proponents of such rights. Besides being in the forefront in championing
the treaty’s case,it has an existing legislative framework of its own which preempt such benefits- the 2012
amendment to copyright act. It is only logical that India had recently signed the Marrakesh treaty. Given that
visually challenged in India comprise nearly one-fourth of all such individuals across the world, ensuring the right to
read is truly a national imperative.
Besides the treaty moves towards right of access of knowledge. This right is a logical corollary to right to free speech
and expression enshrined in the Indian constitution.
However, there are challenges ahead. Given the multiplicity of stakeholders involved, however, the free flow of
accessible books across borders will take at least a decade to materialise. Additionally to take effect, the treaty needs
20 countries to ratify the document, it is a matter of concern that 64 existing signatories have not done it yet.
Besides in a linguistically diverse country as India it would be a tough task take into confidence publishers in
regional languages, whose copyrighted works are largely inaccessible to visually challenged persons.
Also safeguarding the legitimate interests of authors and publishers would require scrupulously enforcement.
The responsibility to make knowledge available for each other lies on everyone of us and not on a few
specialist agencies.For true implementation of the Marrakesh treaty, we should first endeavor to build a robust
culture of knowledge accessibility.
c. Marrakesh Treaty was signed to ‘Facilitate Access to Published Works by Visually Impaired Persons and Persons
with Print Disabilities’ in Marrakesh, Morocco, in June 2013.
The agreement focuses on copyright exceptions to facilitate the creation of accessible versions of books and other
copyrighted works. It sets a norm for countries ratifying the Treaty to have a domestic copyright exception covering
these activities, and allowing for the import and export of such materials.
The treaty also allows for the unlocking of digital locks on e-books for the benefit of blind people. In other words, a
kindle book or iBook with digital rights management could now be unlocked and printed in Braille without
consulting the rights holder.
Significance to IndiaThere are an estimated 285 million blind and partially-sighted people in the world, of which 47 million lives in India.
Only 1 % of all books published are available in formats accessible to them. This treaty will facilitate translation of
imported accessible format copies and export of accessible format copies in Indian languages.
The Indian Copyright (Amendment) Act, 2012 is in harmony with the Marrakesh Treaty. India would soon be
ratifying the Treaty, which will enter into force after the deposit of 20 instruments of ratification or accession by
eligible parties. The Indian government and civil society activists like Rahul Cherian and the Centre for Internet and
Society played a huge role in the eventual outcome of the treaty.
However, the Motion Picture Association of America successfully lobbied to keep the deaf community and
audiovisual material out from the purview of the treaty. In a context where audiovisual material is increasingly used
in education and the dissemination of information, this will continue to discriminate with these remaining people.
There is still need to do a lot from ratification of this treaty to expend it to other disabilities to ensure the right to
read to every single person on the Earth.
40. Critically comment on the factors that contributed to the fall of communism in Europe.
Communism is the socio-economic system where means of productions are collectively owned and classless society
prevails. Growth of communism started with Russian revolution in 1917 and gradually it spread to other parts of the
world. It was during 1990-92 that communism as a political philosophy got a major jolt when it was replaced in
Central and Eastern Europe by free market capitalist system. The factors leading to the fall of communism in Europe
are as follows1) Factors related to internal structure/policies of the individual countries–
a) Political- Communism was narrowed down to a concept where there was supposed to be one party rule. In
comparision, democracies offered multi-party options to choose from with every individual having a right to vote.
The grass was greener on the other side.
b) Socio-economic- After sustaining high economic growth in the initial years with USSR’s backing, communist
countries started facing economic slowdown and the crisis in the later half of the 20th century. People in western
Europe were much better off with a much higher per capita and standard of living.
2) Factors related to events happening across the globea) USA’s persistence not to let communism grow even at the cost of wars using instruments such as Truman
Doctrine or Containment Policy. Wars such as Greek civil war, Korean war, Vietnam war are all examples of pursuit
of such policies.
b) USSR’s collapse- With Gorbachev’s ‘Glasnost’ & ’Perestroika’ policies in 1985, the USSR had acknowledged its
weakening strength and need for reforms. By 1990, its collapse was inevitable and with its collapse its hold on
Communist governments in Europe was loosened and people started demanding reforms in its socio-political set up.
c) Also, Tiananmen Square events and violence in Romania aroused public sentiments against communism.
Although, it was suppressed in China, public vigour took over in Europe where people vehemently put forth their
demands to a democracy switchover.
d) Fall of Berlin wall and Germany unification etc etc.
41. Explain how Bluetooth works. What are its future benefits.
A Bluetooth connection is wireless and automatic, and it has a number of interesting features that can simplify our
daily lives. Bluetooth networking transmits data via low-power radio waves. It communicates on a frequency of 2.45
gigahertz (actually between 2.402 GHz and 2.480 GHz, to be exact). This frequency band has been set aside by
international agreement for the use of industrial, scientific and medical devices (ISM).
Bluetooth is essentially a networking standard that works at two levels:
It provides agreement at the physical level — Bluetooth is a radio-frequency standard.
It provides agreement at the protocol level, where products have to agree on when bits are sent, how many will be
sent at a time, and how the parties in a conversation can be sure that the message received is the same as the
message sent.
The big draws of Bluetooth are that it is wireless, inexpensive and automatic.
Bluetooth has a good future ahead because it meets a basic need of connectivity in close proximity, is the result of
initiatives of nine leading communications and computer industry vendors including companies like 3-COM,
Ericsson, Lucent, IBM, Intel, Microsoft, Nokia, Toshiba etc. Since the formation of the original group, more than
1800 manufacturers worldwide have joined the initiative worldwide.
42. In your opinion why do railway accidents keep occurring? What are the problems being faced by
the Indian Railways when it comes to ensuring safety? Critically examine measures taken so far in
this regard.
http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/subir-roy-business-as-usual-including-accidents114050601393_1.html
a. Railway accidents include fire, derailment, collision, human and animal run-over etc. Various reasons like
improper railway infrastructure, laxity of personnel, corruption, poor leadership etc lead neglect of this menace.
Therefore concrete steps like investigation and timely investments do not succeed. Thus accidents keep occurring.
Railway infrastructure encompass among others – tracks, rolling stock, safety gears, bridges, signalling equipments,
breaks etc. Such infra need regular maintenance and replacement. Owing to shortage of funds and technology, this
does not happen. Government setup railway safety funds in 2001 and 2011 to clear the dues for them. Still financial
health remains poor.
Kakodkar Committee, 2006, pointer out many issues and solutions for the same. Major stress was on accidents at
road crossings. It indicated towards callousness of on rail and off rail personnel. Again, a major investment was
designed . But again these investments remain dismal owing financial health. Political mandate do not signal hikes
in fares or cess.
Among other problems, political leadership, administrative control , technical staff and corruption , make a vicious
circle around this failure. Recent fires suggest poor fire-resistant material used in coaches. Investigations are slow
and not followed later. Recently, Sam Pitroda committee framed a modernisation plan.
However, despite all this in public domain, problems exist. Leadership, financial health and safety seem to have
some relation, which need to be put in place.
b. Railway accidents in india owe their fate not only to technical glitches bugging Indian railways (IR) but more
fundamental issues underlying it
The very structure of the organization is more centralized, top heavy and hierarchical much to the detriment of a
functional and objective oriented organization. At the functional level, there is a distinct lack of empowerment
resulting in what is known as “implementation bug”.
In addition IR faces a huge financial crunch. Passenger fares are not increased to appease populist sentiments all the
while increasing passenger carrying trains on an already overloaded infrastructure. Investments only constitute 4%
of the total investment in the sector and various bureaucratic and regulatory issues including land acquisition,
approvals from state governments stall new projects.
There is no practice of independent safety regulation by an independent agency separate from operations. Research
Design and Standards Organization(RDSO), apex technical wing of Indian Railways, much like the railway board, is
need for a complete restructuring. Signaling systems, crossings, coaches, safety instruments and guidelines are
either obsolete or blatantly disregarded
To its defence the government has initiated some safety measures. 5,400 unmanned level crossings were eliminated
during the last five years. There are plans for induction of indigenously developed Train Collision Avoidance
System(TCAS) and audio visual warning to road users. Over 2.5 lakh Class C and Class D posts were filled in the last
five years. To prevent fire related accidents, fire retardant materials inside coaching vehicles are adopted.
But it is evident that the core issues haven’t been touched at all.
At the most basic level , live update and a record of all train accidents and events must be maintained which includes
those of minor nature and near misses, casualties due to trespassing of railway track and casualties of IR’s own staff
while on duty.There must be an immediate end to the practice of announcing a “laundry list” of new train services in
every Railway budget and increase in passenger fares. A non-fungible non-lapsable safety fund should be generated
through safety cess on passengers and the dividend payment of Rs.5,000 crore to the Government of India should be
stopped.
Most importantly for Indian railways to become safe and competitive, a sincere and long term approach is to be
adopted. A climate of drift, sudden policy switches and adhocism only serve to keep a great institution far below its
true potential. The safety of passengers cannot be just an afterthought.
c. When it comes to travel, nothing is as exciting as travelling by train but there have been fear among people now
because of increasing cases of derailments and fire accidents in Indian railways every year.
Main Causes behind this are1) Outdated technology/infrastructure – old tracks, rolling stock and bridges leads to slow speed restrictions and
derailments.
2) Negligence in safety inspections due to incompetent employees and poor construction methods. Indian Railways
is short of 1.42 lakh safety staff at present.
3) Level crossings that are protected by signals-this leads to numerous deaths when cars or people are trying to cross
the tracks.
4) Lack of automated signaling systems – very few interlocking systems but large no. of manually signaling system.
5) Overcrowding – sitting on the roofs or standing on the gates increase the risk for injuries and deaths.
6) Ineffectiveness of the flame retardant material in the coaches.
Measures takenThe non-lapsable Special Railway Safety Fund (SRSF) of Rs 17,000 crore was set up in 2001 to wipe out arrears in
tracks, bridges rolling stock and signaling gear. And it was done with good efforts till 2008. But now there is again
piling up of arrears. So there is a proposal for Rs 40,000 crore Safety fund again.
Technology mission on railway safety has been started in collaboration with IIT Kanpur. High Level Railways Safety
Review Committee under Mr. Anil Kakodkar recommended the creation of a statutory Railway Safety Authority and
Railway Research and Development Council (RRDC).
Anti-Collision Devices (ACD) were installed in Konkan Railway on pilot basis. Expert Group on the Modernization of
Indian Railways under the chairmanship of Mr. Sam Pitroda expressed that these are need to be installed in all
trains.
Induction of fire-proof coaches in new trains and replacement of old coaches by LHB coaches (which do not get
turned over or flip in case of a collision) is going on but the speed is very slow.
Action has also been taken to develop Train Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) and Train Protection Warning
System (TPWS) is being installed to prevent accidents and over Speeding.
Govt. is developing high-speed rail network all over India which is glamorous but requires a very strict safety
culture. Building the dedicated freight corridors to avoid rush is also good. But Phasing out level Crossings (manned
or unmanned) is also necessary to minimize the accidents. Having a dedicated wing for fire safety akin to the
Railway Protection Force (RPF) is the best way to tackle fire mishaps.
43. Critically comment on Supreme Court’s decision to set-up committees headed by its judges to
look into matters beyond its jurisdiction. Do you think proactive and overreaching judiciary is
necessary to India? Comment.
http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/m-j-antony-monitor-of-all-causes-114050601392_1.html
a. Indian Judiciary has huge responsibility and respect to ensure the justice and stability to the country and its
citizens. Thus, its powers vary widely and depends on its own interpretation.
Our country is witnessing weakening of parliament. Thus, parliament is not able to take decisions on time, resulting
in delays and maladministration. Many laws are outdated, such as Motor Vehicles Act which need immediate
restructuring. So, Judiciary is forced to act in such situation as per demand of the condition to form committees
which look into such matters.
But, Judiciary itself suffers with various capacity hindrances. It has huge cases pending unsolved. It is crumbling
under its own weight and needs reforms, and capacity buildup to solve normal cases. Thus, any step by it to
encroach upon the other sections of government namely executive and legislature will be far-cry.
But, I also think that proactive and overreaching judiciary or to rephrase it responsible and empathetic judiciary is
very necessary in a democratic setup, to make sure that Justice is served even if country leadership becomes chaotic
and politics becomes self-serving.
In normal circumstances judiciary should not interrupt into policy matters and administration, but,in some
important cases it becomes necessary for judiciary to intervene when executive and legislature are not acting as
required to ensure law, order and justice in country.
b. Indian Supreme court (SC) is on foray in setting up committee after committees, be it in corruption investigation,
SITs, or even Cricket ! Though strictly speaking it is indeed a violation of Separation of powers doctrine, but in case
on India (unfortunately) it has become a “necessary evil”.
Proactivism on part Indian judiciary is only a reflection of deeper malaise of dysfunctional executive and legislature.
After spate of scandals and policy paralysis, executive seems to have lost track and public confidence in their
governance ability. Therefore judiciary has benn sucked in owing to “Power Vaccum” created by deteriorating
executive.
Though there are certain drawbacks but such “Committee activism” on part of SC does shake executive out of their
slumber and make them realise their “Constitutional duty” to govern with integrity.
Also committees by SC is due to lack of confidence in multiple committees set up by government, only for their
recommendations to be brushed aside. Therefore judicial committees will have moral and judicial power backing of
SC and thereby greater of chance of being heard and implemented.
However one can argue about professional qualification of such committees in technical and administrative domain
and that they may also distract SC from its job of dispensing justice. But such proactivism has to be short term
measure and only a reminder to executive of its larger duty and to legislature to hold executive responsible of its
duties.
c. Judiciary in India is responsible for upholding constitutional spirit & protecting rights of citizens while working
within the democratic framework.
Recent decision of Supreme court to form yet another committee headed by former judges to look into Motor
Vehicles Act is case in point of Judiciary’s foray into spheres of administration. In past too, Judiciary intervened in
many aspects like usage of CNG for public transport in Delhi, Monkey menace, Interlinking of rivers, appointments
in BCCI, traffic safety norms etc.
Yet many positives like expansion of scope of Art.21 via Maneka Gandhi case and holistic interpretation based on
intent of law along procedural aspect of law led to famous ‘basic structure doctrine’ in Kesavnanda Bharti case, 1973.
Judiciary is already crippling with rising pendency of cases, lack of digital and physical infrastructure, insufficient
staffing. Undertaking suo-moto newer functions would lead to inefficient judiciary compromising on its primary
function of interpreting and protecting Constitution.
Thus a proactive judiciary is desirable for vibrant functioning of maturing democracy like India but overreaching
tendency should be avoided as it would be ultra-vires of Artcile 50 of Constitution and totally against the pristine
ideals of forefathers.
44. Comment on the recommendations of Parekh panel on infrastructure’s interim report.
http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/parekh-panel-s-infra-road-map-likely-this-week114050601132_1.html
a. Parekh Panel was formed to give recommendations on improving infrastructure in India and suggest methods to
mobilize resources.
In its interim report, the panel has recommended realistic fair pricing for railways, natural gas, electricity and ports.
On tax and other issues, the committee had said overarching impediments such as delays in land acquisition and
environment clearances, taxation and General Anti-Avoidance Rule-related issues and regulatory uncertainties,
should be addressed urgently
It also suggested, import of coal to meat domestic requirements, guarantee operations to enable the flow of nonbank long-term credit for infra projects, especially insurance and pension funds, expedite capital-dredging in ports,
bring rate deregulation, and expedite new ports construction. Also, Public-private partnership to be encouraged.
Its suggestions are most welcome, as India is highly crumbled under subsidy regime. But, high inflation has also hit
hard to poor sections of society. Thus, welfare measures such as low fair for general compartments in railways,
subsidy to target poor sector in gas, kerosene, oil, electricity need not be removed. Rather, a restructuring is
required.
Land related issues are highly critical due to its shortage and corruption in land deals. India is also facing huge
environmental problems. Thus, delays need to be tackled with in these areas, but only after ensuring safety and
security of environment and people. Also, it should not create any law and order problem. Rest, all its
recommendations are pro-growth and urgently need to be implemented as they are.
b. Deepak Parekh’s interim infrastructure report gave recommendations in every sector of infrastructure. Some of
the important recommendations included the following.
He recommended compatible prices in service sector especially power. According to him, the increase in price in the
power sector should be transferred to the consumer’s end, so that there is no additional pressure on the government
due to price rise. Though he is practical in this approach, but the huge number of people living in LIG cannot be
overlooked, and therefore cutting down subsidies would render the slowing down of economic development at this
point.
He called for sustainable fares and PPP in railways. This is a good step as the Indian Railways is running into loss
and fare hike will arrest its deficit. Also Private involvement in railways would lead to its expansion and
improvement in standard. But, while implementing this measure, we should keep in mind that railways cater to rich
and poor alike and hence, the fares should be revised keeping majority of the population in mind.
Airports and ports were suggested to expedite award of projects, so that it may result in the fast track completion.
This would result in competitiveness and hence better infrastructure generation.
His recommendations which have already been implemented includes the high speed freight corridors and building
of high speed bullet trains, 100% FDI in telecom, instead of 74%(because according to him, for Indian companies,
this 26% would be difficult to control if its presence is to be made in PAN India). The NHAI has also plans of
implementing the construction of expressways in its Phase III.
The role of IIFCL (Indian Infrastructure Finance Company Ltd.) was reviewed and it was recommended that it
change to guarantor rather than direct lender to infrastructure projects. This would result in more involvement of
private companies in the infrastructure projects, and the financial burden on IIFCL would be reduced. It would be
able to sanction more projects as a guarantor and this would lead to faster growth. It also recommended setting up
of its instrument in foreign countries, which would lend foreign currencies to Indian infrastructure projects at a
lower rate, so as to promote the infrastructures. However, all of these recommendations have already been
implemented, and a wholly owned subsidiary of IIFCL has already been set in London for financing Indian
infrastructure projects.
Last, but not the least, it was suggested that the delay caused by environmental clearances, land acquisitions and
taxation issues should be done away with, for promoting faster growth of infrastructure. This can only be achieved
by restructuring and revamping regulatory framework for transparency and growth of infrastructure projects.
45. Do you think Right Education Act needed constitutional status? Critically comment, especially
keeping in mind objections raised by unaided private schools
http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/constitutional-validity-of-right-to-education-upheld114050601070_1.html
a. The RTE Act came into being in 2009 through the 93rd Constitutional Amendment. The Act makes it compulsory
for a private unaided educational institution to provide reserve 25% seats for educationally and economically weaker
children in the age group of 6 to 14 years. This is not the first time the hon’ble Court has rejected such PILs.
The private unaided institutions have challenged the law to be unconstitutional but a recent Supreme Court verdict
have rejected all such appeals ruling in favor of the law.
The main contention from the private schools is that the law infringes in their autonomy, gives rise to
inspector raj and affects the educations quality as well.
The high fees of private schools and lack of basic facilities in government schools, leaves the question of educating
one and all becomes difficult to address.
The Right to Education draws its constitutional validity from the provisions of equality and also directive principled
of state policy, The government’s view is since the land used by the private unaided schools, is many a times given at
throw away prices, they have social responsibility to wards the poor sections of the society as well.
As the government has taken recourse of Right based approach for job, food and education, and with the SC ruling in
favor of such laws, the question of their propriety from Constitutional point of view can hardly be debated. What
remains to look into is whether the Right based welfare measures remain the only way forward even when private
investors have genuine concerns against such laws.
The weak educational infrastructure today owes to years of abysmal budgetary allocation of education sector and
neglect from the State. Putting a burden of 25% of private schools may not be the best way to go ahead.
b. Education is a potential weapon to bring in progress , development and equality. In the words of Amartya sen
,”Knowledge as a power is now more understood by state and societies in India”.In this context , the landmark
legislation requires a constitutional mandate.
It is by the 93 rd amendment ,article 15 (5) empowered State to make special provisions to SC/ST or any
educationally backward sections for appointment in unaided educational institutions.On this context ,under article
21(a) ,Right to education act was implemented . From the unaided institution angle, this infringes on their
fundamental right to carry on any profession or trade . It impedes them to establish ,administer and run their own
institution.
They also apprehend that the teacher pupil ratio, physical infrastructure ,quality of students from the backward
sections will make the process of inculcating education cumbersome .They also complain that the vaguely drafted act
makes no clear standing on the fees reimbursement by the government and it leaves minority institution out of the
purview.
However , keeping in mind of the above aspects , it can be fairly stated that the intention of the bill is not to rob off
the freedom of unaided institutions but to provide a social goal of equality of opportunities and mobility to the
weaker sections. On this ground , the above argument of unaided institutions becomes untenable.Though certain
clauses of the law can be sorted out with proper deliberation among all stakeholders ,awarding constitutional status
to this landmark act should never be compromised .
c. After the Supreme Court identified right to education within article 21, the Government added Article 21A in 2002
and passed its enabling legislation (RTE Act 2009).
Giving right to education constitutional status is justified because:
– India being a welfare state is duty-bound to help improve the living standards of all her citizens and education is
best poised to do so.
– Transferring it from DPSP to Part III announces our seriousness regarding it and also opens it to the ultimate
safeguard of Article 32 (SC writ jurisdiction).
– The provision of seat reservation in private schools to economically weaker sections is justified because affirmative
action is allowed under Articles 14 and 15.
Even so, some provisions in the Act need a relook:
– By giving right to education a constitutional status and by defining ‘education’ comprehensively, even peripheral
provisions in the RTE Act are given constitutional backing. eg: the act sets stringent and short time limits for all such
schools to attain standards set for infrastructure, teacher training, qualifications etc. How can the government
expect all this to happen so fast when despite heavily funded schemes like SSA it could not achieve it?
– The subsidy per child for the reserved category is far less than fees charged by most schools. This infringes on their
right to vocation/business under article 19(1).
– By applying blanket inapplicability to all minority educational institutions the Act fails to distinguish those truly
deserving protection under articles 29 and 30 from those that are financially very sound and cater largely to nonminorities.
46. Discuss the emerging problems being face by megacities around the world.
a. All the major mega cities in the world are becoming a primary hub of economic activities in their respective
regions. Hence their population is increasing at a rapid pace leading to high population density and pressure on
natural resources within city regions. Multiple issues have arisen because of this.
There is rising demand of water in megacities due to high population. This results in excessive extraction of
groundwater and rapid fall in ground water table. Many mega cities like Mumbai, Jakarta, Tokyo, Venice are located
in coastal area. Recent studies indicated that falling water table leads to intrusion of sea water into ground water and
rapid subsidence of land. Further global warming causing sea level rise results in submergence of coastal land.
During the times of cyclone or heavy rainfall coastal megacities are highly prone to floods due to rising sea level.
With rising pollution many mega cities like Shanghai are experiencing the phenomenon of urban heat island.
Greenhouse gases from the pollutants absorb and retain more heat, also temperature inversion is observed d in the
upper layers of atmosphere which creates lead for convection of hot air. Thus temperature of the city increases more
than normal specially during night times.
Few other issues like disposal of urban waste, traffic congestion, availability of drinking water, power, etc are also
aggravating. Along with this few social problems like loneliness, stress, depression, lack of privacy are also emerging
within the people living in megacities.
b. Megacities are metropolitan areas with total population of more 10 million people .It is because of multitude of
push and pull factors these megacities hold highest density of people.
Because of very high density of population , these cities have great trouble in supply of water ,food housing
,employment, providing a basic level of sanitation and waste management facilities to all. According to World bank
report ,one third of the developing world city population do not have safe drinking water. Most importantly , the
inadequate housing facilities gives them no option but to settle in slums and squatters. When these slums are
situated near rivers turned open sewers , this is recipe for a potential human health hazard.
From the development perspective, unplanned growth and uncontrollable growth leads to traffic , congestion and
most importantly tragic environmental hazards. When huge sections of population are not accommodated in the
main stream organized sectors , they not only become vulnerable to any external social security shocks but may also
be forced to enter unproductive sector leading to increasing crime rates..
It is high time for all megacities, irrespective of their location, to engage and to encourage sustainable development
where the development meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of the future
generation to meet their own needs.
47. “ A uniform policy at the central level should focus on access to higher education and not on any
“right” to education. The rights-based narrative should be confined to universal primary education
alone, a fundamental right.” Comment.
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/privatising-professional-education/article5984119.ece
a. Higher education is the lever which can accelerate growth and development in a country. Primary education is the
basic foundation on which a human can develop him/herself. Thus, in India we made primary education a universal
right. The right based narrative will ensure that every child will have a basic primary education. However, in case of
higher education, we cannot apply the same right based narrative, because it will require huge resource and human
resource development. In addition to it higher education is also more demand driven, i.e. it depends on requirement
in job market.
Even in advanced countries universal education is not guaranteed , some small proportion of population only have
access to higher education.
However, maintaining the distinction, we should also ensure that higher education is not confined to a privileged
few. Arrangement should be made so that a poor can also have equal opportunity as a rich or middle class student. It
can be done through subsidy, scholarship etc. It will ensure that socially and economically backward communities
have equal access to higher education
b. India’s education system as anywhere else in the world is divided broadly into primary education and higher
education. The government in its quest to provide inclusive development under different provisions of directive
principles to states in the Constitution is managing the education along with private sectors. However, there are
many voices in favour of putting the higher education exclusively in the domain of private institutions with
government funding the scholarships.
It is being debated that government controlled institutions of higher education are sometimes waste of taxpayer
money as many among them leave their profession to get into other jobs such as civil services, politics, and other
fields of administration. Hence, the government should only regulate primary education and facilitate access to
higher education instead of actually providing the same.
However, the argument that higher education should be in private domain implies that only those who have money
get can higher education. It will create a void where the needy despite being talented won’t find the place in good
institute and courses. The scholarships by government are already ridden with corruptions.
The higher education keeping the present scenario of 70 percent population living in villages with less than average
national income, should not be given exclusively to private sectors.
c. A qualified, talented and well-trained human capital is central to the development plans of a nation and more so
for India, which is home to 1/5th of world’s population with a nationwide average age of 35 yrs, making it one the
youngest nations of the world. However, owing to our socio-economic conditions plagued by burgeoning population
and related stumbling blocks, improper resource utilization, lop-sided growth patterns etc, we have so far not been
able to harness the potential that exists in our citizens. Especially, the deplorable literacy rate when compared to our
GDP growth and isolated pockets of steep growth, calls for policies for the education sector aimed at enhancing the
human capital, both qualitatively and quantitatively.
With chronic deficiencies in the primary education sector like lack of quality teachers, poor infrastructure at schools,
improper teaching methodologies, high drop-out rate etc we have a long distance to cover before embarking upon
the challenging task of reforming the higher education. Govt. has taken cognizance of this impending need and has
taken a host of measures for reforming the education system and taking steps to attract students to school. There
exists a general consensus among the masses on the need and role of education as a liberator. The govt. has so far
been able to do fair amount of justice to the constitutionality of Right to Education act. However, much needs to be
done if we are to take our primary education system to comparable levels as exists in developed nations.
A shift of focus from primary education to reforming the higher education at this critical juncture will require
massive investments and resource mobilizations. Also, the quality of higher education cannot be ensured owing to
the fragile structure of our primary education system. The govt. instead of intervening aggressively can play the role
of a facilitator for its citizens. With its huge funding requirements and infrastructure related pre-requisites, the govt.
should open new avenues for investments coupled with liberal regulatory policies as higher education is more about
interest than about the compulsory requirement. The govt. should focus on harnessing the potential of the private
sector, governed by forces of demand and supply, to generate opportunities for the masses. Cheaper education loans,
tax breaks for promoting R&D activities, setting up of centres of excellence etc has without doubt boosted the growth
and expansion of this sector. At this level of societal development, the need of the hour is that govt. should currently
focus on enhancing access to primary education and provide parallel support for expansion of higher education.
48. Comment on the growth of capitalism in East Asia post Second World War.
After the second world war the East Asian Economies of Japan, Hong Kong, Taiwan, South Korea and Singapore,
grew at very fast rate. This, happened due to state sponsored capitalism model.
In this model, he government invests money into certain sectors of the economy in order to stimulate the growth of
new (or specific) industries in the private sector.
Key aspects of the East Asian model include state control of finance, direct support for state-owned enterprises in
“strategic sectors” of the economy, high dependence on the export market for growth, and a high rate of savings. Due
to this, Hong Kong and Singapore became world’s leading financial centers and South Korea and Taiwan became
world’s leading manufacturing and information technology giants.
Today, Chinese companies are growing by adopting similar model and support of government. This mode, has long
term detrimental effects. It creates huge state owned monopolies, aggressive bidding, capital sucking and market
domination thus, blocking the way of entrepreneurs and innovations. They are increasingly controlled by relatives of
state power holders thus creating cronyism, inequality and eventually discontent.
Thus, in short term this approach may be beneficial, but in long term these will be detrimental to overall growth as
seen in Asian Financial crisis of 1997-98. Also, it will hinder growth of small scale initiatives and private sector.
49. Write a note on Google Glass and its applications.
Google Glass is an internet enabled device with a head mounted display (HMD) & is wearable like a normal pair of
spectacles. It is developed under the Project Glass-research by Google. It displays information in a hands-free
manner and allows the wearer to communicate with the internet via natural language voice commands.
The most significant use of Google Glass can be in the field of medicine as
a) Doctors sitting in remote locations can clearly see the anatomical characteristics as the surgeon sees himself and
thus can receive inputs which leads to a more interactive and collaborative surgery
b) It can summon medical history of patients and other diagnostic records which is of immense help to the surgeon
Also Its technology can be used to gather intelligence reports, with inconspicuous spying, and translating phrases
into several languages as had been done traditionally by military and intelligence agencies.
Another major application of it can be transacting online if Google introduces Google Wallet as it is planned by the
company.
The widely used Google Maps too are integrated into the device making it more easy to find routes
The technology is no doubt, ingenious. But the success of this lies in its useful application which would impact the
society positively as it can harm the privacy of individuals in a big way if used negatively.
50. Critically comment on Supreme Court’s ruling that the Section 6A of the Delhi Special Police
Establishment Act as unconstitutional and examine the implications of this ruling.
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/no-shield-for-corruption/article5987620.ece
http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/towards-accountability-114050701453_1.html
a. The Supreme Court recently held as invalid Section 6A of the Delhi Special Police Establishment Act(DSPEA),
which granted protection to joint secretary and above officers from facing even a preliminary inquiry by the CBI in
corruption cases.
The judgement is significant on several counts. One it strengthens the constitution’s commitment to towards
equality of law for everyone enshrined in Article 14. Two it reduces CBI’s dependence on the government to an
extent. Third DSPEA is now more compliant with the Prevention of Corruption act.
Notwithstanding the political interference, the CBI over the years have been adding to its powers, aided by some
Supreme Court judgments (Vineet Narain case, coal mining rights allotment case etc) as well as certain government
initiatives. Caution must be taken not to allocate political autonomy at the expense of unaccountability to such a
powerful organization which must ultimately be answerable to some democratic institute. Additionally in an
atmosphere of policy as well as functional paralysis, an over vigilant CBI can add to the existing inertia in
bureaucracy.
Besides the judgement is not the final answer to CBI’s perils. CBI today is saddled with multitude of tasks without
matching manpower, forensic resources and financial strength. It is also dependent in most cases for preliminary
investigation on the state police and the CID which have been ignored even more acutely. Finally a judicial remedy
to the institute accountable to legislature has not been proven very effective. The scant respect shown to the it’s
directives by the central and most of the state governments in the ShriPrakash Singh judgement on police reforms is
a pointer.
A strong political will must be the underlying basis for CBI reforms for them to be sustainable.
51. Examine the status of Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) of India with
ASEAN countries and the India-European Union (EU) trade agreements.
http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/t-s-vishwanath-rebooting-trade-pacts-114050701454_1.html
a. India-EU trade since 1960s and India-ASEAN trade since the ‘Look-East policy’ form a significant part of the
India’s International trade. India seeks to promote and enlarge the trade with entering into agreements with ASEAN
i.e. an Asia wide Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership agreement between 10 ASEAN nations and 6
partnes, and with EU i.e. India-European Union trade agreement.
The RCEP will help boost trade and investments in India. However, there are major concerns about the tariffs which
India is under pressure to reduce because of already near zero tariffs in Singapore and very low tariffs in other
partner countries. In fact, a steep tariff reduction for goods from China has been the biggest threat for negotiators
and the industry, fearing a rush of cheap goods from across the border.
Through India- EU trade agreement India wants EU to provide greater market access in the services and
pharmaceutical sectors, data security status for its IT sector and liberalised visa norms for its professionals. EU, in
turn, is pressing India hard for “reforms” in the banking & insurance, wines & spirits, intellectual property regime,
automobile and public procurement sectors.
Presently, both agreements await conclusion. A greater consensus or instruments like a common list for tariffs
reduction may help all partners to gain from the increased trade in goods and services and a greater engagement and
security.
b. India is negotiating several free trade agreements (FTAs) such as the India-EU FTA and the Regional
Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) with the 10-member ASEAN group, Australia, China, Japan, Korea
and New Zealand.
Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP)It is a FTA scheme of the 10 ASEAN Member States + 6 FTA Partners (Australia, China, India, Japan, Korea and
New Zealand), taking over movements and efforts in the East Asia Free Trade Agreement (EAFTA) and the
Comprehensive Economic Partnership in East Asia (CEPEA) initiatives. Negotiations are slated to begin in early
2013 and are expected to conclude by the end of 2015.
The objective of launching RCEP negotiations is to achieve a modern, comprehensive, high-quality and mutually
beneficial economic partnership agreement that will cover trade in goods, trade in services, investment, economic
and technical cooperation, intellectual property, competition, dispute settlement and other issues.
The grouping includes more than 3 billion people, has a combined GDP of about $17 trillion, and accounts for about
40 percent of world trade. It will beneficial for the region in the wake of establishment of Trans-Pacific Partnership
Agreement (TPP).
India-EU FTA Despite being discussed for seven years, it could not be finalized due to a lack of consensus on some key issues.
The EU has been demanding greater relaxation of foreign investment ceilings in insurance and banking, stronger
protection of IPR, the opening up of public procurement markets, and lower import duties on passenger cars.
India wants greater access for pharmaceuticals market and liberal visa norms. Satisfying some of the EU’s demands
would require changing domestic policy regulations in banking, insurance, intellectual property and public
procurement. Unless these regulations change, the FTA is unlikely to move.
The trade policy cannot be exclusive of domestic policy. Both India and its negotiating partners should do proper
homework for such talks otherwise FTAs would be either stalled or enacted as shallow frameworks with limited
coverage and insignificant benefits. And India would continue to consolidate its global image as a difficult and
obstructive trade partner.
52. Critically examine the major issues and challenges that India faces as her urbanisation proceeds.
http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/shankar-acharya-india-s-urbanisation-challenge114050701457_1.html
a. Though India is urbanising at relatively slow rate as per world standards with 17% form 1950 to 31% in 2012, yet
challenges accompanying urbanisation are immense.
Social challenges: Urbanization had led to critical problems like housing and sanitation. The present physical and
social infrastructure is unable to cater to needs of urban population leading to slums, adhoc arrangements & open
defecation.
Economic challenges: Owing to pressure on resources, there is dearth of employment amongst inhabitants leading
to increasing rich-poor gaps. This has manifested in poverty figures and Gini coefficient of urban areas. Lack of
adequate jobs led to increase in crime rate amongst cities thereby endangering lives.
Health challenges: Lack of adequate quality drinking water gave rise to number of diseases like jaundice, cholera etc.
Owing to dearth of quality public medical facilities has exacerbated the menace, increasing to out of pocket
expenditure for poor.
Waste Management challenges: Proliferation of industries led to discharge of effluents into water bodies leading to
pollution and environment concerns. Plus most of the cities in India lack the STP (Sewerage treatment plant)
facilities, making people more vulnerable to crisis.
Good governance, political will along with vigilant citizenry will go a long way in solving urbanization problems.
b. The urban population of India had already crossed the 285 million mark by 2001. By 2030, more than 50 per cent
of India’s population is expected to live in urban areas.
Where high living standards, rationality, employment opportunities, infrastructure access and improvement of
women are some merits and pulling factors of urbanization, there are some demerits and challenges too.
These challenges are1) Overcrowding forces people to live in unsafe conditions which also includes illegal buildings. Slums are increasing
due to inadequate housing planning and account to more than 25% of the total urban population.
2) Increasing congestion creating the transport and traffic problems.
3) Urban Pollution is rising due to modern lifestyle. Indian cities produce 180,000 tons of garbage every day, most
of which ends up in huge rubbish heaps or landfills.
4) Due to high migration, Unemployment is rising which lead to crimes like betting, alcohol and theft, Beggary etc.
5) Higher economic inequality between slum dwellers and profession society in cities.
6) Problems of continuous supply of drinking water due to higher consumption and demand.
7) Sewage problems as only few cities treat their sewage (excrement and waste water) before discharge into rivers,
sea and lakes.
8) Diseases like dengue, malaria, typhoid, swine flu, diarrhea and respiratory ailments are on the rise.
9) Overload on existing infrastructure like hospitals, schools and recreational facilities.
74th Amendment to the Constitution emphasized the importance of urban local bodies (ULBs). There is need to
provide better revenue resources to ULBs and improve their staffing and competencies to fight these challange.
(Solution: Not required in the question)
It is high time to re-frame a proper ‘National Policy on Urbanization’ for better planning on land use, building
regulations, road construction and delivery of key services such as water supply, sanitation, transport, and solid
waste disposal, while ensuring adequate mobilization of the necessary financial resources.
The Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM), RAJIV AWAS YOJNA and SJSRY (SWARYA
JAYANTI SHAHRI ROZGAR YOJNA) should be implemented robustly. Developing Satellite towns of large
metropolitan cities, establishing Rural service centre and having a 40 year and 20 year plans for large cities for
optimal allocation of space, especially land use and Floor Area Ratio are some key solution which can help to face
these challenges.
53. Write a note on Jallikattu. Do you agree with the Supreme Court’s ban on the sport? Critically
comment.
Jallikattu, or “bull cuddling/holding”, is a Tamil tradition held as part of the Pongal Festival from January to July.
Recently the Supreme Court banned the event on grounds that extremely cruel practices are carried out on the bulls
which violated provisions of the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act.The court also directed the government to take
steps to prevent all forms of animal cruelty.
The court must be applauded to bring animal rights to the fore.Animal cruelty doesn’t just harm animals but also
erodes the fabric of human society, with serious effects, most notably its tendency to desensitise children to violence.
It has also a detrimental effect on the country’s historical image as being compassionate to all life forms.
However the prevention of cruelty to animals act already exists and a reminder by the Supreme court only highlights
the failure of execution of the law not the absence of any. Additionally the court did not deal with a related issue –
whether bullock-carts, a sole means of transportation for most of rural India, were included in this general direction.
On an ethical part what actual constitutes cruelty? Rubbing Chilli powder or force feeding alcohol, as is done in
Jallikattu , is without doubt cruel but so are bull fighting, bird fighting, elephant taming and animal sacrifices which
are popular extensively in India. An argument, although far fetched, can be made out that even experiments on
animals and rearing and killing of animal for food are cruel.
Compassion towards animals is a test of a people’s moral fiber. As long as general masses are not sensitized about
animal rights, such cruelties will prevail.
54. Comment on recent controversy over the Programme for International Student Assessment
(Pisa) rankings about learning levels around the world.
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/warning-over-global-leaguetables/article5987625.ece
a. Programme for International Student Assessment is a worldwide study conducted by the Organization of
Economic cooperation and development in the member and non-member nations to test the scholastic performance
of the 15 year old in mathematics,reading and science. It is conducted at an interval of 3 years.
The impact of the PISA on educational policies has raised concerns. It influences the educational policies of the
nations , which in their bid to improve the rankings take short term measures. These measures result into violating
the joys of learning. The urge to modify the educational policies to replicate the China`s education policy, which has
been ranked one , reflects the importance given to the rankings.
The school reforms proposed by OECD does not take into the socio economic inequalities that effect the
performance of the pupils. India has raised concerns on the socio cultural disconnect between the questions in test
and the students. The focus on the economic role of the schools without adequate attention to the multiple
dimensions for overall development depicts the lacunae in the evaluation. Moreover, the cooperation with
multinationals which get benefited due to change in economic policies raises questions on the objectives of the PISA.
Indian government has refused to take part in the evaluations post 2009 citing the inadequacies in the evaluation.
The educational policies of the governments should be suited to the country`s needs rather than driven by the
parameters outlined by few nations .
55. “ While the differences between India and the U.S. over intellectual property rights (IPR) have
threatened to derail economic relations, it should be possible to sort them out through discussions.”
Comment on the controversy and the way forward in resolution of differences between two
countries.
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/discussions-the-wayforward/article5987619.ece
a. Differences between India and US over IPR righs violation specially in the pharmaceutical sector have resulted in
US categorizing India as ‘Priorty watch list country’ in its infamous special 301 report. The report is a key expression
of US trade policy and any country demoted to ‘Priority Foreign Country’ faces potential sanctions.
India argues that its compulsory license, that on Bayer’s patent on Sorafenib was targeted against monopoly over a
life saving drug and was used only once. Even the US itself issues compulsory licenses to combat monopolistic
practices. The patentability issue over Novartis was subject to scrutiny by India’s highest court, the Supreme Court –
and upheld.
Pharmaceutical industry is one of the largest corporate sectors in the US and the country is not expected to take the
issue lying down. For India on the other hand , the pharmaceutical and services industries are two of the shining
stars of a largely knowledge based economy and any harm on these will be resisted.
The US being a trade powerhouse must fairly agree upon a common platform like WTO for such disagreements. For
India’s part, it must ensure predictable IPR laws. Even ignoring the issue of IPR India has much ground to cover up
to warming up its trade atmosphere. It has ranked a dismal 134 out of 189 countries in world rankings for hospitable
places to “invest and start a new business”.
In the long run focus must not waver from core issues of a relationship. As world’s largest and oldest democracies,
India and US share much in common and both stand to only lose over vilification of such disagreements. Annual
trade between India and the US currently stands at $100 billion and both have repeatedly stressed on increase the
annual trade of $100 billion figure five-fold over the next decade. The 3 mn strong Indian American diaspora has
enriched American politics, economy and academia. Further, over 100,000 Indian students come to study in the
United States every year. India & the US also share a common vision of the future security architecture for the world,
especially the Asia Pacific region.
An example can be borrowed from US-Canada relationship. Despite IPR issues both countries are viewed as best of
friends, indicating a maturerelationship.Long term Indo-US relationship will be founded on core beliefs,
understanding of the other’s compulsions and an agreement to compromise.
56. Explain the growth of Boko Haram in Nigeria. Comment on its ideology and its effect on
Nigerian society.
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-international/hundreds-killed-in-boko-haram-attackus-sends-experts/article5987631.ece
Boko Haram is an Islamist terrorist group based on Nigeria. The term “Boko Haram” comes from the Hausa word
boko meaning “Animist, western or otherwise non-Islamic education” and the Arabic word haram figuratively
meaning “sin”. The group was formed in 2002 in in Maiduguri, Nigeria, in 2002 by the Muslim cleric Mohammed
Yusuf.
Initially this group prevailed in the northern part of Nigeria but later on by the help of Al Qaeda it expanded its
activity on other part of the country. Afterward this group aggravated its activities like lethal attacks on villages,
government buildings, police station, church and even mosques were targeted.
Boko Haram ideology is against the western traditions. It opposes not only western culture but also western
education and modern science as well. In Nigeria clashes between Muslims and Christians are common which have
radicalized this group. In 2009 Nigerian police encountered the founder of the group in an operation which had
retarded the group’s activity for some time but later on it has again started its movement.
Recent incident of 250 girls kidnapping from the Nigerian schools have shaken the whole world. This group is
purportedly going to sell these girls to the neighbor’s country which has threatened the whole Nigeria. Now the time
has come to finish this kind of malaise of the society and the onus is on the whole world.
57. Write a critical note on the Mullaperiyar dam controversy.
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/kerala-dam-law-quashed/article5987889.ece
a. The Mullaperiyar Dam is a masonry gravity dam built over the river Periyar in 1895 during the British colonial
rule to divert water towards the Madras presidency area.
After a few minor earthquakes in 1979 in regions surrounding the dam, issues were raised over its security. Since
then, both the Kerala and TN governments have been at fighting over the Dame Safety issue. Later, experts from
IITs also examined the dam and mentioned that the dam will not withstand an earthquake.
The Kerala government’s contention is that in case the dam breaks, the three dams downstream – Idukki,
Cheruthoni and Kulamavu will not be able to withhold the pressure, which will put the lives of millions of people and
fauna in Periyar National Park.
On the other hand, the TN government maintains that if the Mullaperiyar is demolished, it will create water scarcity
in five districts of the state, leading to a draught in the region.
Since 1978, Kerala has been demanding the construction of a new dam. TN government brought the water level
down from 152ft to 132ft to allay the fears. But the matter went in court. In 2006, the water levels were restored.
The Supreme Court in 2006 ruled that the dam was safe enough to increase the storage level by six feet from 136 to
142 ft, but in a subsequent ruling asked the two States to settle the differences through discussions.
The Kerala Government promulgated a new ‘Dam Safety Act’ against increasing the storage level of the dam.
Supreme Court’s Constitution bench considered its wide ramifications. In May 2014, Supreme Court declared Kerala
Irrigation and Water Conservation (Amendment) Act, 2006 as unconstitutional.
River water disputes are there in the entire sub continent. The Mullaperiyar is a small dispute compare to Cauvery
and Sutlej disputes and can be easily solved. Proper scientific study should be done and appropriate decisions at all
possible levels should be made and implemented. If an earthquake causes the dam to collapse, it can threaten the
lives of 3.5 million people downstream. The issue needs to be looked at as a national problem, not as a dispute
between two states.
58. What do you understand by decolonization? How did it impact Asia and Africa, politically and
culturally? Discuss.
Decolonization is the process by which colonies become independent of the colonizing country.
After World War II, European countries lacked the wealth and political support necessary to suppress far-away
revolts. They could not oppose the new superpowers the U.S. and the Soviet Union’s stands against colonialism.
Between 1945 and 1960, three dozen new states in Asia and Africa achieved autonomy or outright independence
from their European colonial rulers.
Cultural and political impacts on Asia and Africa1) It created so many new countries, some with strategic locations, others with significant natural resources, and
mostly desperately poor.
2) New countries altered the composition of the United Nation. In 1946, there were 35 member states in the United
Nations; as the “third world” joined, by 1970 membership went to 127.
3) The colonial rule drew arbitrary natural boundaries dividing ethnic and linguistic groups and natural features,
and laying the foundation for the creation of numerous states lacking geographic, linguistic, ethnic, or political
affinity.
4) USA and European world started ‘democratization’ of these countries. The Soviet Union deployed similar effort to
encourage new nations to join the communist bloc.
5) Many of the new nations resisted the pressure to be drawn into the Cold War, joined in the “nonaligned
movement,” in 1955, and focused on internal development.
6) Raise of Neocolonialism- the practice of using capitalism, globalization, and cultural forces to control new
countries.
7) The dependency principle evolved- the claim that post-colonial states have no choice but to accept Western
conditions for loans, because they desperately need the money to support their own domestic policies.
8) Unlike the colonial time, now they were free and started to revive their old culture. Religious and ethnic
movements facilitated interaction of cultures.
9) Various films, music, fiction, autobiographies, and museum displays were developed to learn the lessons from the
history of colonization and its impacts.
10) Population resettlements like relocation of Jews in Palestine and Sikhs and Muslims in border areas of IndiaPakistan.
Decolonization had great impacts upon foreign policies of new nations. Also few newly independent countries
acquired stable governments almost immediately; others were ruled by dictators or military for decades, or endured
long civil wars. Kashmir issue was the baby of decolonization, which is still bringing up and created a wide gap
between India and Pakistan.
59. Write a note on Project Persephone
Project Persephone is an effort by the British Universities’ researchers headed by Rachel Armstrong of the
University of Greenwich, to make a space ark capable of sustaining humanity in the event of a global catastrophe
when It would be a need to keep a few thousand people alive for generations on a spaceship to find a new world to
inhabit. The idea is for the craft to be self-sustaining, forming an ecosystem which incorporates some of the same
processes seen on Earth for generating light, air, water, food and gravity, but using the best elements of modern
technology.
The spaceship would incorporate into its structure organic matter such as algae and artificial soil, using the Sun’s
energy to produce bio fuel and a sustainable source of food.
This project has direct relevance to the challenges of the 21-century where our megacities & urban environments will
grow at astonishing rates. Yet the building industry, utilities and energy companies necessarily lag behind the
physical demands of a growing city and where inflexible infrastructures become inadequate or inappropriate then
urban decay sets in with crime, homelessness, waste & resource management issues, traffic congestion etc
60. Critically comment on the rights issue involved in Supreme Court’s recent judgement upholding
the constitutional validity of the provision in the Right to Education Act reserving 25 percent seats
in private schools for economically disadvantaged students.
http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/unaided-effort-114050801398_1.html
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/right-to-education-neither-free-norcompulsory/article5991271.ece
a. Supreme Court recently upheld the constitutional validity of the RTE act. The contention was on the part of the
act which mandates the private schools to reserve 25 per cent of their intake capacity for the marginalized section of
our society. The plea demanding revocation of this clause was argued on two grounds. First, that the act is against
the notion of equality because it excludes minority educational setups. Second, that state is encroaching upon
fundamental right off freedom to organise one’s own affairs without any state interference.
The principle of equality can not be extrapolated in this case for the following reason. That our constitution itself
guarantees certain safeguards to minority communities against majoritarianism. The right to set up their own
schools is one of them. The underlying sensibility in these special provisions makes it necessary that state- which is
an embodiment of majority rule in a democracy- does not interfere in the running of these institutions.
On the ground of freedom to organise one’s own affairs, a case can be made that state is being intrusive. The
intention that economically backward students should get a chance to learn on equal footing with the rest of the
society is, by any account, a moral one.But mandating such rules for private institutions is a kind of armtwisting.Our society has certain modes of being. State runs on power backed by legitimacy. Private sphere runs
of profit.If we confuse one’s role with another, there will be disequilibrium.And one can argue that by imposing such
rules on private sector state is abdicating its own responsibility to ensure that engagement of the section which is left
out of the growth process, with the growth process.The quality of our public schools is one example how our state
has failed in its primary functions.While there is no doubt about the good intention underlying this act, we certainly
have to think and demarcate the role and functions each sphere has to perform. The confusion of roles can never
yield long term sustainable solutions. We must not succumb to the short term benefits.
b. Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education (RTE) Act 2009 serves as a building block to ensure that
every child has right to get a quality elementary education, and that the State, with the help of families and
communities, fulfils this obligation.
Recently Supreme Court delivered two judgments about the RTE act. These are1) All non-minority private schools (aided or unaided by Govt.) need to reserve 25 per cent of their seats for
economically disadvantaged students.
The Section 12(2) of the Act which provided that a private school admitting students from disadvantaged and weaker
sections would be reimbursed at the rate of per-child expenditure incurred by the state or the actual fees charged
from the child, whichever was less. Thus, ultimately, it is the State which is funding the expenses of free and
compulsory education of the children belonging to weaker sections who are admitted to a private unaided school.
So Article 21A (right to free and compulsory education) of the Constitution and the 2009 Act does not violate private
schools’ right under Article 19(1) (g) (right to engage in a profession) of the Constitution.
2) Minority communities do not have to reserve a minimum of 25% seats for children from economically backward
classes as mandated by India’s RTE law.
According to the Court, if the Act is made applicable to minority schools, aided or unaided, the right of the
minorities under Article 30(1) of the Constitution will be abrogated. Therefore, the provision of the 2009 Act, which
made it applicable to minority schools, is unconstitutional.
We know that the Muslim community or other minorities don’t have enough schools and already they are catering to
the underprivileged segment of their society. Here, a further 25% reservation for others may not be a good
proposition at this point of time. But once these communities improves its socio-economic standing, such an
exemption( making 25% reservation compulsory) can be taken on case-to-case or region-to-region basis.
The court direction reinforces the RTE Act as Private institution provide more quality education compare to Govt.
schools. But Govt. should also need to improve quality of its school and should not only depend on Private sector
alone. It’s now up to the central and state governments and the National Council for Protection of Child Rights to
improve monitoring as many such schools don’t follow the law. Ensuring the implementation of the Act is key focus
now.
c. The Supreme Court recently validated a clause on Right to Education Act (RTE) which requires 25% reservation
for economically disadvantaged students in all schools.
The spirit of the decision is indeed laudable as it reflects the egalitarian ethos of the Right to Education (RTE) Act.
Students and indeed teachers will only benefit from a firsthand experience of India’s socio-cultural diversity and
economic disparity in a single classroom.
However asking completely unaided private schools to reserve seats is a faulty argument. For one it would lead to an
increase of fees. Secondly and more importantly asking private schools to share some of the responsibilities towards
universal education is admitting failure on government’s part which already charges education cess exactly for such
purposes.
Additionally the Right to Education Act, as verified by the judgement, exempts minority schools, both aided and
unaided, from this reservation. In doing that the supreme court might have just put Article 30 (1) ,which recognises
the fundamental right of all minorities to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice, above the
fundamental rights including Article 21. Excluding out a percentage of educational institutes from the ambit of
students when there is a distinct lack of educational infrastructure in the country can prove contrary to the very
purpose of RTE.
However to consider private educational institutes as solutions to our educational woes will be downright naïve. For
one, nearly 60 per cent schools are not RTE compliant (source: internal study of the RVM). These schools neither
have trained teachers nor playgrounds in tune with the RTE Act. Secondly the whole row over reservation in private
institutes have put the spotlight on private institutes and given a backdoor exit to government schools. The fact is
that over 70-75 per cent of our children still attend government schools. Even as private schools reserve, the vast
majority will still be schooled in government-run institutions.
It is evident that greater funds must be utlised towards improving the shambolic state of government run schools
and meeting the estimated shortfall of one million teachers. Those teachers must be sensitised and trained to deal
with children with different profiles, as per the pedagogic requirements of the National Curriculum Framework,
2005.
As a society, we need to make a concerted effort to achieve educational excellence, both government and private.
Private educators and the government have to work synergistically to loosen the shackles of our strictly stratified
society.
61. Compare and contrast the measures taken by central banks in developed and developing
countries post- 2008 financial crisis to revive their economies.
http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/rajiv-shastri-hard-truths-about-qe114050801399_1.html
a. The maxim “Every crisis is too important to waste” stands tall for this crisis. The 2008 crisis has taught the
financial sector about certain misconceptions and it has given some insights into how well it can be mitigated , leave
alone prevented. Before 2008 crisis , it was believed that the real growth of the system will be taken care if the
financial engineering is taken care .Also ,another belief was that price stability and macro- economic stability will
inherently lead to financial stability. Both the above statements are proved wrong and central banks took steps from
this context. The steps taken by both developed and developing countries should be seen from the probable risks
,vulnerability of the entire population and the resilience of the country specific system.
Steps taken :
a.Both the developed and developing countries introduced BASEL III norms and regulations on liquidity of banks
and leverages are tightened.
b. In case of shadow banking , where entities does credit intermediation outside the regulatory system ,developed
country response is that if any entity behaved like a bank , it has to be regulated like a bank. In case of developing
countries like India, where there are multiple regulators and complex shadow banking system ,appointment
Financial Sector Legislative Reforms commission and tightening the regulatory role of the RBI was thought as a
response .
c. In case of subsidiary banks , though developed country did not have much of a problem in this ,the developing
countries has to lay down certain strict guidelines to operate in order to ring fence the system. This was also done to
ensure that the management is based on local conditions and any future risks can be mitigated when the banks
bound by the rules of the host country,
d. In case of OTC (over the counter derivatives), the developed countries addressed that in the recent G 20 forum
where proper standardization of all records in electronic formats and information sharing was emphasized. In case
of developed countries , though OTC prevalence is very limited ,countries like India had put forth overnight Rupee
dollar contracts agreements to overcome it.
e.In case of financial stability , increased micro and macro prudential regulation by the institution was the response
by the developed countries. In case of developing countries like India , the appointment of Financial stability and
development council (FSDC) was the response.
It can be logically derived that the systemic risk of such a crisis reoccurring is less likely in the near future.
62. Explain the negative effects of El Nino on various sectors of the Indian economy.
http://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/the-economy-s-el-ni%C3%B1o-risk114050801234_1.html
a. El-Nino Is the warm ocean current which replaces the Peruvian current on the Pacific coast of South America.
This led to the Extreme climate change pattern oscillations and fluctuate weather across the Pacific Ocean which
results in fluctuating droughts, floods, and crop yields in varying regions of the world.
Negative impacts of El Nino1) Less rainfall may have adverse impact on the agriculture production. This may cause threats to food security and
may escalate food inflation.
2) Drinking water availability will be lesser and ground water table will go further down.
3) As more than 60% of population of India depend on agriculture, it will have great impact on their income and
national income overall.
4) Due to high supply constraints, people have to spend more money on essentials, it would impact consumptionrelated discretionary spending.
5) Lower rainfall could also hit industrial production.
6) The impact will be felt more on agricultural segments such as oil industry, seeds, pesticides, micro irrigation and
sugar.
7) Sectors such as fast-moving consumer goods, Tractors and two-wheelers will be affected.
8) Govt. will need to reframe its policies to mitigate the adverse effects of El-Nino and will need to spend more
money on social expenditure.
9) Non-Performing Assets (NPA) of banking sector may rise due to inability of farmers and dependent industries to
repay the loans. They may need to give more credits to Farmers.
10) Food processing industry will be affected worse. It will also affect livelihood of millions of people engaged in this
sector.
Thus all three sectors of economy may be affected by the El-Niño. However, agriculture’s dependence on the
summer monsoon has reduced considerably over the years, as Kharif (summer) and Rabi (winter) crops now
contributing equally to overall food production growth.
The quantity and quality of rain distribution will also have a bearing on the impact. If quality is poorer and there is
lower rain in well-irrigated areas, the impact will be lower compared to the same happening in areas without proper
irrigation. But Govt. and citizens need be prepared for the worst condition.
63. Critically examine the benefits of reservation in higher education.
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/broadbased-education-and-cultural-literacypay-says-morton-schapiro/article5991312.ece
a. Education is a potential weapon for the upward mobility of the disadvantaged sections and in general prosperity
for all . The intent of the reservation in education is to provide equality of opportunities to all sections irrespective of
their social setting .
On the one hand , the inherited social structure mandates special provisions to socially backward sections in the
higher institutions . This is buttressed by the constitutional mandate under Article 15(5)
Secondly , in the increasing technical skill oriented employment world and capitation fee dominated private
institution ,reservation in higher education provides a hope for the socially disadvantaged sections.
Thirdly , in context of demographic dividend ,reservation enhances the skills of people from different backgrounds
by providing an opportunity in higher institutions.
On the other hand , the State has to take enough measures to ensure that merit and quality of the institution is
upheld . Also , adequate opportunities are to be provided to the other sections of the society .Recent survey in
NASSCOM says that 50% of graduates from higher institutions are unemployable. Though it cannot be entirely
attributed to the policy of reservation ,it cannot be wishfully ignored too. So , the State has a responsibility in not
only providing an opportunity in higher education but also to ensure the outcome is in the direction of the objective.
b. Article 15 of the Indian constitution guarantees the fundamental right of reservation in higher education institutes
for students of Scheduled Caste, Scheduled Tribe and Other Backward Classes. The policy has had a positive effect
on the education landscape of India.
1.It negates the debilitating effect of exclusion that socially backward class faced over thousands of years in country.
2.It amplifies the employment opportunities as higher education leads to better salary and thus improves the
economic condition.
3.It has positive feedback effect on the entire society as students who have successfully completed their higher
education serve as role model for other students.
4.It fulfills the ideals of justice enshrined in the constitution.
5.It has eroded the dividing line between caste significantly in work places and educational institutes.
However, the reservation policy has also led to several unintended consequences as a lion’s share of seats is pocketed
by few groups only leaving the rest in the same state as they were during the independence. Moreover, the
reservation has not translated into jobs in media, judiciary, higher echelons of bureaucracy as on the false notion of
merit the students belonging the backward classes are excluded from it.
64. What do you understand by broad based education system? What are its benefits?
Broad Based education system:
It can be summed up as having ‘N’ number of skills rather than any specific skills. E.g. Given the boom in the
management sector in recent times in India and all over the world, instead of having only management knowledge if
candidate has engineering background with skills in banking then that can be referred as something broad based.
As we know the businesses, industries even on that matter schools and colleges are getting complex and so the
profiles of the persons recruited. In this scenario person with the diverse knowledge will always outshine others. In a
history of education where saturation happens firstly at primary level, then secondary and so on, at present it has
reached to higher education level and broad based education is the next in list. Countries all over the world
especially USA is aware of the reality hence much diversification is getting done in the universities. India needs to
follow the path as it has following benefits:
1. Persons with broad based education will himself a need for the industry rather he being needy for the job.
2. Best from the cultures all around the world will be exchanged with individual as a medium.
3. Revolutionary in field of education in country like India where market oriented approach is long due.
65. Write a note on existing national and international laws and conventions that seek to protect
women against violence and discrimination.
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/of-epidemic-proportions/article5991266.ece
a. Indian Constitution has enshrined the principle of ‘positive discrimination’ in advancing the rights of women.
While Article 15(3) allows for special provision for women, the part IV-A mandates citizen to protect the dignity of
women. Besides constitutional provisions there are statutory provisions for the protection of women.
1. Dowry prohibition Act, 1961
2. Immoral Traffic Prevention Act, 1956
3. The Commission of Sati Prevention Act, 1987.
4. Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005
5. Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013.
Internally the violence against women has drawn significant attention.
1.The Universal Declaration of human rights ensure equal rights of all irrespective of sex, race or religion.
2.The Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women.
3.The Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW).
Recently the Instanbul Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence was
opened for signature in 2011 and its provisions will come into force in 2011.
However, despite all these provisions the recent Boko Haram incident in Nigeria is a grim reminder that much
grounds needs to covered in protecting women from violence.
66. Write a note on any two important wars that took place post – Second World War which had
global consequences.
The 3D printer is a double-edged sword. It stands to transform technology and society for the better, but we also
can’t ignore the potential negative consequences.
1.
3D printers are highly energy demanding
When melting plastic with heat or lasers, 3D printers consume about 50 to 100 times more electrical energy than
injection molding to make an item of the same weight.
2. Unhealthy air emissions
3D printers may pose a health risk when used in the home, according to researchers at the Illinois Institute of
Technology. The emissions from desktop 3D printers are similar to burning a cigarette . These particles can settle in
the lungs or the bloodstream and pose health risk..
3. Reliance on plastics
3D printers use plastic filament. Though using raw materials reduces the amount of waste in general, the machines
still leave unused or excess plastic in the print beds. The plastic byproduct ends up in landfills.
4. Gun control loopholes
The first successful 3D printed gun is old news, but its ramifications are very important. Companies are popping up
around the world, attempting to sell these guns and/or the CAD designs for them..
5. Responsibility of manufacturers
Weapons can be 3D printed. So can safety equipment such as helmets, wheels for bikes, and toys for small children.
Along with issue of intellectual property and trademark, here the larger issue involves responsibility. If a person
breaks their neck while riding on a bike with a 3D printed helmet, who is held accountable
6. Bioprinting ethics and regulation
The moral, ethical, and legal issues surrounding bioprinting have started, but they will inevitably cause a lot more
controversy as it becomes more commonplace. Printing cartilage is still the most realistic type of bioprinting, and
printing whole organs is still many years away, but 3D printing is growing in medicine quite rapidly
7. Possibility of 3D printed drugs
Assembling chemical compounds on a molecular level using a 3D printer is possible. “Chemputer” that makes drugs
and medicine allowing patients to print their own medicine with a chemical blueprint they get from the pharmacy.
This could enable chemists to create anything from cocaine to ricin.
8. National security might be at risk
There will be significant legal and economic implications on the business sector and 3D printers offer the ability to
produce a wide range of objects that cannot be controlled yet, there are definitely national security risks that need to
be analyzed in the near future.
9. Safety of items that come into contact with food
Kitchenware is popular to 3D print, but the safety of the materials used is questionable.Many 3D printers have
spaces where bacteria can easily grow if they aren’t cleaned properly as well.
As with any new technology, judicious utilization can benefits world of new possibilities for all industries, and stands
to lessen transportation costs, environmental impacts, waste, and this industry is poised to transform nearly every
sector of our lives and jumpstart the next industrial revolution.
67. How do chit funds work? Critically examine the reasons behind chit fund scams in recent times.
Also explain what measures has RBI taken to regulate them.
a. Chit Funds activity involves contributions by members in instalments by way of subscription to the Chit and by
rotation each member of the Chit receives the chit amount. The subscriptions are specifically excluded from the
definition of deposits and cannot be termed as deposits. While Chit funds may collect subscriptions as above, they
are prohibited by RBI from accepting deposits with effect from August 2009.
Ponzi schemes or Prize Chit schemes are those schemes that collect money from the public on promises of high
returns. As there is no asset creation, money collected from one depositor is paid as returns to the other. Since there
is no other activity generating returns, the scheme becomes unviable and impossible for the people running the
scheme to meet the promised return or even return the principal amounts collected. The scheme inevitably fails and
the perpetrators disappear with the money.
Prize Chits and Money Circulation Schemes are banned under the Prize Chits and Money Circulation Schemes
(Banning) Act of 1978. The Reserve Bank has no role in implementation of this Act, except advising and assisting the
Central Government in framing the Rules under this Act.Contravention of the provisions of this Act, is monitored
and dealt with by the State Governments.
b. Chit is basically a legal document showing money owned by a person. Chit funds are the collective funds in which
investor deposit money for return in terms of cash, real estate or any other object. Chit fund is a type of NBFC. It can
be organised at a large scale or also among friends and relative. The organiser get certain percentage of money
involved and rest is deposited or invested for a return.
The reason for chit fund Scam are:
1. Financial illiteracy among masses, majority of victim are less educated, thus do not know about the risk involved
and get lured to chit fund.
2. Absence of alternative investment option.
3. Lure of unrealistic return which becomes basis of marketing for chit funds.
4. Absence of regulatory framework , chit funds are monitored by states, which do not have proper expertise to
monitor chit fund.
It is because of these people are lured into the chit funds.
RBI has setup a panel to oversee the regulation it can make in case of Chit fund. Also it is educating people regarding
various risk involved through various outreach program. However all these measures will fall short in absence of
proper regulatory mechanism.
68. Some economists argue that India is de-industrializing. What do you understand by this? Why is
this happening? Examine.
http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/amrit-amirapu-arvind-subramanianmanufacturing-futures-114050901478_1.html
a. De-industrializing is the process by which the share of industrial output in total GDP decreases.
Thus, if an economy achieves 30% of its GDP output through Industrial sector which is highest in its history and
later in subsequent years, the share of Industrial sector falls in GDP output then a condition of de-industrializing has
occurred.
This is a natural process of development, when a country shifts from agrarian economy to industrial economy and
then to service economy during subsequent phases of development process.
In India, our manufacturing and industrial development i.e. 2nd phase was not fully developed and our economy
jumped from the Agrarian to Service phase, leaving behind an important stage of industrialisation.
State sponsored Industries such as BHEL, SAIL, ONGC and other companies increased the share of industrial
output before 1990′s liberalization period. After, 1991, due to better opportunities in service sector, rather than
Industrial sector, service economy boomed, thus lowering share of Industries in GDP significantly and thus
initiating the process of de-industrialisation.
In fact, its an economic concept, because de-industrialisation should mean decrease in manufacturing output and
closure of industries, but in fact industries have increased, just that their output ratio in total GDP has decreased.
b. The recent study by two economists indicate that india is de-industrializing. De-industrializing in this sense
means the share of manufacturing in the gdp and per capita levels related to manufacturing have already peaked and
are now on the descend. The share of the agricultural and service sectors is on the rise.
The reasons for this so called de-industrialization are many. The policy log jam at the centre has vitiated the
industrial and business atmosphere in the country. India ranks near the tail end in list of ease of doing business.
The recent examples of Vodafone and nokia have scared investors and big industrialists of investing here. POSCO
and VEDANTA incidents makes everyone depressed inspite of their good motive. The painstaking land acquisition
act has actually stiffened the procedure making it highly bureaucratized that is prone huge delays. The infrastructure
here is still shabby, still lacks the basics in critical elements such as transport. The supply chain industry is still an
infant. The country finds niche in easy going through importing rather than hard worked manufacturing.
The early efforts taken by the Nehru mahalanobis are perhaps the only giant steps the country took, the others have
relaxed in their shade. The people are desperate for another overhaul, the youth is hungry for jobs and the country
vies to catch the train of industrialization which it regrets of missing long back.
c. It is argued by some economists that India is de-industrializing. De-industrializing is the fall in the share of
manufacturing to the GDP of a nation or a State. In India, the share of manufacturing which was close to 25% is
consistently declining. Many of the industrially sound States are able to touch only 20% contribution to GDP.
Various states are registering a contribution as low as 10%.
Manufacturing stands on keystone of proper coordination between workforce and the technological development.
But India has under-invested in manufacturing which pose as a challenge now, especially in a situation where she
has to accommodate large young population in worthwhile employment. Moreover:
* India is a power deficient country and the infrastructure is not capable of supporting a vibrant industry.
* Indian manufacturing sector, in comparison to competitor nations, invest poorly in the R&D. It hurts the
innovative image of an industry and bar the investments.
* The stringent labour laws also hurt the employment in formal sectors, ultimately affecting the output and
contribution to GDP.
* The complicated bureaucratic procedure also make it difficult start a manufacturing and further enlarging it.
If India want to have a booming industry, especially when labour cost in China is rising, she need address these
concerns to avail this golden opportunity.
69. What do you understand by human values? Discuss few human values that you value most.
a. Values are the building blocks of our life. Without values there is no value of life. Values can be moral and
immoral both,it is all relative depending on person to person,one thing can be immoral for me but moral for
someone. Values are reason behind all of our actions and decisions in life.
For me the most important values are selflessness, empathy ,honesty and social service. Mahatma Gandhi has said
that real salvation is selfless social service.
Honesty makes you to act in a manner that is justifiable for your inner satisfaction. If you are honest for
yourself,your society, your nation and your planet then our actions will automatically be in the welfare of all.
Selflessness is very hard to achieve ,but once you impart it into your life,your action and your behaviour , it is equally
hard to get rid off. It is highest form of intoxication, because the felling you get after getting intoxicated with drugs
and alcohol are way below the high you feel after having a selfless attitude.
Empathy makes you understand the situation of a person almost in the same way that person feeling about his
situation, and that can help you to take decisions which you might had been avoided to take.
Social service is above all, it gives you pleasure which you otherwise seeks in materialistic world.
b. Values are the individual principles or qualities that guide judgment and behavior of a person or a group.
Values are concerned with character and conduct of a person and evaluate the voluntary and habitual actions of an
individual with reference to their being right or wrong.
Values are sometime called as human values as they are important part of human life. Some basic human values are
Truth, Love Caring, Peace, Responsibility, Justice, Honesty, Integrity etc.
Like every human being, I too have inculcated many human values like selflessness, care, truth, honesty etc. But I
respect some values the most which are• Diversity- I treat everyone as equal and respect the differences. Our constitution also encompasses this value in
fundamental right as “Right to equality”. In article 15, it forbid to discriminate against anyone on the basis on race,
caste, gender, birth and place of origin etc. ‘unity in diversity’ is the main characteristic of India. ‘Anekantwad’ of
Jainism also favors to have respect for different opinions.
• Simplicity- ‘simple living and high thinking’ is the best message Mahatma Gandhi gave to people, I think. We can
see many examples like Mahatma Gandhi, Lal Bahadur Shastri, and Mother Teresa etc. who lived simple life leaving
all materialistic desires and inspiring millions of lives. In character, in manner, in style, in all things, the supreme
excellence is simplicity. Leonardo de Vinchi said once-‘simplicity is the ultimate sophistication’.
• Honesty- we all learn that ‘honesty is the best policy’ in our childhood. A child is always honest but the conditions
in society fade away this quality from many people later. Honesty means being truthful to others and yourself, and
doing what’s right regardless of who’s around. The honest man is who can be trusted by anyone. Honesty may create
some problems for you instantly but it helps a man in long term.
• Respect- respect for all, whether younger or elder is what I like to follow. Everyone get their characters due to their
environment and socio-economic and political conditions. Judging someone is like losing him/her forever. Respect
is treating others as they wish to be treated and celebrating each other’s success. Recognizing that every opinion is
valuable is the key to respect. It is also said ‘ give respect, get respect’.
70. Critically examine the geopolitical interests of China in Afghanistan. Do you think a major role
played by China in Afghanistan would be a concern to India? Comment.
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-international/call-for-china-to-be-proactive-inafghanistan/article5995078.ece
a. China’s, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region borders Afghanistan through the Wakhan Corridor. Recent, violent
events in Xinjiang province makes stability in Afghanistan critical to China’s security after NATO troops withdrawal.
Condition of security in Afghanistan is highly unstable, with NATO forces not able to win war over Taliban. Thus,
there are huge chances that the power vaccume created by the withdrawal of NATO troops, could be filled back by
Taliban, which supports fanatic terrorism and Islamic fundamentalism thus impeding the growth of Afghanistan
and also spreading terror and violence in neighbouring areas.
Afghanistan problem is so severe that it needs multiple players like Russia, India, China, Iran and Pakistan to jointly
solve it. If, the spread of Taliban was not checked, then its repercussions will be seen in Kashmir region of India,
where terror activities may intensify.
Since, China and India both are vulnerable, so growing influence of China is not a concern for India. In fact, India
should also intensify its engagement in Afghanistan and help it with all methods available to make it stable,
democratic, safe and friendly to India.
b. Afghanistan is in a transition phase. This transition phase is marked with great uncertainty regarding what it
holds in future.Afghanistan issue concerns the entire region; there are multiple state and non-state actors working to
achieve their goals.
China, due to its proximity to Af, has legitimate concerns in the region. The Chinese interests are two-fold- security
and investment. China is facing internal security threats from the Uighar militancy on its western parts.A
destabilized Af acts as a breeding ground for militant groups. So China has great stakes in a state controlled Af which
can ensure that non-state actors do not flourish on its land. The second interest is in terms of investment. China’s
economic model is based on investment in neighbouring countries, which require foreign assistant for their
developmental process. Af has some of the world’s biggest Iron ore mines. The country is also starved of power.
China has made huge investment in the neighbouring regions in the Pakistan.So for the safety and sustainability of
returns on its investment China would want to deal with a stable and legitimate political regime in Af.
India has to take a well-nuanced and measured position on Af issue for the following reason.The issue is very critical
for the entire region; China like India has legitimate interests in the country. India has a great goodwill in Af due to
its sincere contribution in the development of the country and training to its human resources.India can build up on
that goodwill and can act as a force for multilateral action. That will ensure that no country can take advantage of the
vulnerable position of Af. Pakistan and China share a deep,multi-faceted bond. And both this countries have
historical friction with India in terms of border disputes.India, while working for the peaceful transition of Af, has to
make sure that China and Pakistan do not use this vulnerable and uncertain situation in the region for encircling
India.
71. Critically comment on South China Sea dispute in the light of international laws related to seas.
a. South China sea consists of several overlapping claims on islands and marine areas, by Seven sovereign states in
the region namely Peoples Republic of China (PRC), Vietnam, Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Republic of China (ROC,
Taiwan).
These disputes are severed due to important resources such as Oil and gas fields, fishing grounds and control of busy
sea lanes in that area.
According to international laws, any territory comming within 12 miles of coast and inland waters come under
exclusive right of coastal state and are under its laws are regulations. Beyond Territorial waters, another 12 miles is
Contiguous Zone, where coastal state can enforce laws related to custom, pollution, taxation and immigration.
After that 200 miles are give as Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) to the coastal state, on which it has sole exploitation
right over its natural resources.
EEZ’s are the main bone of contention, as small barren and rocky islands situated in south china sea, also bring with
them huge Sea area surrounding them. So, all countries want to have control over such strategic islands for gaining
rights over the resources surrounding it.
b. South China Sea dispute involves territorial and sea dispute involving few islands and the water surrounding
them. The islands claimed by China have other claimants such as Vietnam, Philippines, Malaysia, and Brunei etc.
The China exerts its sovereignty over these islands showing ancient historical evidences whereas Vietnam has
documents of ruling those islands since seventeenth century.
The South China Sea dispute has an International angle due to its strategic position and importance. It connects the
Pacific and Indian Ocean and link to a vast trade among countries of south and south East Asia. Even the US has
opposed the Chinese claims over the island claiming that American national interest is served by freedom of
navigation, access of Asia’s maritime common and respect for international Laws.
The International Law with regards to South China Sea is guided by ‘UN Law of sea convention’ which defines the
Exclusive Economic Zones which is 200 nautical miles in the sea from the baseline. China is accused of violating the
international convention despite being a signatory. The Philippines has now appealed to International court of
arbitration in Hague to solve the issue.
The South China Sea dispute is not only important for the countries concerned but the entire region and world at
large due to its multiple ramification on world’s peace, security and business.
72. Critically examine the arguments in favour of privatisation of higher education in India. Do you
think higher education should be completely privatised? Comment.
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/the-case-against-privatisation-ofeducation/article5995071.ece
a. India is currently at a stage of reaping the “Demographic dividend”. The young population in India will need
proper higher education to get job ready. However, government alone is not able to fulfill the demand and there is a
need for more private investment in higher education sector. But some proposes complete privatisation of higher
education.
The complete privatisation logic is a fallacy and will be detrimental to India’s inclusive growth strategy. Some of the
argument put forward for privatisation are:1. Private sector can provide more efficient and better education. However, the logic falls on its face, with evidence
showing various engineering colleges churning out sub-standard professionals.
2. Private sector will be much more demand-driven and will churn out professional as per requirement of industry.
The above logic will crowd out other streams of education like Arts/ science.
3. Indian talent getting subsidised education moves out of the country cusing harm to countries exchequer.
However, it must be noted, that the remittance that they bring and geopolitical influence they create benefit the
company.
Thus, there should be a collaboration between private and public sector, and both should work in tandem for
development of higher education.
b. Primary education till the age of 14 years is compulsory and free in India and is maintained by the government.
But when it comes to higher education, there are many problems with public institutions like1) Supply of publicly provided professional education has not expanded sufficiently with the growth in demand.
2) Most of fund is being diverted to primary education due to in RTE act, creating financial crisis for most of the
higher education institutes.
3) The overall investment in education is only 1% which is much below the norm of 6 per cent as stated in the
National Policy on Education.
But there are some problems associated with the private higher education institutes also like1) Increase in the fees-most of the students who are interested in continuing their studies are forced to quit.
2) The scheduled caste, scheduled tribes and the other backward classes have a limited access to these educational
institutions.
3) Politicians may influence the regulator to further the interests of private institutions owned by them or their
clients.
4) Private sector is yet to demonstrate its capacity to create knowledge on a sufficient scale. Even in ‘professional’
courses there is more research in public institutions than in the private ones.
5) Private institute ignore the ‘Art and Commerce’ subjects because of non-profitability.
6) The ‘profit maximizer’ concept of these institutes creates hurdles to provide quality education and research
facilities to students. They usually lack required infrastructure and lab equipments.
Providing increased access to education, meeting the challenge of equity and improving the quality of education
entails large investment. The higher education system has to seek participation both of the Government as well as
private and voluntary bodies.
The Swami Nathan panel set up by the UGC has suggested setting up of an Educational Development Bank of India
initially with shares of Rs. 1000 Crore each by the State Governments, Central Government and international
financial agencies including industries.
Hence, what is required is not restriction but more growth of private sector along with quality improvement by
increasing competition. A rating agency, with a standard procedure for ranking of institutions of higher learning
based on predetermined criteria, could instill students with greater confidence in their choices. It will also help
institutes to improve their performance.
73. What is a spot exchange? Comment on recent scam related to the National Spot Exchange Ltd.
(NSEL).
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/crime-and-punishment/article5995069.ece
a. Spot exchange is a place providing the buying and exchange of commodities across the country. Specialty of spot
exchange is that, immediate delivery of commodities is required. For eg – in t+2 system, delivery of cash and
commodity must be done after two working days of the trade date.
National Spot Exchange Ltd. (NSEL) was licensed to run spot exchange market, where sellers can sell commodities
and buyers can purchase them on spot basis. But, this system was changed into futures contracts, where sellers were
selling commodities to buyers at future dates of like t+30, i.e. delivery after 30 days. Also, they were giving huge
returns of more than 12% and unlike stock market, invested money in NSEL was bound to increase.
This, was all done on fraud receipts of commodities, from fake warehouses, where in fact no physical commodities
were available to return for the money paid. The huge money accumulated through selling these fraud commodities
were loaned by NSEL to private companies needing money. These companies were unable to pay back the amount
borrowed, and thus payment crisis occurred and this scam came to open.
Forward Markets Commission (FMC) was regulating NSEL and still this scam happened. Overall, investors are in
peril who invested in NSEL due to quick returns are profits. Punishment to guilty as well as reimbursement to
investors is immediately needed.
74. Critically examine the factors which led to post World War-2 rapid industrialisation of Germany
and Japan even after huge devastation during the War.
Though WW2 was brethtaking in scale of its destruction but equally spectacular was revival of west europe(including
west Germany) and Japan.
The most imporatant conrtibutory factor for rapid industrialisation was the “Marshall Plan” of USA, under which
funds, via IBRD(now World Bank), were supplied to west Germany and Japan. Though it was USA’a vested interest
to contain Communism, which propted massive aid, nevertheless recovery was remarkable.
Free international Trade, again led by USA, also allowed Germany and Japan to export their goods, primarily to
USA, thereby earning them foreign exchange and futher investment in modernisation.
Third important factor was the dawn of “Pax Americanna”. With only two reining superpowers, USA was able to
stabilise west Euproe, which was under constant turbulence ever since Late 19th century. Therefore overarching
military preponderence and economic investment of USA, provided apt environment for Industrial growth.
Similarly security worries of Japan was taken care of by USA’s impressive presence in Japan and in Pacific, therefore
Japan was able to use all the resources available for reconstruction and rapid industrialisation, without investing
much in security.
Thus USA along with Bretton woods institutions viz IMF and IBRD was able to make significant contribution in
Germany and Japan Industrialisation and modernisation
75. Write a note on Regenerative Plastic that was in news recently.
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/researchers-develop-plastic-that-grows-back-afterdamage/article5995034.ece
a. Regenerative Plastic, as the name suggests, have the capability to heal and regenerate itself in the event of any
damage or cracks or breakage. Until now only tiny microscopic cracks could be healed, but now larger cracks and
cleavages have been taken care of by this technique.
It uses multiple fluid streams reaching the target. A restorative material is supplied to the damaged area. It gels and
tightens, thus filling the gap and repairing the damage.
The capability is a boon for various commercial products, which need repairs or are prone to damage. Examples like
toys, car bumpers, utensils, home appliances etc. Also this discovery would significantly help those parts and
products that are difficult to replace or repair like those in aerospace applications or underwater devices.
Using the design of biological circulatory system i.e. multiple vascular tubes supplying the material, further research
can be done in the area. Vascular Delivery would enable transfer of large volumes of multiple healing agents to
repair different types of damages. Also multiple restorations can be done if damage takes place more than once.
76. Write a note on Baroreceptors.
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/worlds-first-implantable-device-to-reduce-highbp/article5995150.ece
a. Baro-receptors devices can control short term fluctuations in blood pressure. Baroreceptors are the specific
sensors in their devices, which get activated as the blood vessels try to stretch and they send signals to the device.
The device sends electrical signals to brain to adjust the blood pressure
The device includes 24 individual electrodes. They are integrated into micro machine cuff. The device is so designed
that it can be wrapped along the Vagus Nerve. Vagus Nerve runs from the brain stem to the thorax and abdomen. It
supplies blood and stimulates various organs including heart and major blood vessels.
The device is a seminal discovery for those patients who do not respond to the existing medical treatments for the
blood pressure. The device can be implanted in such cases. The device uses an intelligent circuit to record the
patients activity and further adjusts the blood pressure accordingly.
The discovery holds potential use for large number of patients Cardiovascular diseases.
77. Critically analyze the recommendations of Naresh Chandra committee which was set-up to
review all all aspects of national security including higher defence management.
http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/premvir-das-the-three-big-reforms-fordefence-114051000920_1.html
a. India has from time and again faced difficulties in co-ordination in field operations between the three different
wings of defence forces, namely Army, Navy and Air Force. Thus, Naresh Chandra Committe which was to review
higher defence management gave its comprehensive report.
It gave recommendations of creating a four-star permanent chairman of Chiefs of Staff, to position military officers
alongside their civilian counterparts in defence ministry and to increase the FDI (foreign direct investment) limit in
Defence production.
A join head of Defence forces is highly needed as is the case in countries such as America, UK, China and France.
Field operations are highly complicated and need 100% coordination between 3 wings. But, most of the chiefs of
Army, navy and Air Force oppose any such move as they think that they will loose a part of their own operational
turf and sole top most command of their wing.
Second, recommendation pertains to greater integration and understanding between military and bureaucracy
which are indulged in blame game. But, integrated MoD is a distant dream, until the recommendation of Unified
command is accepted.
FDI limit in Defence production needs to be increased, if the country has to attract greater talent, capital and
efficiency and to achieve self-reliance in Arms. But, this proposal is not in coherency with current political mindset,
thus highly unlikely to be passed.
So, there are major impediments in higher defence management, i.e. lack of political willpower, rift in officers of civil
and military establishments and need for joint command, which needs to be solved.
b. Naresh Chandra Committee, 2010, recommended various reforms for national security and higher defence
management. They include1.
Separate National Intelligence Board to assist Joint Intelligence Committee.
2. Amending Prevention of Corruption Act to curb hesitating officials, who take decisions about defence procurement,
so as to prevent them from harassment for errors of judgement/ good faith decisions.
3. A permanent chairman of chief of staff committee.
4. Positioning of military officers in Ministry of Defence, alongside bureaucrats.
5. Allow FDI in defence production
6. Establish National Defence University and separate think tank on Internal Security.
Separate Intelligence Board, Defence University, other think tanks, seem redundant. Already specialized Joint
Intelligence Committee and think tanks like IDSA are present with necessary expertise and guidance.
Also, Amending Corruption Act, to protect honest officers, can indeed help corrupt officers to escape in disguise of
error of judgement or decisions on good faith.
Other recommendations are important. A unified permanent command of chief staff committee will ensure
coordination and joint action of all forces. It will bring better integration, curb conflict of interests and unity of
command. But many chiefs have resisted this and favoured status quo.
Deputation of military officers in MoD will bring integration, cohesion and understanding between all. It will help in
better planning, policy, procurement, execution and harmony. Placing Business of defence under an administrators
seems vague and without expertise. Naturally, bureaucrats and political class is apprehensive about it.
Further, FDI shall bring technology, resources, expertise, aid DRDO and help achieve self reliance. Hence, these
recommendations should be re-looked and implemented at the earliest.
c. The Naresh Chandra Committee on higher defence management was appointed in 2010 allegedly due to
accusations that post-Kargil defence reforms never came through.
The committee among other proposals had suggested three major reforms.
One, to position military officers alongside their civilian counterparts in the defence ministry, for greater integration
and more cohesive functioning. However the proposal would require a unified command which has been under
continuous opposition from the chief of staffs
Two, to create a four-star officer as permanent chairman of the Chiefs of Staff who is divested of his operational
duties and but enhanced in his advisory role to the government unlike the present scenario. As is stated before this
proposal has been resisted by the chief of staffs who have traditionally been reluctant to shed off their dual duties.
Three, to increase foreign direct investment limits in defence production. Acquiring FDI in defence has hit a
roadblock what with the recent accusations of graft in acquisition. The government has shown no initiative to
streamline the defence procurement procedure, which would allow for alternatives to be rapidly selected when one
vendor is hit by scandal.
The failure of implementation of the committee’s proposal can also be blamed for the reduced credentials of the
committee itself. First, the committee,unlike in other countries, operated in secrecy with a complete lack of clarity
about its mandate. Second, it did not consist of any political leaders and, moreover, did not seek out the views of
political parties. Finally, the committee did not conduct independent research and instead based its
recommendations on the testimony offered by different agencies.
However there are other proposals put forward by the task force which can be implemented relatively easily: a rejig
of the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). a revised mandate for some of the intelligence
agencies, setting up an oversight mechanism in some agencies, and improvement of linguistic and technical skills in
the external security network.
All said and done however, it is only a legislative act of parliament,through strong political will cutting across
parties, on the lines of the US Goldwater-Nichols Act, that would have to transform higher defence management in
India.
78. With an example, explain how the recent verdict by the Supreme Court that prior sanction is not
mandatory for the CBI to conduct probe against a senior official will have implications on
corruption and good governance.
http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/handling-graft-in-exim-trade114051100768_1.html
a. Corruption is rooted in the opaqueness and discretion given to the officials to decide the fate of certain issues,
which have implications if left without inquiry. This gives power to the authority, which can ask for favors and
becomes corrupt.
Corruption gives rise to a system which is detrimental for smaller section of business community and poor. Thus,
Governance becomes very bad. Recently Supreme Court has ruled, that no prior sanction is required by CBI for
conducting probe against senior officials.
This, ruling is quite significant as the corruption starts from top-down and has support of these higher officials.
Since, they are insulated from direct inquiry, they have a buffer time zone, to save themselves while CBI is taking
permission.
For eg. – In custom clearances the discretion of officers is needed for various consignments. They can delay it, thus
forcing traders to give money for easy trade. Small traders suffer most, as they have to pay more for less volume.
They also don’t want to go to long litigation process and at same time, can’t oppose directly due to fear of retaliation.
Now, CBI can directly inquire the top official who handles all this, since its under his command that these delays
happen. So, this new ruling has potential to threaten the top officials who felt immune before this, to amend their
ways and to give transparent and Good governance.
b. DSPE Act mandates prior approval of the government, for any proceedings against the officers above the level of
joint secretary. This has been contested by CBI on the grounds of lack of autonomy.
Post LPG reforms, the competition for natural resources has been increasing and those at the joint secretary level
and above enjoy certain discretion in the allocation as there is no independent body to allocate such resources and
price these resources. This gives a chance for corruption and also results in bad governance as many rules and
regulations are likely to be violated and amended to ensure allocation. This was evident in the 2g scam and the coal
block allocation.
SCs verdict can significantly bring these issues down as CBI is likely to enjoy more autonomy and ensuring
investigation in the right way. On the flipside the investigation agency has been questioning the process of decision
making while it is authorized only to investigate the decision. It has been seen in the investigation of NSEL scam and
also in coal block allocation.
While it can bring down corruption, it may seriously paralyse the decision making in administration which is very
much necessary for ensuring high growth. This may also bring down the dignity of honest officers. Authority to
investigate should be granted on case by case basis and when the decision is proved to be malafide.
c. The far reaching order of the Supreme Court to take away the mandatory sanctions required by the CBI under the
CVC act to prosecute senior bureaucrats in the court monitored corruption cases is a landmark judgement .
Cases :
In the Taj Corridor case and in the Adarsh Society case , the sanctions required to prosecute certain senior
bureaucrats was not granted by the Governor who is appointed by the Central Government. The case got adversely
stalled because of the denial of sanctions. Therefore , it can be logically derived that the corruption at higher levels
may happen unabated when there is enough political influence behind it.
On the one hand , it can be argued that politician –bureaucrat nexus makes it difficult for the rule of law to be
enforced .On the other hand , the argument of the government is that the intention is not to protect the corrupt
officials but to provide adequate safeguards for the higher level bureaucrats from baseless allegations as they are
involved in policy making . However , it is to be noted that enough safeguards are already provided under the
Section 19 of the Prevention of Corruption Act .
This judgement ,compounded with Right to Information act , will decrease discretionary corruption at higher levels
.Further ,enhanced accountability and strictly enforced rule of law will give new life to good governance. This
judgement , without any doubt ,sets the right tone for corruption free system.
79. What measures has government taken to impart skills to the labours in unorganized sector?
What role can private sector play in this regard? Examine.
http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/organising-the-unorganised-sector114051100777_1.html
a. The current education system in India does not focus on training young people in employable skills that can
provide them with employment opportunities. Today, a large section (~ 93 per cent) of India’s labor force has
outdated skills and engaged in unorganized sector. With current and expected economic growth, this challenge is
going to only increase further, since more than 75% of new job opportunities are expected to be skill-based.
The Government is therefore strongly emphasizing on upgrading people’s skills by providing vocational education
and training to them. Some important measures taken by govt. are1) To create an institutional base for skill development in India at the national level, a “Coordinated Action on Skill
Development” with three-tier institutional structure consisting of the PM’s National Council on Skill Development,
the National Skill Development Coordination Board (NSDCB) and the National Skill Development Corporation
(NSDC) was created in 2008.
2) Formulated the National Policy on Skill Development, 2009 and set a target for providing skills to 500 million
people by 2022 involving various stakeholders.
3) The Ministry of Labor & Employment is running various schemes and has set up industrial training institutions
across the country.
4) The Ministry of Human Resource Development, the Ministry of Rural Development and the Ministry of Urban
Development & Poverty Alleviation have launched skill upgrading programs and self-employment schemes.
5) Under National Skill Development Mission, it implements many programs in the Public Private Partnership mode
to facilitate setting up of large, high quality, for-profit vocational institutions.
6) Govt. aims to set up 1,500 new ITIs and 5,000 skill development centers across the country as well a National
Vocational Qualification Framework (NVQF) for affiliations and accreditation in vocational, educational and
training systems.
7) Mobile training vans have been deployed in rural and remote areas where training infrastructure is awfully
deficient. Skill development centers conduct skill development programs primarily to support services and
unorganized sector.
But Govt. alone can’t succeed in this huge mission without support of Private players, civil society and participation
of citizens. Private sector is more efficient in providing sector specific skills (SSS) and can complete their CSR
responsibility by setting up carrier training centers. By supporting govt. with required investment, it can enhance
the reach of the govt. programs to every section of the society.
80. Write a critical note on the reasons behind increasing ethnic and religious clashes in different
parts of Africa.
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/weak-institutions-easytargets/article5999704.ece
a. Africa is one of the grossly underdeveloped continents of the world, which is full of trouble and violence. It is full
of rich natural and mineral resources but these resources have became the main bone of contention.
Africa consists of native tribals, which have divided into different ethnic groups. It also contains a considerable
Muslim and Christian population. A lot of clashes happen between these groups and ethnic populations as seen in
South Sudan and Nigeria. Recently 300 girls were abducted by a terrorist organisation ‘Boko Haram’ which is highly
critical of western though, education and other religions.
The main reason for these clashes lie in inability of government to stop these organisation from growing, lack of
defence equipment with national government, rampant poverty, huge corruption and fight for the control of natural
resources eg – Blood diamond. Foreign intervention is also a big cause, as many rebel groups get arms and
ammunition from foreign countries outside African continent.
Religious clashes occur due to fanaticism and retaliation measures. Most governments are also military dictatorship
and these don’t have popular support of masses. They thrive on power, violence and foreign aid. Low education
level, lack of employment opportunities and social violence leads to easy recruitment by terrorist organisations for
fighter’s among youth.
Africa could be developed and prosperous as it has everything other than understanding and cooperation among its
own people. International organisations need to help Africa to achieve piece and Security.
b. Causes of increasing ethnic and religious clashes in Africa are a result of various factors:
• Historical –
o European borders were drawn on a piece of paper without any thought given to the tribal heterogeneity. It one of
the biggest hindrances to Africa because traditional enemies were contained within one European-made border. E,g
conflict between the Hutus and Tutsis resulted in Rwandan genocide in which lakhs were massacred and many more
fled to neighbouring Countries causing unrest there.
o During colonization, European countries had bought African rich resources with weaponry which introduced a gun
culture there.
• Political –
o European imperialists left without establishing stable governments in many Countries. Corruption and weak
public institutions make countries easy targets for determined terrorist groups. They have not been able to establish
State control over natural resources fuelling inter – ethnic tensions for control over them.
o State dictatorships trying to shore up ethnic autocracies are under attack by increasingly militant opposition
groups. These dictators made policies which did not respect diversity. The leader at the top many times only looked
after the needs of his tribes preventing multicultural policies to develop.
• Economic – Extreme poverty along with increased illiteracy and unemployment results in the formation of militant
groups to fight back against the government and well established other ethnic groups.
• Religious – European colonizers introduced Chrstian missionaries in many African Countries which led to
reactionary birth of many Islamist fundamentalist orgs like Boko Haram
Multi pronged strategy of international intervention to tackle extremist organizations, political stability by
strengthening democratic institutions representing all sections of society, socio-economic development and
promotion of peace is the need of the hour.
81. “While harmonising the patent law in the country with the provisions of the TRIPS Agreement,
India has attempted to balance its obligations under the international treaty and its commitment to
protect and promote the public health considerations of people in the country and elsewhere.”
Critically comment.
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/defending-indias-patentlaw/article5999705.ece
a. In 2005, India implemented changes to its 1970 patent regime to make it comply with intellectual property
provisions of the World Trade Organization. It has among other provision obliged itself to grant patents to all
inventions that are ‘new, non-obvious or inventive’.
Recently its use of section 3(d) to prevent evergreening-the practice of making minor changes and passing them off
as inventions(the Novartis case); and issue of compulsory licences(the Bayern case) is intended to break the
monopoly of huge pharmaceutical corporations and provide life saving drugs at much reduced prices. These
alterations to the patent law are perfectly TRIPS compliant as the treaty allow nations to 1 ) define inventiveness
suiting public policy 2) Issue compulsory licenses while following procedural rules as stated by the treaty.
In addition the provision that allowed Indian companies like Cipla to manufacture generic drugs patented before
2005 and export at much lower rates made India the ‘pharmacy of the world’. This came as a life saver to patients
from not just developing and under developed countries but also developed nations. . For example the industry
supplies 50% of the essential medicines that the UNICEF distributes in developing countries.
This is also an important step towards fortifying India’s commitment towards National and international health
under various statutes like the Millennium Development goals.
Be that as it may, India’s patent law has far from been able to scrutinise illegitimate patents. Thousand of patents are
approved each year and it is likely that many of these patents are likely to have been granted in violation of Section
3(d). It is thus important to train the officers in the patent office and the judiciary regarding the Supreme Court’s
interpretation of Section 3(d) to interpret the therapeutic efficacy criteria.
Developed countries often push for strong IP protection and enforcement standards through FTA like the case with
European Union Trade and India should push continually towards excluding the IP issue in trade negotiations.
As a final word, India’s health commitments towards its people are far from ended by patent laws alone. The nation
faces severe health problems of malnutrition, sanitation, food insecurity, indoor pollution and ground water
contamination which need preventive intervention rather than curative measures.
b. India after becoming a signatory of TRIPS Agreement, duly amended its patent act to meet the requirements of
agreement. The Indian Patents Act 1970, amended in 2005, provided a 20 years patent protection to innovations
that were likely to bring enhanced benefits to people of India. The concerns of civil society vis-a-vis cost of
healthcare were also met by introducing section 3(d) to the amended act, which explicitly provided that innovations
will have to show enhanced efficacy. Another article in the act provided for compulsory license to medicines which
were beyond the reach of common citizens. The act thus walked a tightrope between promoting R&D and ensuring
public health.
The two articles have been a major point of debate after India issued a compulsory license and rejected the patent
protection to two blockbuster drugs last year. The decisions have been criticized by multinational pharmaceutical
companies for being anto-innovation. According to multinationals, the decisions will worsen the R&D environment
of the country and will therefore negatively impact public health in long term.
The two decisions are however landmarks from the point of view of public health. The two drugs, regulated through
the act, were significantly out of reach of poor patients. India was thus legitimate to invoke provisions under the
patents act, which is consistent with the TRIPS Agreement. Multinationals have anyways indulged in anti-people
practices such as evergreening to increase the life of patents, in past. The patents act provides due protection in such
as scenario.
82. Write a note on Sufism, its origins and its influence on Indian Islam.
Sufism is known as “Islamic Mysticism,” in which Muslims seek to find divine love and knowledge through direct
personal experience of God.
They believe that direct knowledge of God, spiritual truth, or ultimate reality can be attained through subjective
experience (as intuition or insight). They admit that Sufi beliefs have no basis from the traditional Islamic sources of
the Quran and Sunnah.
OriginThere is disagreement among religious scholars and Sufis themselves about the origins of Sufism. The traditional
view is that Sufism is the mystical school of Islam and had its beginnings in the first centuries following the life of
the Prophet Mohammad.
Another view traces the pre-Islamic roots of Sufism back through the early Christian mystics of Syria and Egypt.
Some consider that Sufism have existed from the beginning of the human creation. Therefore no one person can be
said to be its propounder.
Influence on Indian IslamWith the entrance of Islam in 7th century in India, Sufi mystic tradition got established well in Delhi Sultanate.
Sufism had left a prevailing impact on religious, cultural, and social life in India.
Sufi saints inspired the mass conversions to Islam in India for a millennium. Ibn Batuta, the legendary Arab traveler,
was stunned by the power of the Sufi holy men in the court of the Tughlak sultans when he visited Delhi in the
1340’s. Even now, the tombs of Amir Khusro (the founder of qawwali or Sufi devotional music), Nizamuddin Auliya,
Moinuddin Chishti and Baba Farid evoke the fervor and passions of the middle Ages.
They also accelerated the idea of Muslim separation in India after the Mughal Empire was challanged by the Jats
and Marathas. Both Sir Sayyid Ahmed Khan and Iqbal adapted Sufi mysticism to geopolitical concepts of a Muslim
renaissance in Indian power politics.
But their teachings of humanity, love for God and Prophet continue to be surrounded by mystical tales and folk
songs today. Sufis were firm in abstaining from religious and communal conflict and strived to be peaceful elements
of civil society. They spread the attitude of accommodation, adaptation, piety, and charisma as a pillar of mystical
Islam in India.
83. Explain how radiocarbon dating technique works.
http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/carbon-samples-from-sarnath-could-befrom-395-bc/
a. As the name itself suggest that radiocarbon dating. We will date something like how old the thing is by using
radiocarbon.
Why only radiocarbon.. Bcoz..radiocarbon ic C 14 and has property of radioactivity. It means it keeps on decaying
and emitting certain particles like alpha,beta ,gamma and change its form depending on the particle it emits.
Now at the begining of formation of any substance there is a fix amount of C14 present in that , after a fix time
period it will decay and the quantity will remain half of what was present earlier ,this time taken is known as half life
of C14. The most important and useful thing regarding this half life is that it is fixed and there is no effect of
temperature, rainfall,climate conditions whatsoever in this half life period.
Half life of C14 is around 5700 years .
Example .
At beginng C14 present let’s say equal to 1 kg.
After 5700 years it will be half kg
After 2*5700 years it will be 1\4 kg .
So by calculating the ratio of amount of c14 remained at present to earlier amount , we can easily calculate the age of
a substance.
Advantage of using C14… Carbon is universal and found in almost all substances .
Disadvantage… Half life is very small..can not use accurately to date million of year old rocks .
84. Why do you think chit funds or ponzi schemes still persist in spite of many scams? Comment.
http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/probing-saradha-114051201274_1.html
a. From Charles Ponzi in the 1920s to Sudipta Sen in 2010s, the underlying mechanisms of all fraudulent schemes
essentially remain the same – targeting the ignorant masses and loopholes in the system. A close inspection of the
causes behind the frequent recurrence of such scams reveals the following facts:
1.
Administrative ambiguity: Chit funds in India remain under the ambit of state governments. However, money
collection from public investors fall under the Department of consumer affairs while the financial operations remain
under the ministry of finance.This causes a dilution of the needed policing.
2. Hazy operations: When SEBI started investigations into the Sarada scam, they floated no-existent companies to
show cross company shareholdings. This created a complex trail for the officials to follow, giving the frauds time to
escape investigation
3.Aggressive marketing: The promise of high returns is the basic allure of such schemes. They become the seller
of dreams.The allure of quick returns is too much for most of us to ignore. We forget that with greater returns, there
is always greater risks. The companies prey on this greed.
However the most important factor behind all such scams is
4. Ignorance of investors: All scams take advantage of the unsuspecting masses. From Jordan Belfort to Sudipta Sen,
they have targeted the weaker and financially ignorant section of the society. This helps in them in fooling the
investors easily and keep their pockets full.
While the public remains unaware and don’t understand their investments, the risk of such scams shall always be
there.
85. Critically examine if Indian defence forces need a tri-service commander in the light of ongoing
debate on the issue.
http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/ajai-shukla-failing-to-plan-planning-to-fail114051201278_1.html
a. The Naresh Chandra Committee last year recommended a four-star, permanent chairman of the chiefs of staff
committee (COSC). The recommendation was to be seen in the light of the problems Indian defence faces due to the
absence of a unified command.
The three services in India often place unreasonable demands for funds in a hope to get an acceptable sum. Given
India’s obligations towards social sectors, defence allocations should be a consultative, iterative process that
harmonises financial flows with the imperatives of national security.
Secondly during a critical stage during war, for example a high-impact terror strike in India like a nuclear strike, the
divergent views of various chiefs can place the Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) in real quandary
Third a unified command would avoid wasteful duplication of capabilities like air space capabilities and intelligence.
However a COSC is only a watered down alternative to a Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) which must be the next logical
step. The COSC works primarily by consensus and finds it extremely difficult to agree on hard decisions that are
binding on all the Services. History tells us that Eisenhower’s decision to launch the Normandy landings in the face
of continuing rough weather and MacArthur’s decision to land at Inchon against stiff opposition from virtually his
entire staff could not have been made by committees.
However recent civil-military tensions raise fear of concentration of power in the hands of a unified power. Hence
the command must only be given an advisory role and deprived of operational duties.
Additionally, change should be evolutionary and not revolutionary. At the inception stage of the concept of CDS it
may be more appropriate to designate the CDS as the “first among equals” and let the three Chiefs of Staff retain
operational command and administrative control over their Services. Once the system matures, theatre commanders
should be gradually appointed, given India’s long land borders with a varied terrain configuration and two major
seaboards.
In the prevailing battlefield milieu of joint operations, combined operations and even coalition operations, modern
armed forces cannot be successful without a well-developed and deeply ingrained culture of jointmanship.
b. The need for a tri-service commander has been institutionally articulated since 1999, when the Kargil Committee
Report, noting the difficulties in inter-service coordination during the Kargil conflict, recommended the
appointment of a CDS. As an interim measure towards CDS, a four star Chief of Staffs Committee is being
appointed.
Seeing the absence of an unified command, COSC would be poised to coordinate all the three wings of defence
sector. Often, the three services have worked independently in procuring same set of equipment and duplicating
work. The new post, COSC will bring in synergy in major acquisitions for all the three forces, hence saving hundreds
of crores of rupees. In addition, better use of capabilities of all three wings can be achieved in matters of terror
strike.
Such synergy would help in greater integration and fasten decision making since technical and domain knowledge
from both the civil and military side will be instantly available whenever necessary instead of putting every query on
file thereby adding to delays.
This post is being continuously criticized by the three wings fearing the concentration of power in the hands of one.
Giving only observatory role to this post would solve this issue. However, this should only remain an interim
measure and path must be laid for a five star CDS. India should not put national security at stake and before letting
any other big terror striking in the nation proactive steps must be taken.
86. Critically discuss how the Indian society has behaved and changed in response to inefficient
governance and corruption in public life during the post economic reforms years
http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/aditya-puri-elections-and-the-challenge-ofrational-expectations-114051201275_1.html
a. Post economic reforms of 1991, a new dynamism has come about in Indian society. New entrepreneurs came up.
The government worked in joint way with private sector.
However, in many ways, crony capitalism of license-quota-permit raj seen since pre-reform era only increased. The
new licenses became those of environment clearances and granting natural resources at personal premiums. The
government machinery continued taking ‘speed money’ to fasten such permissions and deliver services to common
people. Corruption spread its roots deeper, as people were willing to pay bribes to trump competitors, or get any
work done faster in the increased pace of society.
Inefficient governance and corruption has been thus seen in private and public companies and government e.g.
many scams like Satyam, Enron, 2G, Commonwealth Games etc. Indian society has overall accepted such corruption
as an inseparable part of life. This has led to sub-standard works and supplies which have degenerated Indian life.
e.g. spurious drugs, clinical trials on poor, bad roads, late issue of voter IDs/driving license/pension without bribes
etc. Even good societal values are rare to find and tendency to cheat for profits is widely seen e.g. adulteration, ponzi
schemes, black money, illegal trafficking etc. Whistle-blowers are murdered.
Some good changes like RTI Act 2005, execution of e-governance projects etc. brought positive changes such as
transparent and accountable governments at every level. Still Indian society has not benefitted fully in absence of
strong whistle-blower protection bill, killing of RTI activists and still lower awareness amongst all. The AntiCorruption movement since 2011 by civil society heralded some positive changes too, yet a lot more needs to be done
to curb corruption. Judicial activism is helping in this direction. Still, without strong political will, Indian society
continues to suffer from ill-effects of corruption.
A strong, dynamic government which can execute next gen reforms and implement laws firmly and transparently,
will only be able to bring positive changes in Indian society.
87. Discuss the recent economic problems faced by Euro Zone countries. Why do some economists
argue that devaluing Euro currency would help their economies grow well? Examine
http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/martin-feldstein-a-weaker-euro-for-astronger-europe-114051201280_1.html
a. After 2008, fears of sovereign debt crisis developed among European investors because of the rising private and
govt. debt. The Euro zone economic output declined much and European banks asked for bailout.
European central bank (ECB) took many political measures and bailout programs and lowered the interest rate to
provide cheap loans. Unemployment rate rose very high in many of the countries. Recently few countries are
witnessing positive growth but the Euro zone’s economy has not emerged well. Overall GDP growth rate is nearly
one percent. Inflation is going below at 0.5 percent.
More deflation may lead to increase in interest rates and finally the debt will rise. Devaluating the euro’s exchange
rate may prove a immediate required solution for current problem. A weaker euro currency would raise the cost of
imports and the prices of exports, thus pushing up the euro zone’s overall inflation rate.
Devaluation would also boost average euro zone GDP growth and exports and encouraging Europeans to substitute
domestically produced goods and services for imported items. Although competitiveness within the euro zone would
be unaffected, a weaker euro would significantly improve the external balance with the rest of the world, which
accounts for about half of euro zone trade.
One way to undervalue the currency may be quantitative easing but it has been observed from the US experience
that quantitative easing may not affect the inflation much. So to reduce the value of the euro and increase the euro
zone’s near-term inflation rate, the only reliable options is direct intervention of ECB in the currency market by
selling Euros and buying a basket of other currencies. But direct intervention to weaken the euro can create
challenges in other parts of the world. So policymakers of the remaining world would have to adjust their policies to
be competitive with the European exports.
88. What do you understand by the ‘female financial paradox’ which was in news recently? Explain.
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/the-phenomenon-called-female-financialparadox/article6003054.ece
a. Female financial paradox is the name given to the difficulties being faced by working and earning women, who
despite being work efficient and earning well, are not in a position to invest it properly and manage the earned
money suitably.
Women in today’s society in all respect are equally proficient and skilled as their male counterparts and hence
earning equally. In India the constitution specifically provides them the fundamental right to equal pay for equal
work. However, when it comes to investing that hard earned money, it is realized by several surveys and research
that women tend to only invest in risk free, long time investments such as in PPF, retirement plans, real estate,
insurance etc. They still don’t have the enough financial literacy to start putting the money in equities, shares,
mutual funds etc.
This Female financial paradox in time to come needs to be overcome as the women with their increasing
participation in labour market are going to contribute substantially in the earned income category. The financial
literacy among them would also benefit the market and the nation at large.
89. Explain the rationale behind constituting Polavaram Project Authority (PPA). Comment on the
controversy related to the project
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/political-recipe-for-environmentaldisaster/article6003030.ece
a. Indira Sagar (Polavaram) Project is a multi-purpose irrigation project across the Godavari River in India. It aims
to transfer large surplus water from the Godavari River basin to the Krishna River basin as a part of river linking
project. According to the Water Resources Ministry, works for Polavaram dam project commenced in October 2004
and is programmed to be completed by 2018
There has been a controversy on this project since the initiation of the project in 2004. The environmental impact
assessment (EIA) of the project says 276 villages will be affected and an estimated more than 2 lakh people will be
displaced. Tribal constitute 50% of such a displaced population.
Some activist pointed out that this interlinking of the rivers will harm the interests of the new Telangana state and
Rayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh. The project not only will displace several thousands of families, it will also
submerge several archaeological sites, coal deposits, a wildlife sanctuary and several hectares of farm land.
The neighboring state of Orissa also expressed its concern on the submerging of its land and decided to study this
together with the officials from Andhra Pradesh. The Polavaram dam involves a huge cost but its benefit will be
limited as 70% of the proposed irrigation area in the project detail report (PDR) is already under irrigation cover.
Also there is problem to fund this huge costly project without private investors.
Recently passed the Andhra Pradesh (Reorganization) Act, 2014 states that the Union would take the regulation and
development of the Polavaram project under its control. To resolve any inter-State water dispute, the government
can resort to conflict resolution through the Interstate River Water Disputes Act, 1956, apart from regular dialogue
and negotiation.
So GoI passed proposal to constitute the Polavaram Project Authority (PPA). The purpose of the PPA is to overcome
the project’s hurdles and generate investment. But the PPA can’t be effective in solving the matter until the riparian
states and Supreme Court approves the project. There are many river water disputes in all over India. The
government must find a long-term approach within its Department of Water Resource to deal with such skirmishes
in the near future.
90. Critically comment on the arguments put forward by the climate change ‘deniers
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/climate-change-we-have-nosolution/article6003029.ece
a. The majority of scientists who study climate change agree that human activity is responsible for changing the
climate. The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is one of the largest bodies of such
international scientists.
But there is small no. of critics who continue to deny the existence of climate change. They are known as Climate
change ‘skeptics’ or ‘deniers’. These do not debate with the logic and proofs of the science but focus their attention
on the media, public and policymakers to delay the action to combat the climate change.
Some of these critics argue that global climate is not getting warmer but actually getting colder. Some argue that
even if it is getting warmer, it will benefit great to all and doesn’t require any policy response. After 15 years of
extensive world-wide study on climate change, many of these deniers no longer deny about the happening of climate
change but instead argue that the cost of taking is too high and it is too late to take actions.
All of these arguments are false and not based on scientific evidences. Not surprisingly, the deniers have received
significant funding from coal and oil companies and have well established connections with the industries lobbies
which want the relaxation in environment regulations imposed by Govt.
91. Analyze the relationship between democracy and capitalism. Do you think that there is
experiencing a clash between capitalism and democracy? Comment
The desire for a democratic political system does not by itself create the capacity for establishing one. The key to
establishing a working democracy, and in particular the institutions of liberty, has been the free-market economy.
The institutions, skills, and values needed to operate a free-market economy, constitute democracy in the political
sphere.
Free markets provide private property which disperses power and shields each person from coercion. Further, welldefined property rights tend to encourage the emergence of private civil associations. These private associations
provide individuals with an alternative form of governance where the state is ineffective or absent. A robust civil
society fosters self-reliance and individual responsibility, characteristics necessary for any liberal democratic order.
In the opposite view, Capitalism subverts democracy by skewed distribution of wealth and creating economic
inequality in the society. Capitalism also gives birth to Crony Capitalism sometime to influence the govt. policies.
Democracy fosters capitalism by allowing the citizens to progress freely. Additionally whenever inequality increases
so much discontent among people Govt. takes measures like progressive taxes to bring happiness to citizens.
Democracy sometime undermines capitalism (according to the invisible hand theory), by interfering in its affairs,
mandating prices, strict regulations, artificially raising and lowering supply or demand, etc.
In reality there is no fixed defined relation between democracy and capitalism. In certain countries it is preached
that this is the best combination. But some countries find themselves constantly battling unemployment, inflation,
and tremendous deficits and national debts due to this combination.
92. Write a note on Bacillus thuringiensis var kurstaki wettable powder
http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/surinder-sud-making-bt-safe114051201277_1.html
GM technology seeks to exploit pest killing attributes of specific Bacteria like Bacilius Thuringiensis(Bt), by injecting
its specific genes in to the plant making it pest resistant, through genetically modifying the crops.
This contentious technology has led to many questions ranging from environment issues to philosophical questions
on Man ‘Playing God’.
Now an indigenous solution seeks to exploit the abilities of bacteria without
genetically modifying the crops. Hyderabad based Directorate of oil seed research has developed a Bt-doped
insecticial powder termed as Bt var kurstaki wettable powder. This technology keeps the insects away without
adopting GM crops.
It has several other advantages like, low cost to develop, and it degrades automatically after being applied without
leaving any toxic residue, there by causing little harm to human beings and livestock. Besides, it kills only the
harmful insects and spares crop-friendly ones, including predators of harmful insects.
93. Do you agree with the view that the Planning Commission is redundant and should be wound
up? In the light of its present functions, critically comment.
http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/if-you-abolish-plancom-you-will-haveto-create-a-new-one-montek-singh-ahluwalia-114051400255_1.html
a. The planning commission(PC) in India was formed in 1950 as the agency to formalate India’s planning It frames
and evaluates policy in each sector and frame broad government policies. Since many policies overlap ministries, the
PC helps coordinate those policies. To the extent of implementing just policies, it allocates resources in the Central
Budget between the Centre and the States and also between the Central Ministries.
Indeed the role of PC as a coordinating agency is essential where every sector is ultimately connected to a myriad of
other sectors. Its role as a policy framer and budget allocator however needs review.
Unlike 60 years ago when PC was formed, private sector is a much larger part of the economy and the economy itself
is much more open globally. Today no single party dominates every state and regional powers with varied
aspirations have cropped up. The initial role of the PC to frame a central policy and allocate resources has become
obsolete. It can be at best frame a guide pointing towards the various forces influencing the economy while leaving
the budget management to the finance ministry as recommended by the Rangarajan Committee.
Distribution was and is the primary agenda of the planning commission but in a competitive world today high
growth must be a top priority. In such a scenario centralization is likely to be inefficient because bureaucratic
decision-making, subject to multiple levels of accountability, is inherently sluggish, rule bound and unlikely to
promote risk-taking.
The commission also suffers from lack of diverse points of view from different stakeholders including ministries and
independent expertise. Lack of scope for diverse voices has lead to complete disregard of the institution by some
states and that bodes ill for the commission. The second ARC report suggested a revamp of the structure and it
should be implemented gradually.
Planning for the new economic environment is a process that has to rely more on persuasion than directions and has
to be much more consultative than in the past.
b. Planning commission is an extra constitutional and non -statutory body responsible for social and economic
planning of the country.
Redundancy Argument from different angles:
Finance view:
a. The most vociferous argument is that the functions and responsibilities of the Planning commission and Finance
commission are overlapping .This leads to unnecessary duplication of work .The two counter arguments to this is
that in the recent period the roles of Finance commission are clearly delineated and Planning commission is
directive and advisory body which is inevitable in this coalition era.
Administrative view:
b. Planning commission has been overriding the powers of federal structure of the system and thereby making
implementing agency ,importantly State Government a passive recipient of its policies. The two counterargument s
are that there is a clear demarcation of subjects in the constitution and considering the vast regional differences in
the development in India ,Planning commission articulates what is optimum for India as a whole and not for any
sectarian /regional interests
Implementation view:.
c. Planning commission policies are out of sync with ground realities ,right from poverty eradication to
infrastructure development. The counter argument is that considering the diversified interest on the ground and
delegation of powers at various tier levels , the implementation is possible only when Central and State government
acts responsibly with united goal. On this line , the introduction of UID will reduce such coordination and
duplication aberrations to the maximum possible level.
Therefore , an advisory body like Planning commission is not only a desirable body for India but a sheer necessity
94. Why was the Tax Administration Reform Commission (TARC) headed by Parthasarathi Shome
set up by the Finance Ministry? What are its terms of reference?
Govt. has set up a Tax Administration Reform Commission (TARC) comprising officials from public and private
sector agencies under Parthasarathi Shome. The rationale behind this commission is to bring in more credibility
among tax payers and to streamline income tax procedures.
They will not focus no tax policy and legislation, but on the rules and features and structural reforms in tax
administration. This commission was needed due to increasing discontent between taxpayers and tax department in
last few years.
Major terms of references are1) To review existing organizational structure and recommend the measures for capacity building and to promote
quality decision making at high policy levels.
2) Recommend measures to promote the use of Information and communication technology in tax administration.
3) Review existing dispute resolution mechanism and measures for strengthening the process to fasten the
grievances redressal mechanism.
4) Recommend measures for deepening and widening of tax base and taxpayer base.
5) To improve taxpayer services and taxpayer education program by simplified and timely disbursement of export
incentives, rectification procedures and refunds etc.
6) Recommend measures for “Capacity building” in emerging areas of Customs administration relating to Border
Control, National Security, International Data Exchange and securing of supply chains.
Other includes measures for improving tax governance, detect and prevent tax/economic offences etc. The first
report of the commission is expected to be out by end of May and they will give four quarterly reports next year. If
the commission works properly and implemented well by the next govt., will have great positive impacts on Tax
administration in India.
95. Why is India projected as a soft power? Do you think this image has helped India to advance its
foreign policy goals? Critically analyse.
http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/shyam-saran-the-trouble-with-tough114051301508_1.html
a. India is projected as a ‘soft power’ based on two different yet somewhat complementary interpretations- (a)
India’s rich cultural heritage of over four thousand years, gives India position of a unique civilisation. India’s liberal
democracy, food, music, dance, multi-plural society, non-violent freedom struggle heritage commands respect in the
comity of nations. Cricket, ‘Bollywood’, ‘the land of Gandhi’ all add to India’s soft power. (b) Indian Constitution has
imbibed settlement of international disputes by peaceful means, support of democracy and non-violence. India has
traditionally not gone for territorial conquest and as far as possible, avoided war opting for dialogue.
Such an image has immensely helped India advance her foreign policy goals. ‘Manmohan Doctrine’ underlines such
power to solve disputes and foster friendly relations with countries. Also, the respectability India gains by advocating
peaceful settlement of issues and as the largest practising liberal democracy, keeps India at high position in
international forums. Stressing on track-2 diplomacy, people-to-people contacts through education, economic ties,
cultural exchanges etc. has helped deeper engagement with countries.
Still India must increasingly also project ‘hard power’ so that she cannot be perceived as ‘weak’ in any way. Boosting
of indigenous defence, developing nuclear weapons as deterrence yet being ready with a-grade conventional
weapons for war situation, venturing of Indian Navy as ‘blue water Navy (fighting pirates, conducting drills in all
oceans etc.), taking tough stance regarding neighbours (esp. Pakistan’s not bringing 26/11 perpetrators to book) etc.
are essential.
Therefore, India must combinedly project her soft and hard power in a judicious mix alongwith increasing her
economic weight in the world. This will ultimately boost India’s overall position regarding foreign policy dealings
with the world.
b. India has followed a harmonious foreign policy over the years. It has upheld the idea of sovereignty by not
interfering in the internal affairs of other countries and by remaining neutral most of the time during voting for
imposing sanctions on countries. Initially after independence India’s support for the cause of decolonization and
Non alignment policy helped India’s image as a responsible power. Moreover, culture, Indian film industry and
sporting community is well received in other countries helping India forge closer ties with many countries. These
along with the democratic form of polity followed has helped project India as a soft power.
This image has helped in the post soviet world order where the alliances between countries are yet to crystallize.
India’s has become closer with the Asean block and one of the factors which aided this was religion of Buddhism
whose presence spanned these regions. India has taken its relations with Middle East countries forward with some
of them now planning to invest in India’s growth story. The democratic experience of India has attracted
neighbouring countries that are now transitioning into a democratic setup. One of the best examples of India’s soft
power helping in foreign policy objectives has been in Afghanistan and India’s continuing works in the field of
education and health have aided this relationship. India’s peacekeeping mission and championing of the cause of
developed countries in world forums like climate talks has helped in becoming closer to African countries.
However, this soft handling of foreign affairs has drawn criticism from many quarters how argue that India’s quest
for superpower status requires it to be tough. Recent events have highlighted this, like India’s stance vis-a-vis
Maldives turned disastrous with economic losses. India’s reluctance to pursue military options against Pakistan has
emboldened non state actors. And neglect of neighbours has resulted in china’s entry into these countries. But these
arguments don’t justify calls for tougher stand rather demands that India needs to be assertive and firm in its foreign
policy measures and look for legal alternatives, retaining the soft power tag which has helped it immensely.
96. Write a note on people-public-private partnership (PPPP) model of investment
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264275112002156
a. Citizen participation is usually considered a valuable element of democratic citizenship and democratic decisionmaking. In recent decades, many countries have gained experience with referendums, citizens’ forums, citizens’
juries, collaborative governance, participatory budgeting and other models in which citizens have a more direct say.
While India is already encouraging Public-Private-Partnership (PPP) model of investment in many projects, there
has been a gap between the goals and the achievements of these projects. A policy and program can’t be successful
without the participation of the stockholders, it will affect.
People-public-private partnership (PPPP) model or 4P model aims to examine and use the potential of partnerships
between public, private and civil society actors to bridge the gap between rhetoric and action in Govt. policies,
programs and projects.
Involved citizens generally have positive attitudes about the process and the outcome, whereas those who do not
participate are less supportive. Many areas like Climate change policy, Waste Management, Environment Impact
Assessment (EIA), and development of local infrastructure needs citizen participation.
This model would provide ways and means to Public authorities and private partners to hear the views of people
before finalizing the project. This will also open the ways for feedback mechanism which will help in improving the
performance in future projects.
97. Comment on the highlights of the Whistleblowers Protection Bill, 2011
Whistleblowing is the act of disclosing information by an employee or any stakeholder about an illegal or unethical
conduct within an organisation. The whistle blowers protection bill, 2011 seeks to protect such whistleblowers.
The provisions of the bill are

Any public servant or any other person including a non-governmental organisation may make a disclosure
related to an act of corruption, misuse of power, or criminal offence by a public servant to the Central(CVC) or
State Vigilance Commission.

Every complaint has to include the identity of the complainant.

The Vigilance Commission shall not disclose the identity of the complainant except to the head of the
department if he deems it necessary. The Bill penalises any person who has disclosed the identity of the
complainant upto Rs 50000)
-The Bill prescribes penalties for knowingly making false complaints
-An aggrieved party by an order of the Vigilance Commission may file an appeal to the High Court.
Issues
-It only regulates Government of India’s bureaucracy and not the private sector and State governments.
-it does not provide any penalty for victimising a complainant nor does it include anonymous complaints. These are
against the recommendations of Bill of the Law
Commission and the 2nd Administrative Reform Commission’s report
-The CVC was set up for similar purposes only receives a few hundred complaints every year. It is doubtful if the bill
would fare any better.
-The CVC itself cannot serve penalties or punishments. It is advisory in nature.
-The bill unlike its counterparts in UK, US and Canada define ‘disclosure’ very narrowly despite amendments to it
recently and doesn’t even define ‘victimisation’
Despite such loopholes however, the whistle blower’s act is definitive step forward and along with the RTI can shift
our present culture of zero tolerance of whistleblowing to a culture of zero tolerance of whistleblower retaliation.
98. Critically discuss India’s border problem with Pakistan.
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/no-chance-of-redrawing-indopak-border-saysformer-diplomat/article6006873.ece
a. The historical and political issues strained the relations between India and Pakistan. The border disputes in
Kashmir and Junagadh region led to confrontation between the two sides.
The border dispute in the north is the region separating the Azad Kashmir from the Jammu Kashmir on the Indian
side. The Azad Kashmir refers to the region incorporated into Pakistan after the UN direction.The dispute started
when the Pashtun tribals attacked on the Kashmir region to incorporate it into Pakistan. Indian forces intervened
after the accession of Kashmir into India.
Despite the international efforts , bilateral meetings, and back channel diplomacy, the border dispute has not been
resolved. The political disturbances in Pakistan have aggravated the condition. The policy of state sponsored
terrorism and internationalisation of Kashmir undertaken by Pakistan has further delayed the resolution process.
The disputes have adversely affected the development of the region. The threat of terrorism and militancy in the
region have reduced the growth potential. The presence of the armed forces under the AFSPA in the region has
worsened the condition of the people in the region.
There have been efforts undertaken to increase the cooperation by trade normalization and starting bus services
across border.
The people of Kashmir have been denied their right to develop due to acts of terrorism in the region. It would be
essential for the two sides to agree on a peaceful resolution for the stability in the region.
b. Indo-Pak relation has been hold hostage to various border disputes since independence, some of the major issues
are:
1. Kashmir Conflict: It is a major bone of contention causing harm to relation of both the countries. It is a border as
well as ideological issue. Pakis tan considers Kashmir as its own being majority Muslim state and India its own
because of Kashmir’s accession to India. A LOC has been demarcated dividing Kashmir, various solution has been
proposed for resolution of issue. However, the best outcome can be marking LOC as international border.
2. Siachein issue: It is an area overseeing the Karkoram range and is under Indian possession since 1980s. The
dispute arises because of improper demarcation of LOC in Shimla agreement. It is one of the low hanging fruit which
can be plucked to initiate Indo-Pak border conflict.
Sir- Creek issue: It is a marshy area in the Rann of Kutch, more than the strategic important the area is important
because the resource rich Exclusive economic one which comes with it. It is even less contentious than Siachin issue
and can be first to be solved.
99. What is Jhum cultivation? Is it good for forests? In the light of Mizoram’s recent New Land Use
Policy (NLUP) and its consequences, critically comment.
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/mizoram-bamboozled-by-land-usepolicy/article6006838.ece
a. ‘Jhum’ is shifting cultivation technique, largely practiced in North Eastern States of India mainly in Assam and
Mizoram. In Jhum, Cultivators cut bamboos, burn the slash, nourish the soil with Ashes and cultivate through the
Monsoon. This is also known as ‘Slash and burn’ technique. After cultivating few years, they shift to another area
leaving this land fallow to regenerate the forest cover and this cycle continues.
There are both side views about the pros and cons of Jhum to forests. Some environmentalists argue that shifting
cultivation put pressure on the forests and continuously declining the forest cover because increasing population
and land use pressure don’t provide sufficient time period to forest patches to be regenerated. It degrades the land’s
fertility also.
But there are evidences which show that Jhum in Mizoram is economically productive and ecologically sustainable.
It provides firewood, charcoal, wild vegetables and fruits, wood and bamboo for house construction and other home
needs. Also nearly 5-6 years time period is sufficient for fallow lands to regenerate the forest and bamboo cover.
Jhum uses natural cycles of forest regeneration to grow diverse crops without using chemical pesticides or fertilizers.
Recently, Mizoram enacted legislation to promote Organic Farming and discourage Jhum by it New Land Use Policy
(NLUP). Under this policy, policy makers and industry now promote “settled” cultivation and plantations, such as
pineapple and oil palm, claiming they are better land use than Jhum. State provides Rs.1, 00,000 in a year directly
to households, aiming to shift beneficiaries into alternative occupations like horticulture, livestock-rearing, or
settled cultivation. The policy has created opportunities for families seeking to diversify or enhance income.
But studies show that increasing settled cultivation deforest large land area permanently. Also pineapple and oil
palm industries setup is using huge land area. Monoculture practices are degrading the land’s fertility and defeating
the purpose of the NLUP.
Attempting to eradicate Jhum completely is inappropriate. Govt. should use public money and resources to help
cultivators by providing required infrastructure. They should refine the Jhum practice by lengthening cropping and
fallow periods. There is need to provide market and price support to cultivators and including organic labeling to
them.
100. Examine why right to education was not made a fundamental right by the Constituent
Assembly when it drafted the Constitution of India?
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/correcting-a-historicalinjustice/article6006837.ece
a. The rejection of the Right to Education(RTE) as a fundamental right during the drafting of the constitution of
India has to been seen in the light of the then historical proceedings and the capabilities of the Indian state.
In 1942 the Cripps Proposals had suggested a union of independent units meaning greater independence to states.
The Cabinet plan of 1946 under which the constituent assembly was set up was developed in the realm of such weak
centre-state relations. The implementation of RTE was perceived by the assembly to be a threat to the political and
fiscal autonomy of the independent units as laid down by the Cripps proposals. Despite the subsequent fortification
of central authority the RTE never made into the fundamental rights until several decades later and remained as a
directive principle.
Another thought must be the prevailing shambolic state of the nation’s economy and if it could burden itself with
universal education.
On hindsight however the decision had cost the nation both economically and socially. The practicality of a right
should have never been the basis for declaring or not declaring a right. Secondly directive principles deserve as much
merit and sincerity as fundamental rights and neglecting them destroys the very idea of such principles. Finally any
fears could have been allayed by allotting reasonable restrictions similar to all the rights.
A right is not given with the belief that it would be implemented overnight but with the hopes that it would be an
important agenda around which people can rally around. After all rights are never given but taken.
b. Fundamental Rights are those rights that are justifiable in the court of law. These are absolute basic rights, which
can’t be relegated by state, or infringed upon unless, their nature is changed in the constitution itself.
Including Right to education in fundamental rights meant that Government would have been compelled to invest
heavily in education sector i.e. infrastructure development, teachers recruitment, and opening up of a lot of new
schools. But, this was not possible, without achieving the basic needs i.e. food, clothing and shelter. Also, we didn’t
had enough competent number of educated teachers to implement this law.
India had more pressing problems of underdevelopment, poverty, hunger, food security, health, defense, law and
order, industrialization, improving agricultural sector, land reforms, communalism, regionalism, north-east
insurgency and many more such problems which needed equal attention and resources. None, of these could be
neglected at the cost of others.
. Thus, our constituent assembly was knowing the ground situation of country, and it was more important for it to
solve India’s basic problems and keep it united rather than giving false promises which our country was not able to
deliver at that point of time. So, Right to Education was kept in DPSP instead of Fundamental rights.
101. Write a note on the Europe’s Peace Plan which has been proposed to resolve Ukraine crisis
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-international/fresh-ukraine-flareup-threatenseuropes-peace-plan/article6006946.ece
a. The Europe’s peace plan has been proposed by Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), a
security and rights monitoring group of European countries including Russia. The peace plan is designed to mediate
between the Ukrainian authorities and the separatists in order to end the ongoing violence and address the needs of
both the sides.
The plan calls for a total refrain from violence, intimidation and provocation while the OSCE team would investigate
and prosecute. The protestors occupying buildings would leave and surrender. There would not be more
referendums allowed. The plan envisages having a round table meeting consisting of all the stackholders in the
crisis.
The plan which also proposed decentralization of the administration having more autonomy to the region where
separatists are residing along with giving Russian language its due status which is commonly spoken in
Ukraine especially in areas where opposition to the government is highest.
The plan worked out by Switzerland and wholly supported by entire EU countries, has been welcomed by Russia.
The US however, is sceptical of the success of this plan as it feels Russia didn’t carry its obligations in earlier
agreements.
The Ukraine crisis which is the biggest area of conflict between Russia and the west in recent decades threatens to
destabilise the entire world if not resolved on time. The Europe’s peace plan is hence a welcome step to be
deliberated upon all the parties
b. The escalating violence and increasing disturbances in the region after the declaration of independence in the
Donetsk and Luhansk region has increased the emphasis on the OSCE proposed four point peace plan.
The peace plan lays down the roadmap for the resolution of the conflict. It calls all sides to refrain from violence and
disarmament of the irregulars in the region. It also proposes for the dialogue on the decentralization of the power
and conduct of elections in Ukraine.
Ukraine government has proposed all Ukraine round table for national unity but has excluded the separatists from
the discussion.This may not result into the resolution of the conflict as the interests of protestors would not be
incorporated in the talks. The call for independence in eastern regions had stemmed from the inability of the
Ukraine government to consider their demands for greater autonomy.
Russia has asked the Ukrainian authorities to include all the sections in the peace talks for the peaceful resolution of
the conflict.
Ukraine authorities must realize that disregarding the interests of the particular region would only exacerbate the
condition. Therefore,it would be essential for the incorporating all the sections for increased consensus on the four
points incorporated in the peace plan.
102. What are the basic differences between capitalism and communism. Critically analyse how
these two political systems have changed and interacted over the years in China and Russia.
In capitalism the means of production is privately owned who appropriates the surplus value of labor as profits.
Profit motive and other market forces determine demand and supply.
In communism the means of production is collectively owned and surplus value accrues to the proletariat. There is
no profit motive. Economy is controlled by the government on both demand-side and supply-side.
In Russia the communist system became bureaucratized, redundant,rigid and unproductive. Lack of profit motive
hit the economy hard in the long run. Glasnost and Perestroika tried to infuse some capitalist ideals – like
transparency and profit motives- into the system. But it was too late and too little. Thus Communism collapsed in
Russia.
China foresaw such economic ruin and started opening their economy in 1978. They started state-owned
corporations but with profit motive. FDI was ushered in while ensuring cheap skilled labor for such investments.
China benefited from the capitalist ideals of profit motive, animal spirits and factor abundance. But it retained
communist system of governance and state dominance of the ‘commanding heights’ of the economy.
In essence, China took up state-capitalism there by adapting to new realities while Russia was brought to its knees
due to its rigid insistence on the original communist model.
103. Explain the difference between working of bullet and maglev trains.
Bullet trains and Maglev trains are both very high speed trains but they differ on the principles on which they work.
Both the trains are have evolved from the traditional trains and have taken the railways to a new era.
Bullet trains were to develop from the general trains which due to their designing and engine improvement, track
improvements went on to add their speeds that have now reached 300+ km/hr. They are in sort optimised form of
general trains that we observe. But these trains are faced with the problems that they still run on tracks and wheels
and hence susceptible to friction related issues, noise and greater wear and tear.
Maglev are improvement over bullet trains which use electromagnetic property to lift the train above its track and
use the same for proepelling it forward. It doesn’t use wheels unlike the bullet trains and hence floats over the lines
of electromagnet. This though requires high costs of construction and greater amount of power but is definitely a
technical innovation over the bullet trains. The noice, friction, speed and maintenance are significantly improved
and they clock 450km/hr plus speeds.
Thus, both the systems are the new generation railways but the Maglev is the most advanced and superior railway
system and has developed over the bullet trains.
104. In the light of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) —appointed committee on governance
requirement at banks headed by P.J.Nayak, which submitted its report recently, examine the
problems faced by public sector banks and what should be done to make them more competitive.
http://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/all-govt-banks-violate-sebi-listing-norms-saysnayak-114051401283_1.html
http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/banking-on-governance-114051401515_1.html
a. After the Nachiket Mor and Urjit Patel Committee reports, one more RBI panel to ‘review governance of board of
banks’ made under former Axis Bank Chairman P J Nayak, submitted its report recently.
Major challenges for Public sector Banks (PSBs)1) Facing deteriorating asset quality- the inefficient maturity transformation practices have resulted in accumulating
86 per cent of the non-performing assets (NPAs) of the banking sector compared to their asset base of 75 per cent.
2) Massive capital requirements to comply Basel III norms- govt. has been compelled to periodically recapitalize
PSBs and has provided from Rs 10,000 crore to Rs 20,000 crore in each of the last three years.
3) Further, Government’s ability to provide capital to its banks would have an impact on fiscal consolidation.
Government banks would need Tier-I capital of Rs 5.87-lakh-crore capital infusion till 2018, according to the BaselIII norms.Lack of good governance and necessary independence- due to excessive and misdirected government
control;
4) It has been found that there are almost no independent directors on the boards of government banks, despite the
SEBI regulation for listed companies mandating that 50 per cent of directors must be independent.
5) Public sector banks are saddled with large numbers of inadequately trained or demotivated personnel who cannot
be removed.
Solutions suggested by the committee1) A Bank Investment Company (BIC) should be established and all the government functions should be transferred
to the BIC. BIC would be accountable to give adequate returns to the government on its investment in banks.
2) This BIC would be managed by prominent retired bankers and finance professionals recruited from the market.
3) Reducing the government equity stake to minority levels (less than 51 %) in BIC will not give dominance to private
investor but will help in attracting private investment and reducing fiscal burden on Govt.
4) Empowering boards and managements to function within the performance and accountability frameworks of
typical corporate organizations.
5) Govt. interfere should be minimized to give independence to the Boards of Banks and Directors.
6) There is need to remove unfit shareholders from a bank. RBI should have the right to freeze the investor’s voting
rights and seek disinvestment of the shares within a time frame.
7) RBI should allow shareholders to enjoy voting rights up to 26% and having same portion of shareholding. The
voting right continues to be capped at 10% (irrespective of shareholding) currently.
These all measures can put the entire public sector banking system on to a new, sustainable performance and risk
management trajectory.
b. RBI appointed the committee headed by P.J.Nayak to look into the governance requirements at banks which
recommended to reduce the stake of govt in banks,investment company, individual board of directors,etc,, for
proper governance of banks and to improve their performance.
problems:
** Failure in raising capital because of major involvement of govt alone as major stakeholder
** no independent board of directors for individual components as every step needs collective decision unlike other
private banks thereby delay in taking decisions.
** Dual responsibility and conflict of interests between RBI and Government in governance.
** Lack of private sector participation
Steps:
** Reducing the stake of govt to encourage private participation and also increasing their role in decision making.
** setting up of an investment company has better role to play on behalf of government and investors which ensures
the management of assets and ensuring returns to investors.
** Appointment of Cheif Executive officer to look after the banks improves governance which happened in other
countries and making banks more competitive
** board of directors should also be included from private banks for effective decisions
This reccomendations can improve the performance of public sector banks and also make them compete with
private banks along with accountability and also make the public sector banks towards achieving financial inclusion .
c. Public sector banks(PSBs) in India account for more than 70 per cent of the country’s banking system. It is
therefore worrying that Public sector banks face a triple jeopardy.
First, they are losing market share. Latest equity issue of the State Bank of India (SBI), the nation’s largest lender,
has made it clear that investors do not have a healthy appetite for PSB stocks as they are saddled with a pile of bad
loans
Second, their profitability is being seriously squeezed by increasing bad loans or Non Performing Assets (NPAs)
because the government as owner can ask banks to lend to riskier sectors like infrastructure. The United Bank of
India fiasco once again brings into focus the bloated NPAs of the banking sector.
and, third, their balance sheets are not strong and their sovereign support, which had buttressed them so far, is itself
under pressure. The problem is magnified by massive capital requirements stemming from Basel III norms.
Such problems question the strong stranglehold of the government over such a large banking sector which reduces
the strategic maneuverability a corporate bank generally possesses.
In this light the recommendations by RBI appointed committee headed by P.J Nayak need to be emphasized. Given
the limited fiscal space, the government can reduce its stake to below 51 per cent to garner the required capital.
Governance issues like government’s interference in day-to-day functioning, lack of a fixed tenure for CMDs and the
appointment of independent directors on the basis of merit need to be addressed as recommended by the Ganguly
Committee for private banks.
However post 2008 economic crisis point that private ownership is not a necessary or sufficient condition to ensure
competitive efficiency in risk taking.
While ultimately reducing government’s hold on the banking sector must be the final aim certain initiatives can be
taken all the same. These include issuing shares to employees, rights issues to minority shareholders and greater
participation of pension and insurance funds. Some of the smaller PSBs can be merged or the government stakes in
them can be sold. Also the hold of the government of PSUs such as Coal India must be considered in parallel as both
the problems have interrelated.
105. “Ever since its inception in the early 1970s, agricultural insurance has defied all attempts to
make it farmer-friendly and economically viable.” Critically comment.
http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/hedging-farming-114051401514_1.html
a. Agricultural insurance provides security to the farmers from undue losses due to unforeseen circumstances.
Numerous schemes launched by government since 1970’s have failed to achieve the motive they were setup for.
Many reasons including poor targeting, poor identification, lack of access, lack of awareness, delay in payments and
high premiums inhibit the success of these schemes.
Insurance benefits can be taken by large and rich farmers only. One reason is high premium charged on the
schemes, which discourage the small and medium farmers to apply for them. Secondly, the area treated as unit for
assessing the crop damage is too large to serve the individual farmers. So these growers have to buy insurance cover
along with crop loans.
Next comes the access. Farmers who grow non – MSP crops, face difficulties. The yield based approach covers only
production related risks. Further, farmers in distant and interiors, remain vulnerable owing to less awareness. Even
the money received by majority is delayed by even up to an year.
Therefore, changes to target small and individual farmers ; efficient survey of crop damage by agriculture and
insurance officials; immediate release of funds and lastly covering both price and production related losses can help
achieve the desired objectives.
b. Agricultural insurance is an important instrument to minimize the risks for livelihood and food security in face of
crop failure due to droughts, flood, hailstorms or monsoon failure.
Currently GoI has implemented two schemes – the National Agricultural Insurance Scheme (NAIS) and the
Modified NAIS (MNAIS) under the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority (IRDA).
But it has been observed that hardly 30% of farmers have heard about agricultural insurance and just 7% are taking
benefits from it. Major problems associated with these schemes are1) Inordinate time lag in settling claims- The purpose of agricultural insurance is to provide immediate relief or
solution to affected cultivators and to enable them to invest in high yield inputs in subsequent crop to cover some of
their losses. But long delays defeat this purpose.
2) High premiums – are often out of reach of small and marginal farmers. For some crops, the premiums are,
bizarrely, higher than expected total returns.
3) Criteria for the minimum land- The area treated as the unit for assessing crop damage is usually too large to serve
the purpose of individual small farmers.
4) Incomplete coverage- The yield-based approach to settling claims covers only production-related risks and does
not cover losses resulting from other factors – such as the failure to sow a crop due to drought or flood, or postharvest loss of produce.
5) It also does not cover price-related risks associated with most crops (other than rice and wheat, which are
procured at the government-fixed minimum support prices at least in some areas). So farmers growing crops other
than rice and wheat suffer the losses in case of price fall.
6) The provision that farmers, who take the loan from banks from the agriculture purpose, can get the insurance is
hurdle in reaching the scheme to villages where there are no banking facilities available.
A farm income insurance scheme covering hazards related to both production and prices was launched in 2003 but,
unfortunately, was discontinued by new govt. in 2004. There is need to reintroduce that scheme again. Also there is
need to speed up the process of claims settlements.
Most of the reports are predicting an El-Nino event this year. Unless new, farmer-friendly products are developed,
cultivators won’t be able to get security against their risks. And the incomes and livelihood of Indian farmers will
remain insecure.
106. In the light of the Supreme Court order in the “Association of Unified Telecom Service
Providers and Others vs Union of India” case, critically examine the concerns expressed by the
private players and comment if these concerns are genuine.
http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/vinayak-chatterjee-cag-s-ambit-a-fine-balancebetween-public-private-space-114051401378_1.html
a. Recently in “Association of Unified Telecom Service Providers and Others vs. Union of India” case, Supreme
Court ruled allowing the CAG to audit the accounts of private firms that have specific, direct revenue arrangements
with the Government in some sectors and businesses that exploit natural resources, such as coal, telecom spectrum,
iron ore and crude oil etc.
There are some concerns expressed by the private players such as1) Private companies are already going through many audits. This new audit will affect their business and may
damage the distinctive entrepreneurial freedom. But this is not the big problem as CAG’s performance audit is
different and better from financial audit or cost audit from private professionals. It will not audit the books which
have been audited by other govt. agencies like environment dept, tax dept etc.
2) Some argue that CAG does not receive fees from the private auditee. This will create a huge burden on the public
exchequer. But there is no need to worry as this fee is negligible compare to the losses govt. is bearing due to the
mala fide practices by private companies.
3) It is also argued that it will also hurt the auditing profession, as it will show the government’s lack of confidence in
the profession. But it is the need of the hour as the government and civil societies has more confidence in CAG rather
than in practicing audit professionals.
As in the 12th Plan, GoI aims for a $1,000-billion infrastructure expenditure, half of which may come from PPP, and
Crony capitalism is rising in India, The role of public auditors, therefore, becomes critical in assessing whether such
arrangements are truly in public interest and are also fair and balanced in sharing of risks as well as rewards.
The scope of any CAG audit should be decided through a consultative process involving all stakeholders; care should
be taken that such audits do not result in an over-reach. Company’s decorum and business convenience should not
become the subject of scrutiny.
107. Recently many media reports suggest that the Chinese economy is going through a rough patch
in many sectors. Examine the nature and reasons behind reported Chinese economic problems.
http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/rahul-jacob-cracks-in-china-s-growth-miracle114051401516_1.html
a. Chinese economy had been growing at high rate in the recent years. Different factors including the structure of
the growth and global changes have impacted the economy adversely.
Chinese economy has been confronted by the slowdown in the industrial production, exports and drop in the real
estate values. Country`s export to America and European nations had decreased due to the lower demand globally.
Moreover, the middle income trap impacted the economy adversely. It lost the competitiveness in the global markets
due to lack of efficient technology and rising wages , thereby resulting into slowdown in industrial production.
The real estate investment amounts to 13 percent of the country`s GDP. The fall in the real estate prices would
aggravate the situation as the sentiment may spread across different sectors. The steel, building material industry
would be adversely affected. Moreover, the burst of the real estate bubble would lead to worsening the conditions of
the banking and other lending institutions. The overbuilding of the real estate had outpaced the demand, thereby
resulting into drop in the prices.
The Chinese economy has been moving towards the consumer driven growth by encouraging the spending. It would
provide a more sustainable model of growth. The easily available credit had led to rise of the real estate bubble. The
move to increase the interest rates would reduce the money supply in the market.
b. Economic slowdown has affected almost every country and China is no exception. Despite initial claims of
decoupling theory, China has now started witnessing slowdown.
Today, China’s economy is facing decline in export due to economic slowdown worldwide. China’s growth story is
export led growth rather than domestically consumption led. Therefore, decline in export has affected its GDP
severely. Which in turn affected investment and employment.
China is also facing “Middle income trap”. Due to rising wages, export competitiveness of china is decreasing for low
value bulk products but at the same time due to less technological absorption, its high value products are not able to
withstand western competition.
Some sectors such as Real estate are witnessing bubble syndrome due to lower bank deposit rates and poor return
on investment. Despite open door policy, China has also failed to attract private investment.
However China has better hopes of recovering. Its huge working population, better infrastructure and proximity to
high demand market in Asia provide opportunity to evade the economic crisis. China’s willingness to conclude RECP
indicates this. China is equally concerned about raw material availability and energy security which would certainly
help it in mitigating future challenges.
108. Critically analyse various formulae put forward by many stakeholders to resolve the Kashmir
problem.
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/claiming-the-fourstepformula/article6010353.ece
a. The ongoing territorial dispute between India and Pakistan over the status of the contested areas of Jammu and
Kashmir is well known to everyone. When redrawing the borders is not a solution, India and Pakistan will have to
look for ideas that are practical, workable and acceptable to resolve the Kashmir issue.
There have been many suggestions to solve this issue like1) Accepting the Line of Control – After three wars and long periods of disagreements, it is essential that any
agreement must ensure that the Line of Control is like a border between any two normal states. India would formally
give up the regions that it still shows in its map and Pakistan can fully integrate its part of Kashmir.
2) UN controlled Kashmir Valley- Let India and Pakistan give up their control of the valley and make the valley
region (about 5% of the disputed area) into a quasi-independent nation with UN control or guarded neutrality
(similar to Switzerland). This could act as a sort of buffer state. India and Pakistan could provide 50% of armed
forced each to this new authority. And the rest of the Jammu-Kashmir should be included into India.
3) Kashmiri’s right to decide through Plebiscite- let the people decide which nation they want to go with.
4) The Chenab formula- suggested in the 1960s, that Kashmir is divided along the line of the River Chenab. This
would give the vast majority of land to Pakistan. The Muslim majority population of the valley and Jammu would be
brought within Pakistan’s borders.
5) Independent Kashmir Valley- has been considered by some as the best solution because it would address the
grievances of those who have been fighting against the Indian Government since the insurgency began in 1989. But
critics say that, without external assistance, the region would not be economically viable.
6) Free movement and trade across the LoC, reduction of troops and self-governance for internal management
should be ensured to stabilization of the region peacefully. Abolishing article 370 and AFSPA for better integration
of Kashmiri people with rest of India can be done.
India- Pakistan had Shimla peace conference, Agra peace conference and many bilateral dialogues, but there has not
been any solution till now. It is not easy to specify the outlines of a solution. However the history shows that the
Kashmir issue can’t be settled by war, force or violence.
A solution of the Kashmir issue will enhance India’s security, strengthen the prospects for durable peace and
stability in the region and enable India to focus more on rapidly emerging long-term geopolitical challenges.
109. Write a critical note on the recent political crisis in Thailand.
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/thai-recipe-for-a-coup/article6010352.ece
a. The current crisis in Thailand began in late 2013 triggered by a government amnesty bill. Critics claimed that it
could allow PM’s exiled brother Thaksin Shinawatra, who was ousted by a coup in 2006, to return. Street protests
blockaded key junctions and demanded people’s council in place of the government. In response the prime minister
Yingluck Shinawatra downgraded her government to a caretaker and called for early election in February. The
protesters known as the Yellow shirts, led by Suthep Thaugsuban and the Democrats wanted the elections to be
annulled and boycotted the polls.
A Constitutional Court’s controversial ruling recently ousted Yingluck and that has infuriated her supporters, known
as the Red Shirts, for what they say was a politically motivated verdict. The People’s Democratic Reform Committee
(PDRC) used the prime minister’s removal to call on its followers to take to the streets in a “Final Battle” to oust the
remaining members of her caretaker government and appoint an unelected prime minister. The Red Shirts
responded by calling their own rally in support of democracy on the outskirts of Bangkok. The meltdown threatens
to take the form of a civil war. Another danger would be the splitting of the army itself.
The crisis is severely affecting the country’s economy specifically the tourism sector the mainstay of Thai economy. It
is a key country in ASEAN which occupies a significant geostrategic location in Asia and Southeast Asia.
The opposition demands reform before elections; the government the reverse. Seeking absolute victory, wrapped in
a cloak of righteous principle, is not working. It is pushing Thailand ever closer to a precipice. Squaring this circle
demands compromise. Protesters need to accept that the views of a majority as expressed at the ballot box cannot
systematically be overturned by the minority. The government, its supporters and Thaksin need to accept that longterm stability requires that their opponents’ concerns be addressed.
110. Critically discuss how recent developments post-Arab Spring in the West Asian countries have
given rise to new terrorist outfits and the dangers they pose to the security of the region and
beyond.
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/a-nightmare-group-insyria/article6010354.ece
a. Arab Spring which as a movement starting from Tunisia aimed at eliminating the monarchy and establishing
democracy/liberal regimes is going through a tragic phase. The uprooting of government through revolutionary acts
left power vaccum which was occupied by hardliners and have now put the whole region in a state of civil war and
has rsulted into germination of new forms of terrorism.
Arab Spring promised a great many changes but the political power was occupied by hardliners and there have been
constant conflicts between the orthodoxy and the liberals. This has given a boost to terrorism acts. Conflicts have
been further fanned by international armament corporations to sale their arms. These unstable countries have
turned into battle ground and other countries like Russia and USA are fighting over them. This has resulted into
gross human rights violations, killings, bombing etc. These acts have led to propagation of orthodox ideas and the
communities globally are getting attracted to help their communities. And this was revealed when two Syrian
fighters were found to be hailing from India.Simultaneously the terrorist organisations have become become
franchises and money is being poused from various corners of the world.
Destablisation of this region has spread to Africa and and new outfits like Boko Haram, Al-Nushra and others have
developed and travel continents in case of any destablisation. Evn South-West China, Chechanya parts of Ukarain
too have fallen to such extremism. Counties like India which were already infested with terrorism are facing
indegenous outfits like Indian Mujahidin and Pakistan which once was the heaven to terrorists itself has fallen vitim
to their acts/.
Thus a complete new form of global hazard has taken birth which threatens to destablise the whole world. This is
just not resisting changes towards betterment in fact is pulling the countries towards war and terror. And without a
coordinated effort from global governments, people and other stake holders the path to peace and stablisation could
not be reached.
111. Discuss the factors which helped Hitler to hold on to power for so long in Germany.
After the World War, Germany was devastated by the Allied Powers. In 1924, Hitler gained popular support by
attacking the Treaty of Versailles and promoting Pan-Germanism, anti-Semitism (Anti-Jews), and anti-communism
with charismatic oratory skills and Nazi propaganda. Hitler frequently denounced international capitalism and
communism as being part of a Jewish conspiracy.
Hitler fed on the grievances of the German people following their disastrous defeat in World War I. Much of their
territory was taken from them and they were required to pay huge sums to their victorious enemies. Enemies were
more focused on punishing Germany for starting the war than on making sure that Germany became a peaceful and
prosperous state.
Hitler was a dynamic speaker who tirelessly campaigned to rebuild a strong sense of German nationalism. Once he
became Chancellor he used his Nazi party thugs to intimidate his political opponents. He also improved the
economy of Germany fast by many reforms and controlled the inflation and unemployment.
He also expanded the German military in violation of treaties, which provided jobs and allowed him to begin
threatening his neighbors to regain the lost territories. He glorified the German people – the “Aryan Race” – and
they swallowed his vision deep.
The Appeasement policy of the Allied powers mostly Britain and France toward Hitler also gave him vast power.
They have seen him as a shield to rising power of Communism and Russia. Britain was having financial problems at
home and the Labor govt. wanted to focus on the market improvement rather than Armament. So it also ignored the
rising power of Hitler.
Thus due to ignorance of the enemies and support by the local people due to economic reforms and leadership skills,
Hitler power rose to such level that in 1939, Allied Power had to wage war against him to control him.
112. What is Green Tobacco Sickness? Examine its causes, symptoms and prevalence in India.
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-international/children-suffer-in-us-tobaccofarms/article6010366.ece
a. Green Tobacco Sickness is a mild and acute form of Nicotine Toxicity in the patient. It affects tobacco workers
who have direct skin contact with tobacco plants during cultivation and harvesting. It engenders when leaves are
wet.
The symptoms include Headache, Nausea, Vomiting, Giddiness, Loss of Appetite, Fatigue, weakness and
fluctuations in blood pressure. It may lead to fever and deteriorate the health of a gynae women .
India ranks third among the tobacco producing countries. It accounts for 7.9% of total world production. Around 7
lakh growers and 5 lakh curers are engaged in tobacco cultivation in India. Major states are Andhra Pradesh,
Gujarat, Karnataka, West Bengal, Odisha etc.
Prevalence of GTS is fairly high in the tobacco harvesters in India. Of the two varieties of tobacco, 86.20% workers
are affected in non Virginia type and 53.29% of workers in Virginia type. Use of Gloves is recommended for
preventing this disease, which should be promoted by the government.
113. Why has India not produced a software giant equivalent to Google and Microsoft? Examine.
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sci-tech-and-agri/why-is-there-no-indianequivalent-of-microsoft-or-google/article6010398.ece
a. The reasons are multi-dimensional. First, our Indian companies are software services companies and not
products companies.
Second, their workforce and direction are driven to get more service oriented clients and sustaining the present
clients to maximise their profits.
Third, their infrastructure and R & D are mainly focused on services platform and their lack of capability to create
and sustain products development infrastructure and R & D.
Fourth, products of Google, Microsoft, Oracle, etc are spreaded and are reached every corner of the virtual world. A
new product to replace or to compete with those already entrenched require hard marketing strategy and a hard
bargain-links with hardware companies and with existing platforms.
Fifth, financial strength needed to create a product, marketing it , and reaching a level of recognition is not available
with Indian companies either internally or externally. As no venture capital market systems nor financial provider
companies flourised in Indian market.
And last but not least, 90% of the products do not succeed to reach market.
114. In the light of recent reports on Indian Navy’s capabilities, critically comment on Indian Navy’s
war preparedness.
http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/warships-in-peril-as-defence-ministryblocks-sonar-purchase-114051600057_1.html
http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/be-ready-today-114051501567_1.html
a. Indian navy is among the biggest navy and aspires to become a blue water navy. Recent commissioning of INS
vikramaditya shows the intent. However, many of the projected capability have been in vision for future, currently
only planning is going on.
However, currently Indian navy is struggling to maintain its operational safetylet alonr war preparedness. The
recent accidents in INS Sindhurashak and Sindhuratna due to older parts cast a shadow on Indian navy war
preparedness, especially against nemesis like China.
The blame for the callous attitude goes to both Ministry of Defence(MOD) and navy. The MOD has blocked various
procurements even in case of frivolous complaint. It also led to inordinate delay or scrapping of procurement
altogether.
Indian navy many a times in projection for future ask for exorbiant money to procure future techs, leading to
crowding out of present needs.
Thus, there needs to be a balancing between future project and present need. There is also a need to speed up the
procurement process to make Indian navy battle ready.
b. A strong navy of any country demonstrates the security preparedness and act as the deterrent of others. It also
ensures smooth trading and economic activities including sailing of cargos in oceans. Indian navy though considered
as a capable navy in the region, it is still lacking many required equipments which seriously hampers its war
abilities.
Indian Navy requires continuous up gradation of its warships, submarines and aircraft carrier etc which however
despite spending 15 percent of the total military budget is not up to the mark. The necessary equipments such as
Advanced Towed Array Sonar (ATAS), a crucial device to detect submarine in warm and shallow waters, anti-ship
missiles, mine counter measure vehicles, etc are still either not purchased or getting inordinate delay in being
operationalize.
The core reason behind this stalemate could be attributed to recent panic among decision makers to not go ahead
with project having slightest of complaints and corruption charges. Also, lack of focus on developing advanced
system having cutting edge equipments is another major factor of Indian navy being lagged behind its powerful
neighbours such as Chinese navy.
The navy with all its importance in national security and prosperity, has to tremendously increase its capability with
apt support from the ministry.
115. “Unhindered capitalism necessarily results in extreme inequality and it is up to governments to
institute measures to balance it.” Comment.
http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/rajiv-shastri-india-s-non-solutions-forreducing-inequality-114051501568_1.html
a. Capitalism is founded on the idea of maximizing profits and in this endeavour capitalist adopt means wherein the
productivity increases but there is no commensurate increase in wages. Thus comes into picture the concept of
inequality. This overtime results in wealth getting accumulated with a few capitalists.
World has already experienced these effects which occurred in industrialized parts of Europe where the conditions
of working class deteriorated over time. Finally when calls were made for revolution that capitalist adopted
measures to reduce the impact of capitalism on working class.
In India, after 1991 reforms were adopted to move towards open market system. Reforms were undertaken to
provide more space for the capitalist to operate. This has given rise to inequality as is visible in the latest round of
NSSO surveys. Also it is important to note that Govt intervention like employment generation, poverty alleviation
programmes have resulted in increasing the income of poor household without which the inequality situation would
have worsened.
This fact should put to rest the calls of some people for lesser role for govt and allowing the market a free play.
Transition to such a system should occur when the entire populace is equally placed to be able to participate in the
growth process without any hindrance and discrimination of any sort.
b. Capitalism in its true farm is lassie-faire meaning let them do as they please. In such unhindered form capitalist
exploit the poor and labourers who compete for jobs. It concentrate wealth in hands of few and take away any safety
net or risk taking appetite for poor.
Government world over constitute various measures to fight the inequality. For example even in capitalistic
countries like U.S.A government provide social security, unemployment benefits, medicare, subsidised primary
education etc.
However, it must be ensured that subsidies are well targeted and should directly have an impact on inequality.
Indian government, for instance provide many subsidies which are distorting in nature, like subsidised petroleum
products, electricity supply etc. It hinders the natural working of the system and also do not have any long term
benefits.
116. Write a note on the composition and mandate of the Special Protection Group
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/spg-gears-up-to-protect-nextpm/article6014381.ece
a. Special Protection Group(SPG) is the most elite security force in India. Constituted in 1988, with the ‘The Special
Protection Group Act, 1988’, SPG is entrusted with providing proximate security to prime minister, former prime
ministers of India and members of their immediate families who include spouse, children and parents.
SPG comprises of nearly 3000 armed personnel drawn from various police and paramilitary forces like BSF, ITBP,
CRPF etc, who undergo world class training which focuses on physical efficiency, communication and other traits
which are required to safeguard VVIPs, wherever they go in India and even abroad. They are well prepared to react
to any emergency which might arise. The command and supervision of the Group shall vest in Director of the Group
appointed by central Govt.
SPG force is now divided into four groups based on functions:
–> Operations: It handles communications, technical aspects and transport
–> Training: Deals with training of personnel
–> Intelligence and tours: Handles threat assessment, tours etc.
–> Administration: Manages personnel
SPG is distinguished from other forces according to the fact that each person enjoys autonomy and equality unlike
other forces which are highly hierarchical.
With such diligence employed in the Group’s efforts, SPG has lived up to its responsibilities which can be noticed
from the fact that there are no successful attempts on prime ministers’ lives since the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi.
b. Special Protection Group has been designed as an executive protection force for government of India specifically
to protect the Prime Minister, the former Prime Ministers and their immediate family members. The SPG traces its
history to the assassination of Ms. Indira Gandhi in 1984 and thereafter the force was created in 1985.
Composition wise the SPG is divided into four categories such as – Operation, Training, Intelligence and tour and,
administration. The official level postings are filled by officers of Indian Police Service (IPS) from various
states/cadres. The various wings collectively ensures security which includes protection provided from close
quarters, journey on foot, rail, air, water or any other means of transport and includes places of functions,
engagements, residence etc.
SPG after its formation has done a commendable job and after assassination of Rajiv Gandhi (after which the SPG
cover was extended to former prime ministers), there has not been any instance depicting loopholes in its security
cover.
Despite several challenges behind SPG (which includes providing protection without forcing to change the location
of the residence) to the VVIPs makes it a desirable force trained on the lines of United State secret services.
117. Comment on China’s relationship with South East Asian countries.
The Chinese – SEA relationship finds roots in the common cultural landscape, geopolity of the region that has been
shaped by history.
The region shares a common culture marked by common religion Buddhism in many nations. The region is also
known for high inter nation trade volumes and student exchanges. This contour of international relations has
created a fabric in which these nations are woven.
But the recent rise of Chinese economy and aspirations has led to increasing territorial and recourse allocation
disputes. While islands including Spratly and Scarborough have been a cause of territorial disputes, rights to fishing
and oil drilling between China and Vietnam are resource allocation issues that have caused tensions. Other key areas
of tension include the Chinese denial to accept UNCLOS in the region, Chinese ADIZ and balance of trade skewed in
favour of China.
These nations have raised their voices at international forums and also at ASEAN, but their grievance redressal has
been difficult due to rising muscle power of China and declining regional interest of USA. Though the Philippines
and US signed a major defence agreement recently, analysts are of the view that this would not stop China to raise
territorial claims in the region.
China itself has tried to assuage some of the fears of these nations by providing them cheap loans, building
infrastructure in these nations and also by launching the Silk Route initiative. The international community has also
shown solidarity towards China in times of national disasters like the suspiciously missing MH370 aircraft. These
are healthy signs in an otherwise turbulent region.
But overall, the piece meal approach towards peace have not resulted into geopolitical stability in the region. The
relationship between China and the nations in South East is deteriorating and tensions in the region will escalate in
future.
118. Critically comment on how freedom of expression in India has been used, misused and
curtailed post Independence
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/sensex-and-sensibility/article6014339.ece
a. Freedom of expression with its restriction has been central to the healthy development of Indian democracy.
Freedom of expression in the form of constructive opinion building led to formation of an all inclusive constitution,
an active media, a thriving political system and an active culture of debate at the grassroot level. But the constitution
also mentions that these rights are subject to restrictions that threaten the security of the nation.
This is an important clause as absolute freedom in a diverse society divided on lines of caste, class and religion can
be harmful. This has been manifested in a number of communal riots the nation has seen both during and post
independence.
The constitution also went to the extent of granting power to the state to restrict the freedom of expression in case of
national emergency. This was done in a non democratic manner during the national emergency during 1975-77. This
resulted into a heavy blow to Indian democratic governance.
Today, when internet has become a raison d’etre of freedom of speech, Section 66A of Indian IT act has been used by
the state to amass draconian powers and is not healthy for democracy. Though important to have control over hate
messages over the internet, it is not advisable to use the powers of the state in a biased manner.
Freedom of expression is very important for healthy human development. It strengthens the roots of democracy and
enables minorities to feel safe in any nation. Given the diversity of India, freedom of expression is extremely
important. The state must therefore use its powers to strengthen democracy.
119. Discuss how communism spread from Russia to other countries
Successful formation of government in Soviet Union by communists influenced the whole world, particularly the
third world, colonial countries and countries where dictatorial/autocratic governments ruled. The influence
spreaded naturally and later through soviet’s propoganda compaign. The principles of communism/socialism
attracted the peoples of third world countries since it is against concentration of power, equal land holding,equality
to all, etc. After first world and during Great depression the soviet economy worked well compare to decline in
capitalistic economies.This also influenced many people to adopt communist ideology.
It spreaded to eastern europe, china, india, vietnam, nepal, korea,etc.
The reasons were different. In china corruption and misrule by KMT party
and exploitation by capitalists, land holdings concentrated on few hands
brought distrust among people and communists who brought reformation of land holdings and their heroic fight
against the exploitative Japan
influenced people to believe in communist strategy.
In India too communism influenced many freedom fighters. Nehru, Netaji Bose and others still in congress but were
influenced by socialist ideology.
Here too land holdings,economic principles were the important factors for
communist influence.
In Vietnam communists, already fighting the local capitalistic land holding
owners , had to fight against colonial powers and Japan during its
occupation.After the end of world war-2, communists fought against corrupt leadership who was supported by
French (colonial master) and also against America. After their victory it was obvious for communists to win over
people’s mind and election.
In all above cases there were major support from people and the communists did not harm common people and very
less attacks on oppositions (though there were few exceptions). But the trend of communism spread in Eastern
Europe was much problematic.
In most of the Eastern Europe, people were suffered heavily under
capitalistic/autocratic and fascist powers. Democratic governments could
not offer enough solution to their deprivations.Fascism and Nazism crushed people and also communists had to
suffer the most due to Anti-communist policies of Germany and Italy. Along with there were economic hardships,
rampant inequality,90% of land were owned by top 5% of persons in Bulgaria and similar conditions exist in other
eastern Europe countries. So after the WW-2 communists got more support than non-communists. And this was
utilised by communists and controlling secret police, media,and forces and also help from soviet union under stalin
(financial and military), they arrested non-communists, threatened the opposition, executed some noncommunists.With the initial popular support they gained power but retained the power through force.
120. Explain the principle and working of fracking technology that is being used to release shale gas
from sedimentary rocks.
http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/r-gopalakrishnan-time-patience-innovation114051501570_1.html
a. Shale gas is an unconventional gas which is trapped inside shale formations. Shale is sedimentry rock composed
mud and other materials.
To extract the gas, we need to create number of borewells/fractures so that we reach the place of gas.But the
difficulty here is creating borewell/fractures vertically on Shale formation. It is easier to drill horizontally than
vertically due to the structure of shale formation. So a method to drill horizontally required to extract the shale gas.
But again it is difficult to drill horizontally at a very deep(thousands of feet) underground.Here the technology
Fracking/Fraccing plays role to drill.
Fracking is a combination of fracturing and drilling. With the help of hydraulic pressure and proppant we create
horizontal hole to extract gas.
Proppant is a fluid, mixture of water, sand and chemicals.This proppant is injected deep at very high pressure to
fracture the rock.
The principle is here creating effective stress using pressure, that effective stress exceeds the tensile stress of rock
and hence fractures occur.
There are environmental, health hazards if not properly managed.
Water(underground,fresh) pollution,air pollution, land and sand pollution, health impacts on workers etc
121. India’s inability to provide public services to its masses is hindering its growth. Why do you
think India is unable to deliver public services efficiently to all its citizens? Critically comment.
http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/ajay-chhibber-poor-public-services-india-sachilles-heel-114051701077_1.html
a. There is a famous joke that Indians are good at planning and Japanese good at implementing . If we look at the
myriad of grand strategies from the mahalonbis model to Adhar Card , every scheme started with a boom and
expectation to change the destiny of the India . But their failure can be confirmed by the facts that nearly 400
million Indians don’t have access to the electricity , 50% defecate in open(WHO), 70% opt for private health
care(IHDS),40% don’t have bank accounts,52% children are undernourished(HUNGAMA), the list can go on..
The list can go on and would include almost every sector from nutrition to education.The reason for abysmal
situation can be attributed to the following facts :
1. Poor public spending : India spends just 1.2% of its GDP on health as against 5% mandated by WHO , expenditure
on education is 4% as against China’s 7% and on social protection schemes is just 1.07%(one of the lowest in the
world).
2.Myriad of Schemes : There are myriad of central schemes with colliding goals .This make officers in charge unable
to see proper implementation.
3.Over Centralization : Most financial strength is with the union govt and its centrally sponsored schemes are tightly
structured with no scope for handling different needs of different states.
Though the govt has taken some steps to rectify above mistakes, like:
1. RTE Act : Enrollment rate have increased to 96%(IHDS)
2. Restructuring of Centre Schemes : After Chaturvedi committee’s recommendations , no of schemes have been
merged and their number reduced from 147 to 66.
3. Bottom Up Approach : Programmes like MGNREGS , BRGF etc have involved the local institutions in the
governance .
but more need to be done , mostly by making the systems more accountable through the participation of the
beneficiaries in the planning and implementation of the scheme .
b. Public services include education, healthcare, water, sanitation, providing driving licenses/passports etc. by
government. Even after 66 years of independence, India’s public services delivery system remains inefficient.
Firstly, too many central flagship schemes make efficient implementation difficult. Rather, trimming the more than
100 schemes to 10 will be easier to control and more successful. Secondly, government programmes rather than
being outcome-oriented and data driven, are simply made rigidly on political whims. These must have limited
objectives which can be measured. Example: MGNREGA has about 7 objectives, and no tangible measurement
metrics are in place.
Thirdly, rigid allocation of funds for ‘plan expenditure’ to states by Planning Commission needs to be modified.
States prefer their own models of development. Lumpsum allocation by Finance Ministry and Finance Commission
will help states engineer their own growth.
Fourthly, outsourcing of public services to NGOs alongwith use of e-governance to monitor their outcomes will
introduce better efficiency in delivering services like education, health etc. Also, more financial and functional
autonomy cum flexibility to local bodies/district administrations will lead to better implementation, as exemplified
in Bihar where Panchayat Sarpanches could effect better outcome of education by recruiting para-teachers.
Moreover, large number of uncoordinated ministries leads to delays. Instead, related ministries like Railways,
Roads, Shipping etc. should be brought under single ‘Transport Ministry’. Similarly for energy industry, social
welfare and so on.
Therefore, public services delivery can be improved to a great degree by being outcome-oriented, using technology,
efficient grievance redressal, training personnel to be service-oriented, punishing corrupt people etc. Passage of
Public Service Delivery Acts by about 14 states is a step in right direction. Effective implementation will bring about
better service delivery at all levels of government.
122. What are the causes of persistently high food inflation in India? In your opinion what measures
should be taken to tame this inflation? Explain.
http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/subir-gokarn-three-national-missions114051800658_1.html
a. India is witnessing an unprecedented levels of food inflation in recent years. Despite all the monetary tightening
by RBI, this remains stubborn and high.
Food inflation in India is largely driven by supply=side constraints. There are huge infrastructure bottlenecks in the
whole supply chain,so what reaches at market is quite low than the production at farm.Then there are procedural
issue like APMC act, which are anachronistic for today’s economy; financialisation of commodities at the national
and international levels is also a major reason driving prices upwards. These market speculative activities earn the
hoarders and investors huge profits without adding any real value to the product. India is also undergoing a change
in eating habits pattern across the board; people are eating more protein rich food- fish, milk, eggs etc. But the
cropping patterns and farm production are not transforming according to market demands for the following
reasons. The MSP regime and subsidy support to the farmers is hugely flawed; it gives wrong input and output
signals.
The response to food inflation so far has been to relieve demand pressures on it. But this is clearly not sustainble
measures, for a tightened monetary policy causes havoc on the investment cycle.
The subsidy regime in India needs a major rebooting. It should ensure that agriculture sector becomes marketresilient and market- driven. The subsidies should be targeted, measured and enabling not patronising. Te fruit and
vegetables should entirely be removed from APMC act obligations. Instead of huge signal- distorting subsidy roll our
government should rather invest in infrastructure. Supply- side problems can be addressed from supply side
solutions not demand- side ad hoc solutions.
b. Despite the stellar performance of the agriculture sector with the increase in production, the food inflation
remains a pertinent issue.
The food inflation could be attributed to different reasons. Though MSP is meant to provide safety net to the
farmers,high support price results into increasing the market price of the crops. Moreover, the selective cultivation
of the MSP crops results into the shortage of the others further pushing inflation. The lack of effective connectivity
and linkages with the market leads to reducing the fraction of the production reaching the market. The inadequate
storage infrastructure resulting into the wastage of the crops further pushes inflation. The black marketing of the
crops results into high prices of the crops. The vagaries of the nature with unpredictable rainfall lowers the
production.
There is a need for creating adequate linkages with the market and a unified market for the agriculture. Moreover,
the cold storage would increase the preservation of the produce. The increase in the irrigation infrastructure along
with promotion of the agricultural innovation at the local level would lead to increasing the production.
Strengthening of the provisions of the prevention of black marketing would lead to lowering the hoarding. The
populist tendencies over the declaration of the MSP price should be reduced .
Therefore, legal and infrastructural reforms would result into increasing the production and controlling the food
inflation by balancing the demand supply gap
123. Comment on the nature of relationship between India and Israel. Do you think Israel can be
India’s natural ally? Examine.
a. India-Israel relation after establishing the full diplomatic relations in 1992 have been steadfast and with growing
prospects of increasing the bilateral relationship in view of the new government and with the hope of defense sector
reforms, it is radically discussed whether Israel might be India’s Natural Ally.
India shares a strong economic, defense and people to people partnership with Israel. The total bilateral trade
between the countries are more than $13 billion in which the defense equipment purchase from Israel alone is $9
billion. Israel has become India’s second largest military partner after Russia and with joint military training and
partnership in space technology, becoming India’s close and trusted ally.
It is however difficult to ascertain if Israel can be India’s natural ally as by definition the natural ally share much of
common political and cultural values (such as democracy, secularism, parliamentary government, mixed economy
etc). The societal value should also be equivalent other than cordial relationship and free trade agreements
(preferably).
However, Israel being relatively a new country can’t be expected to match the thousands of year old culture of India
and its democratic history. Also, there are fundamental differences in the world outlook of both the countries. Israel
being in favour of unipolar world with US in its centre whereas India, without weakening US, favours multipolar
world.
b. India & Israel are geographically far-away nations, yet have similar forms of government & share a history of
British colonial rule. Both are nuclear capable states, surrounded by hostile neighbours & suffering from the pangs
of terrorism.
Being adversarial initially, India-Israel relationship took a u-turn after the Soviet-collapse. Today, their bilateral
relation transcends political, strategic, economic, scientific and technological dimensions.
Bilateral merchandise trade has crossed USD 5-billion mark, investments have swelled, & both are in the process of
signing a FTA. Co-operation in education has paved way for faculty exchange & joint academic research.
More importantly, India enjoys technology-transfer in critical sectors (like defence, space & nuclear) from Israel. In
fact, the deal for joint development of Barak-II missile by the two nations is an epitome of defence cooperation.
Also, India has benefitted from Israel’s technical expertise in irrigation, agriculture management & mechanization.
Israeli technical assistance & its own IT-supremacy provides India a golden opportunity to rejuvenate its
manufacturing sector.
Israel, in-turn views India as a potential ally in South Asia, and a huge untapped market, particularly for
sophisticated weapons & military equipment.
Thus, widening of such a mutually beneficial relationship in the wake of similar geo-political situation &
complementary capabilities can make Israel a natural ally to India. Together they can counter terrorism to maintain
regional harmony, & also strive for a secured cyber-space.
124. Differentiate between ‘natural ally’ and ‘strategic partners’. To which category would you place
Bangladesh vis a vis India? Substantiate.
a. The term ‘natural allies’ can be referred to the countries sharing a common culture , geographical proximity and
similar form of the government . On the other hand the term ‘strategic partners’ would be more apt for the countries
cooperating for some leverage on economic or security front .
In case of India’s alliance with the Bangladesh , it can be said as both natural and strategic . India and Bangladesh
have a common history ,geographical proximity and people having similar culture . Both the countries share a
secular framework and have a democratic form of the government . These factors make India and Bangladesh
natural allies.
In addition to the above factors , Bangladesh shares the border with several north eastern states of India . After
giving a step motherly treatment to its north eastern states for decades , India now wants to fulfill its responsibility
of development in theses states . For this purpose India needs an easy access to its north eastern states, which are an
important component of the look east policy, via Bangladesh . Further to inhibit the growth of the insurgency in the
north eastern states , it is important that Bangladesh does not provide a safe haven to the insurgents. And India
would also not want an aggressive and strong China use Bangladesh as its alibi to encircle India via so called ‘String
of Pearl’ . All these factors make Bangladesh a strategically important neighbor to India.
b. Natural allies are those who partner each other driven by commonalities between them which may be cultural,
political, economic etc. Strategic partners on the other hand are those who come together driven by the intension
that their partnership would be beneficial for both and their partnership in world politics would weigh heavily.
India and Bangladesh are natural allies. This is because of the fact that people to people contact dates back many
centuries ago and prior to partition Of Bengal by British, Bangladesh was part of Indian subcontinent. Therefore
culture is one of commonalities between the two countries. On the social and economic front both countries face
similar problems and would do good to both to co-ordinate their strategies and learn from each other in combating
these problems. These problems range from poverty to malnutrition, IMR, MMR to illiteracy etc. Geographical
proximity and commonalities in geographic features like terrain, river Ganges etc are other reasons for both to be
natural allies.
Being neighbours it is important for India to ensure a stable and prosperous Bangladesh in its neighbourhood .This
is necessary as India in its quest to gain superpower status needs to first establish as a regional power and the idea of
both being natural allies should help in developing a strong relation. Also for Bangladesh it is Important to forge
closer ties with India to gain from its economic growth.
125. Examine the growth of communism in India till now post economic liberalization of early
1990s.
Communism in India present in two types. Firstly, parties like CPI(M) and Communist Party of India are trying to
establish communist society through democratic ways. These communist parties are very strong in Kerala, Tripura
and West Bengal. Secondly, Left Wing Extremist Groups like Communist Party Of India (Maoist) are trying to
establish classless society through violence.
However the effect of liberalisation on these two kinds of parties are very different. First kind of parties tried to
reconcile the communist ideology with the aspirations of the people for more industrialisation and liberalisation.
CPI(M) which ruled for almost 30 years in West Bengal gave preference to capitalist industries and tried to develop
the state in more liberal way. Even the Communist Governments in Kerala and Tripura have adapted the liberal
ideologies. But the effect of Liberalisation on Naxalism is completely different. They grew stronger exploiting the
dissatisfaction among the poor sections of the society, who were alienated from reaping the benefits of liberalisation.
Nevertheless, in recent years grip of communism on masses is declining. CPI(M) party which was in power for
almost 35years lost its govt to TMC in 2012 assembly elections and now it has dissipated to single digit in WB in
recent Lok Sabha election though it is holding its turf in Tripura and Kerala. Naxalism was effectively controlled by
the government through various developmental programmes and security measures.
126. Explain the significance of food processing industries to India. Examine the bottlenecks faced
by the industry and measures taken by the government to address them.
India being one of the major producers of the food crops and having a large employable population becomes a
natural choice for flourishing food processing industry . But a mere 6% of being processed in India as contrast to
20% in China and 60% in the USA does not support this hypothesis . Though the potential of the growth of the
industry is substantial .The reasons for above assertion are :
1. Higher disposable income and nearly 65% of the population below 35.
2. Increase in no. of working women.
3. The industry has a multiplier factor of 2.5 , thus would provide job opportunities.
But there are some inherent shortcomings in the system which hinders the steady progress of the industry .
1. Absence of infrastructure like roads , dedicated freight corridors , coal chains and warehousing.
2. There is no standardization process to mark the safety of the food product , thus making it nonviable for the
European markets.
3.Obsolete and monopolistic acts like APMC which do not allow direct trading with the farmers.
4. Existing system of land use pattern and laws which do not allow corporate farming.
Though the government has lately taken some steps to improve the situation .
1. Amending APMC to allow for direct trading (though only 17 states have implemented the change)
2.Allowing 100% FDI in the industry .
3.In XI plan , three schemes i.e megafood parks , development of cold chains and modernization of abattoirs were
introduced.
4 12th plan has introduced national mission on food processing with the aim to increase India’s share in the food
processing industry from 1.6% to 3%.
The above schemes , if implemented successfully can revolutionize the agriculture sector and can act as best poverty
elimination program(as India’s poverty is mainly agrarian)
127. Write a note on the ‘ Longitude Prize’.
http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-27443825
a. Longitude Prize was constituted by the British government in 1714 for the first time. The aim was to use people’s
imagination to obtain practical and simple solution to issues taken at hand by the British Government.
The first such issue taken up was pinpointing the location of a ship in ocean which was ultimately given to John
Harrison in 1765 for his chronometer. The award put the general issue in front of public and asks for simple and
practical solutions which could be recognised many years later as well. Most importantly the board awards prize
both for final solution as well as encouragement to continue with the research.
Most recently the board has put up questions in six domains as under
i) Flight – How can we fly without damaging the environment?
ii) Food – How can we ensure everyone has nutritious sustainable food?
iii) Antibiotics – How can we prevent the rise of resistance to antibiotics?
iv) Paralysis – How can we restore movement to those with paralysis?
v) Water – How can we ensure everyone has access to safe and clean water?
vi) Dementia – How can we help people with dementia live independently for longer?
Initially the governement used to go to top institutes or scientists for the solutions but now it has been posted open
to the public to use their ideas to come to solution.
When the solution would be reached at remains unknown but the genre definitely raises one of the most prominent
issues faced by the world at large presently. And the award tries to engage the whole world to aim at solution which
is a novel use of the present age of technology which could take the question to every individual.
128. Why do public sector banks have higher share of non-performing assets? Examine.
http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/charan-singh-why-are-npas-higher-in-publicsector-banks-114051901183_1.html
a. NON PERFORMING ASSESTS:
Public sector banks are reeling under the pressure of non performing assets. NPA’s are more in public sector banks
than in private sector banks. It is because of many of the factors such as political, economic etc. NPA should be
tackled by the banks in time with greater efforts.
Public sector banks incur NPAs because of the following reasons:
->slow down of gdp causes low income to the industries which results in the default of their loan payment.
-> loans to the risky sector such as aviation eg: kingfisher, iron and steel, textiles.
->mining projects which get stalled due to environmental degradation also results in low productivity and results in
default.
->lack of efficient post loan supervision by the PSBs also results in default.
-> inefficient credit and recovery mechanism.
->prevailing political pressure to lend loans to a particular sector results in the defaults.
Thus the PSBs need to take the measures like drafting recovery mechanism, efficient supervision of the creditability
of the borrowers so that the NPAs can be phased out gradually. Then financial stability of the PSBs can be restored
and it can compete in international standards.
b. A high level of Non-Performing Assets (NPAs) suggests high probability of a large no. of credit defaults. It affects
the profitability and net-worth of banks and also erodes the value of the asset.
In India, Public Sector banks (PSBs) are vulnerable to rising NPAs due to several reasons as1) Directed credit system- Due to political pressure, PSBs has to give 40% loans to Priority sector landing such as
agriculture, higher education, MSME etc. There are bad quality borrowers in these sectors led to increase in bad
loans.
2) The major stressed sectors like infrastructure, iron and steel, textiles, aviation and mining etc also not performing
well due to global slowdown and sluggishness in Indian economy. Exports are not good and give rise to defaults.
3) Deficiencies in the credit and recovery mechanism by the Banks.
4) The procedure followed in extending and monitoring credit is not as strong as Private sector banks. The
procedure is lengthy in PSBs and credit period is much extended. Unlike in private banks and NBFCs, There is no
mechanism for mid-time reviews and inspections.
NPAs are high in large corporate sector as well as in the SSI and MSI sector. The inefficient maturity transformation
practices have resulted in accumulating 86 per cent of the non-performing assets (NPAs) of the banking sector
compared to their asset base of 75 per cent of PSBs.
As on March, 2014, there is more than Rs. 2 lakh crore as NPAs of the PSBs. There is immediate need to prevent the
‘Standard assets’ from turning into a ‘Sub-standard asset’. This objective can be achieved by robust appraisal system
while sanctioning loans & advances and proper follow up.
Periodic visit to the borrower’s business unit, proper scrutiny of the financial statements should help. To recover bad
loans, legal enforcement of the securities charged to the bank, sale or auction them and appropriating the sale
proceeds towards the dues might be a solution.
129. Examine how and why India and Russia came together to form a strategic and friendly
partnership?
a. Indian and Russian partnership extends long back to the freedom days. The freedom fighters were highly
influenced by the socialistic ideas of USSR and Marx. The same socialistic values were adopted in the constitution
and espoused by Nehru in the initial post independence years.
With the emergence of cold war both the blocks desperately tried to woo india in its favour, only for little help as
india remained neutral to both and followed non alignment policy. But with USSR’s support to third world
countries, Kashmir problem, india’s wars with neighbours, Pakistan falling to west camp forced india to tilt towards
soviets in the need for security.
Ever since then, Russia has been an active partner strategically, economically, politically and culturally. Its relations
has stood the test of time and are unaffected by regime changes in either of the countries. It is the only country that
has helped india in technology transfers and help build india unconditionally, even when the conditions were
adverse.
Its scientific and defense cooperation tops everything else. The Russians have a large role in the current status of
india in defense, space and science.
All these efforts culminated in the signing of india Russia strategic partnership which gave a formal status to the age
old strategic partners. Russia itself has found a trusted friend in india. With growing antagonization with the west,
india restricted support means a lot to it. It has confidence in india as india has also assured Russia of not taking any
step that would be anti to it.
The friendship is old, but gets rejuvenated every now and then. Economically it is not as sound as it should be. Both
countries vie for higher economic pie. The partnership is to strengthen further in the future, that is for sure.
b. The noble ideas ,of removing the domination of one set of people by another either in the form of class or race and
role of state in building the economy, of the Russian revolution were source of inspiration for many Indian freedom
fighters in general and Nehru in particular . After independence though India followed a non alignment , its policy of
an economic development with prominent role of the state was more tilted to the communist Russia than the
capitalist west .It was Russia which provided necessary support to build Nehru’s ‘temple of modern India’ like
Bokaro steel plant after a refusal of the help by the west .After the 1962 war with China , India modernized its
defense system by mostly procuring defense equipments and technology transfer by the Soviet Union. The effect of
this improvement became visible when India’s air force augmented with Russian MIGs played an important role in
the war of 1971 . The 1971 war also significantly strengthened the relationship between the two countries because it
was only the Soviet Union which stood with India when the whole western world and China was colluding with
Pakistan and the threat of Chinese aggression was increasing in the Soviet’s territories . This resulted in the signing
of the Indo-Soviet peace treaty . After the decline of the Soviet Union and liberalization of the Indian economy , the
leftward tilt has become extinct. But the cooperation between the two countries in the field of defense(Russia is the
second largest supplier of the defense equipments to the India) , economics(15$ billion trade) , technology and
nuclear energy(Kundakulam power projects) is flourishing . Further both the countries present a united front in the
most of the world organization like WTO ,UN , G20 etc on issues like Syria , Iran etc. The cooperation between the
two have also increased via organizations like BRICS . Though there have been some errands in the relationship due
to issues like delay in the delivery of INS Vikramditya , India’s civil nuclear libality laws but the strength of the trust
between the two can be comprehended by the ex PM Manmohan Singh’s statement that no country has had a closer
relation and no country enjoys the trust of the people of India more than Russia.
130. Analyse the nature of important internal security threats being faced by India.
a. India has many neighbors and has various external threat from them , but certain internal security threat also
weighs at same threat perception level. The internal security threat faced by India are:
1. Insurgency in North east: The north eastern region especially in Nagaland and Mizoram, a separatist tendency has
always been present. With support from other countries the insurgency was continued. However, recently the threat
has been reduced due to crack down on insurgents.
2. Naxalism: It was termed as biggest internal security threat by PM. The menace at its peask covered around 150
district of the country. It was present in resource rich region of the country, which made mineral extraction difficult.
However, with concerted efforts the threat has been reduced or finished in many areas, but it still remain the biggest
internal security threat.
3. Terrorism: Cross border as well as home grown terrorism has created havoc in India from time to time. It also
created animosity between people of various religion.
4. Black money: It is an economic security threat, but ultimately leads to internal security problems.
5. Fake currency: It is an economic terrorism against India to destabilize the economy and the country. Recently,
government acknowledged fake note circulation as an act of terrorism.
b. According to Kautilya , among all the security threats which a country faces , the threat due to internal factors
present in the nation is the most challenging . This age old wisdom is more relevant in the present situation of the
nation where it faces several internal security threats.
First and described as the most prominent problem of the India’s security structure by the former PM , Manmohan
Singh, is the problem of Naxalism . Owing its inception to an incidence of Naxalbari in1967 and its persistence to the
faulty land reforms , this problem today affects 23 states of the country(MHA 2013 report). The government, after
treating it as law and order problem for several decades, has begun to tackle it as a social problem . The acts like
forest right acts , land acquisition act 2013 and initiatives like Sardana action plan , prime minister rural
development fellowship etc are commendable steps to counter this malice.
Second is the problem of insurgency in the eastern states of the country . A major threat to the unity of the country
in 1960s , the problem has been more or less has been mitigated via democratic integration of the rebels. But the
incidence in Korkajhar(Assam), existence of the organizations like NSCN-IM , presence of hard liners like Vimal
Guru in Bengal and continuation of ASFPA in manipur tells that the situation can be anything but normal . The
efforts like BGREI ,Vision 2020 , and look east policy have been taken to improve the situation .
Third and the one of the most perennial problems remain that of terrorism sponsored by Pakistan . The most badly
effected being the state of Kashmir . The efforts like Umeed , Himayat are some sincere efforts made to integrate the
youth of the valley with the rest of India . But the continuation of AFSPA , some irresponsible steps like the expelling
of the Kashmiri students for the crime of cheering a particular team etc take the nation several step backwards.
131. Discuss the contours of China – Russia relations post – communist takeover of China in 1949.
Do you think a close relationship between these two countries is beneficial to India? Comment.
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-international/a-sinorussia-strategic-embracelikely/article6026958.ece
a. Russia supported Chinese Communist Revolution of 1949, & subsequently became its closest ally. But, following
decades saw surfacing of border conflicts between them. Affairs deteriorated when China declared war against
Vietnam (a Soviet ally) in 1979.
However, relations once again discovered upward trajectory after the end of Cold war. Both signed a friendship
treaty in 2001. Today they are engaged in widening cooperation, particularly in trade, energy, defence & technology.
They share similar grounds on major geopolitical issues like N.Korea, Syria, Iran, etc.
Recently imposed sanctions on Russia by the West, in the wake of Ukraine crisis, has further pushed it to intensify
ties with China. This raises new challenges & opportunities for India.
Closer ties may pave way for Russia & China to promote joint-extraction of oil & gas from Central Asian Republics. It
can result into India’s total exclusion from the region, & making TAPI-pipeline a more distant dream.
China & Russia led regional groupings like SCO (Shanghai Coorperation Organisation) & CSTO (Collective Security
Treaty Organisation) can become more assertive, diminishing India’s stature.
At the same time, BRICS will become more cohesive, demanding a greater role in geo-political arena. India can also
reap its benefits, but, it has to guard against possible hijack of BRICS affairs by the duo. Also, now Japan, USA & EU
will show inclination towards India.
Thus, whether or not India will benefit from modifying equations will depend on India’s proactiveness & diplomacy.
b. The Sino Russia relations have transformed over time with the cooperation increasing post the dissolution of
former USSR.
The similar communist ideologies post the second world war had led to increased cooperation between the two
countries. However, the Sino-Soviet split(1961) and border war in 1969 strained the relations. The increased IndiaRussia cooperation had led to China switching to the US bloc during the cold war.
The relations grew post the dissolution of soviet union. Russia`s export of the energy resources to China and
dependence on the financial resources strengthened the cooperation. The two countries constituted the SCO to
check the influence of US in Central Asian region. Treaty of Good Neighbourliness and Friendly cooperation was
signed in 2001. Similar stands on the world issues including the situation in Iran and Syria has strengthened the
relations. The recent Ukrainian crisis has led to Russia taking endeavors for increasing cooperation with its Asian
partners. Russia is aiming at increasing energy cooperation with China.
The bolstering of Russia China relations may reduce the utility of India as Asian partner for Russia. Moreover, it
would increase the dominance of China in the region. Chinas support to Pakistan and its border
disputes with India raise serious security concerns for India. Recognizing this, the
support of Russia would further increase Chinas influence over the dynamics of the region and may
result into threatening India`s cause.
Though the strengthening of the economic cooperation and integration would benefit the Asian region, yet the
increased political and security threats may reduce the stability in the region.
132. What is cyber theft? Discuss different types of cyber crimes that are increasingly threatening
cyber security around the world.
a. Cyber Theft – stealing of financial or personal information through the use of computers for making fraud or
other illegal use. They use the Internet to break into victims’ online financial accounts, taking passwords, money and
sensitive information when people conduct business online, pay online bills etc.
It can cause major inconvenience and annoyance in victims’ lives. At worst, cybercrime can lead to financial ruin and
potentially threaten a victim’s reputation and personal safety.
Cyber crime typesOn the basis of targets, these can be classified into two main categories as1) Targeting computers directly – computer viruses, Denial-of-service attacks and Malware (malicious codes) etc.
2) Crimes facilitated by computer networks or devices but primary target is someone else – cyber-stalking, Identity
theft, information warfare, phishing scams etc.
Major types of cyber crimes1) Fraud and financial crimes- Identity theft is a major problem with people using the Internet for cash transactions
and banking services. Criminal uses a person’s bank account, credit cards, Social Security, debit card and other
sensitive information to theft money or to buy things online in the victim’s name. Internet extortion, Bank frauds
etc. are also organized through internet.
2) Obscene or offensive content- racist, seditious, hate speeches, Child pornography, and indecent representation of
women are some offensive cyber crimes.
3) Harassment by sending mails and chats through different methods such as cyber bullying, cyber stalking, hate
crime, online predator, and stalking.
4) Drug trafficking- sell the illegal substances through encrypted e-mail and other Internet Technology. Some drug
traffickers arrange deals at internet cafes.
5) Cyber terrorism- by hacking govt. / organizations websites, Denial of service attack to disturb their programs and
work.
6) Cyber warfare is being adapted by many military commanders for the future warfare operations.
7) IPR violation such as software piracy, illegal downloading, multiple copying etc.
The usual methods of fighting crime cannot be used against cyber criminals. Cross Domain technology offers a way
to keep all information confidential by using safe and secure domains that cannot be tracked or accessed. This
security solution can be used by commercial and governmental organization to ensure an impenetrable network
while still making sure that users can get access to the required information easily.
133. Why were Yugoslav wars fought between 1991 and 1999? What were the consequences?
Explain.
During the early 1990s, Serbian president Milosevic was elected as the president of Yugoslavia. The Serbian leader
along with his advisors attempted to assert Serbian dominance starting in Slovenia in order to protect Serbian
people. This created a constitutional crisis with an impasse between the various autonomous sates of Yugoslavia.
fear among the various autonomous states of Slovenia and Croatia of Serbian dominance eventually lead these two
states to declare independence in succession .a small war was fought for retaining Slovenia but Serbian leaders
eventually allowed its independence as it had a very small serb population. A longer war was fought for Croatia as it
had considerable Serbian population but resulted in Croatian independence. With ethnic clashes between Serbs and
Muslims in bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosnian Muslims wanted to break away,triggering the Bosnian war and finally
lead to the breakdown of yougslavia. a small war was fought later on where Kosovo broke off from serbia.
This war leads to the breakdown of Yugoslavia into Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, Montenegro, Moldova and Bosnia and
Herzegovina. These states moved a more democratic form of government and liberalised their economies. Many of
the newly independent states aligned towards the western European nations while Serbia remained a loyal ally of
Russia.
134. In your opinion what are the common areas upon which India and Israel can take their
relationship to the next level? Critically examine.
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/higher-standards-are-doublestandards/article6026951.ece
a. Relations between India and Israel
• Economic –
o Bilateral merchandise trade has crossed USD 5-billion mark, investments have swelled
o Israeli technical assistance & its own IT-supremacy provides India a golden opportunity to rejuvenate its
manufacturing sector.
o India has benefitted from Israel’s technical expertise in irrigation, agriculture. Israel, in-turn views India a huge
untapped market, particularly for sophisticated weapons & military equipment.
• Defence –
o Defence trade –
Israel’s world-class arms industry is dependent on exports for maintaining its commercial and technological edge.
India’s defence modernisation needs coupled with short-comings in its domestic defence industrial base (inability to
develop AWACS for instance led it to source Israeli Phalcons)
Israeli expertise in surveillance technology areas like radars and UAV’s and India’s requirements for such
surveillance technology.
o Defence co-operation – the deal for joint development of Barak-II missile by the two nations
• technology – India enjoys technology-transfer in critical sectors (like defence, space & nuclear) from Israel.
• Some of the threats both the countries face are similar in nature (Islamic extremism), though from different
sources.
Way forward:
• Economic –
o sign FTA
o More Israeli assistance in research and dev in agri for making it resistant to climatic extremes
o Manufacturing – for machinery and equipment especially heavy machinery
• Defence – co-operation in indigenization of defence equipment
• Security – action against Islamic terrorism which both are suffering from by forming a group alongwith other
Countries of the region who are also affected by it (China, Afghanistan, Iraq, Russia )
b. Before 1992, the Indian pro- Arab position hindered understanding, appreciating and supporting Jewish longing
for a homeland. With India’s inclusion into United Nations Special Committee on Palestine (UNSCOP) where India
presented the federal plan while the majority advocated partition as the solution, India’s position towards Israel
became official.
Although India voted against the partition plan along with the Arab countries, once Israel became a reality, India
had to come to terms with it. With the changed circumstances, India-Israel relations expanded enormously;
economically, politically and militarily. India has emerged as the largest market for Israel’s military exports.
India and Israel can cooperate deeply in many areas such as combating terrorism, economic development and
military strength. Military and strategic ties between the two nations extend to joint military training and space
technology.
India is the largest customer of Israeli military equipment and Israel is the second-largest military partner of India
after Russia. Israel has promised to not supply Arms to Pakistan in any condition because arms trafficking may lead
to strengthen the non-state actors in Pakistan, who are threats to India’s security.
The two nations are negotiating an extensive bilateral free trade pact (FTA), focusing on five priority areas for
enhanced collaboration: nanotechnology, biotechnology, water management, alternative energy, and space and
aeronautics. Jews have strong agricultural technology, which may benefit India to a large extent in another Green
Revolution.
India and Israel also have taken opposition to Iranian nuclear activities together. Along with economic and military
cooperation, there is need to build strong people to people contacts which can be promoted by cultural tourism.
While strong ties with Israel will be a major part of India’s ‘Look West policy’, they both need to work together for
the support to Palestine cause also. India will have to balance its Israel policy along with its domestic policy.
135. Critically comment on the impact of globalization on the weaker sections of Indian society.
Globalization process was accelerated after the reforms of 1991.This facilitated in raising India’s GDP and thereby
helping India gain the status of emerging economy.
However the benefits has not been equitable and the process has also affected certain sections of the society badly,
primarily the weaker sections. These may be summarized as follows:
1) With the opening of the economy domestic products have had to compete with better quality products. This has
particular effect on agri sector, esp those marginalized farmers. Although govt has intervened to through imposing of
duties, in the long run, tariff has to be brought down. This in turn affects agricultural labourers mainly SC’s and ST’s.
2) Land acquisition by global companies has displaced many with effect of loss of livelihood. Impact is severe on
tribals entirely dependent on forests for livelihood.
3) Many unregulated export oriented factories have come up, which have degraded working place and usually
employ women and children who are exploited with lower wage. Also these organizations don’t allow the formation
of labour unions.
4) Globalization has resulted in increase in migration. This has lead to breakdown of joint family and aged people
are left without the traditional support structures.
5) When hosting big events and to show an image of a developed city, slum dwellers are evacuated. Eg: during
Commonwealth games in Delhi.
However, the impact has not been all negative. The weaker sections have also benefitted. Like increasing presence of
foreign nationals in doing social works like providing education and health needs. Also in world platforms the issues
related to weaker sections are discussed. Regional groupings share each other experience in handling problems
related to weaker sections and also co-operate with each other in related programmes.MDG goals has helped in
providing a direction to govt social sector schemes.
Thus while promoting globalization, weaker section should be safeguarded from any negative fallout and should be
provided training to adjust to the new scenario.
136. Explain the differences between GSLV and PSLV, especially between their principle and
functioning.
1.
PSLV and GSLV are both expendable launch vehicle systems developed by ISRO to launch satellites into space.
PSLV launches satellite primarily into sun synchronous orbits and small sized(1-1.5 tonnes) satellites into
GTO(Geostationary transfer orbit), whereas GSLV launches satellites into the geo synchronous orbit at approx
36,000 km height.
2. PSLV is the older of the two and more reliable with 25 consecutive successful launches out of total 26.
3. GSLV (2.5 tonnes) has more payload capacity than PSLV (1 tonne)
4. PSLV has 4 stages that alternate between solid and liquid fuels while GSLV has 3 stages with only the 1st stage
having solid fuel. The 3rd stage in GSLV uses cryogenic engine which PSLV does not uses. The cryogenic rocket
engine provides more thrust than conventional liquid rocket engines but the fuel and oxidizer needs to be super
cooled in order to keep them in a liquid state. This enables GSLV to launch heavy satellites to a farther distance into
space.
Recently, India developed its indigenous cryogenic engine giving a tremendous boost to GSLV program which will
help India to take up long range space missions.
5. PSLV has 6 strap on solid boosters to assist the 1st stage in lifting the rocket, 4 of which are fired prior to launch and
2 in the air. GSLV has 4 strap on liquid boosters. Although the strap-on rockets of the GSLV provide slightly less
thrust than those on the PSLV, they burn three times longer and provide greater assistance to the first stage.
137. What are the criticisms against the first-past-the-post system of elections in India? Do you
think India should adopt proportional representation system? Explain why.
http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/subir-roy-debating-proportionalrepresentation-114052001446_1.html
a. India adopted First Past The Post (FPTP) systsm for direct election of lower house of parliament in which
candidate with highest number of votes than all other candidates declared winner irrespective of the vote share.
Whereas proportional representation (PR) system allocates seats in parliament w.r.t. vote share of the party.
The FPTP is subject to criticism as it does not ensure “higher the seats, higher the vote share”, which implies that ‘A
party with less than 50% vote share does not reflect the ‘complete’ mandate of Country. Whereas, PR ensures that
each party would represent its ‘ counted supporters’ in Lok Sabha.
Above all, FPTP strongly reflects the ‘popular’ mandate of people of the ‘constituency’ itself and ultimately, an
‘elected MP’ represents the people and their issues, not a party. Thus, FPTP ensure ‘regional aspirations’ and
ultimately safe guard Integrity of Country.
India, where more than 1600 political parties contested recently, PR system can neither give stable govt nor
development due to crippled ‘political-will’ under coalition.
Stability of govt. has been remained an protruding expectation of people, for example. govt formed in 1977 collapsed
in 1980 due to political unrest.
Adoption of PR in India may rise to mushroomed Political groups leading to Tax invasion and may welcome nonstate actors disguised in political party.
Therefore, present system of FPTP ensuring regional and popular representation is far better than PR in India, the
country of diversity of geography, color, religion, education-level, economic-status. PR system might be useful once
the diversity of vested interests is equalize on the grounds of ‘Secularism, Education & Development’.
b. In the recent general elections in India, the winning party- the Bharatiya Janata party gained an absolute majority
of the seats with just 31% of the votes. Likewise the Samajwadi Party couldn’t win a single seat despite getting over
20% votes in Uttar Pradesh. Such anomalies point out to the inherent weaknesses of the First Past The Post(FTTP)
system where winner takes it all and a large proportion of voters and certain groups like those of the minorities risk
being left unheard.
A Proportionate Representation(PR) system of elections is proposed to negate these effects. It allows smaller and
newer voices to be heard more easily. The system is likely to result in a higher turnout than the present 66.38%
because every voter knows that her vote counts in the aggregate. Centrist policies get develop through compromise
and consensus and traditionally less represented sections like women and minorities get their due voice. PR systems
are also largely or entirely immune to ‘gerrymandering’ which is a possible strategy in FTTP
However there are certain shortcomings in the PR system that in the Indian system can work against it. In a diverse
country as India the PR can give undue power to a large number fringe parties whose policies can be abhorring to
most. Being creatures of compromise, governments can be made weak. Recent experiences in India point to crucial
decisions being left behind due to policy logjam. PR systems are also complicated and cannot run on simple voting
machines. In a country where more than 1/4th of its population is illiterate and EVMs are relatively new
introductions, such complications can discourage proper voting. The system also tends to make the elected
representative less accountable to his voters.
However, the FPTP system in India has not discouraged the growth of smaller parties as seen in the gradual
regionalisation and federalisation of India’s polity. Additionally reservation of seats for marginalised groups such as
the scheduled castes and tribes has largely ensured desirable outcomes in terms of representation.
Ultimately a more proportionate system of voting possibly in the lines of a mixed member proportional system is
desirable but the present scenario requires correcting the fundamentals first- educating the electorate, reducing the
impact of big money on elections, moving over caste based and sectarian identities.
138. Critically examine how capitalism in last three decades has affected economic inequality
around the world.
http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/kenneth-rogoff-where-is-the-inequalityproblem-114052001448_1.html
a. There should be some examples given in this answer, as its specifically asking the developments due to capitalism
in last 3 decades. Now, major events related in favour of capitalism were – (a) disintegration of USSR and winning of
capitalism against socialism (b) adoption of capitalism by China and Russia in their own typical ways. These
countries and socialism represented the model of social equality and equal distribution of resources are greater ideal
than free market and profit driven economy.
Then, major negatives could be told as growth of oligarchs in America and Russia who control a lot of wealth,
concentration of wealth thus resulting in market failure condition in India, Gulf war (i.e. Iraq war of 1991 fought for
Oil) and then MNC having huge say in economies of poor african and asian countries, thus growth of neocolonialism and imperialism.
Examples could be given of South African model, Venezuela’s new-socialist model based on both capitalism and
socialism, Brazilian model, China and other Asian tigers export economies growth story due to free trade in world,
WTO formation in 1995 and how it will lead to participation of poor countries in world economic order.
b. Capitalism refers to the economic model where the trade and means of production are controlled by the private
owners driven by profit making syndrome. The innovation and entrepreneurial tendencies drives the capitalism. The
capital accumulation, competitive markets and wage labour class structure are its elements.
The capitalism model has impacted the economic inequality both globally and locally. The three decades of the
model has reduced the inequality at the global level with the rise in the income in the developing countries making
them comparable to richer countries.
However, the flaws of the capitalism model could be judged from the increase in inequality in the country. The profit
making syndrome has little regard for the social concerns. The increased use of machines has decreased the labour
employment in the manufacturing sector. The political-corporate nexus has resulted into disregarding the welfare of
the vulnerable sections, thereby aggravating the inequality. The patrimonial capitalism increases the inequality till
the return on the investments are greater than the growth rate of the economy. The inequality results into vicious
cycle undermining the development capability of the future generations.The capitalist model with its political
connections reduces the innovation and entrepreneurial management.
The government should ensure greater regulation in the capitalist model to ensure the welfare of the people. The
effective taxation and mobilization of the resources for the weaker sections would result into more sustainable model
of growth.
139. Critically comment on Sri Lanka’s efforts of reconstruction in its Northern and Eastern regions
post 2009 war on LTTE.
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/the-failure-ofreconstruction/article6031293.ece
a. Though the civil war in Sri Lanka ended the LTTE and reduced the disturbances , it adversely impacted the people
of the north and eastern regions. Concerns have been raised for the political devolution of powers and ensuring
accountability of the attacks, little has been done for the social and economic reconstruction.
The disruption in the region had reduced production potential and capital accumulation. The lack of investment in
the region for the development of industries has aggravated the economic concerns. The capital infusion for
reconstruction has been utilized by the private contractors and external labours. The increased market competition
due to liberalization and integration has impeded the growth of the industries.Little has been done on the fisherman
concerns on Indian trawlers. The lack of safety net against the vagaries of nature has increased the vulnerability of
the agricultural sector.
Though there has been an increase in the infrastructure, connectivity and banking services , little has been done for
the reconstruction recognizing the social and economic concerns. Rising indebtness of the people has driven them to
middle east countries for employment. This has increased the vulnerability of the women subject to abuse and
violence.
It should be realized that the reconstruction recognizing the social and economic concerns is as essential as ensuring
political accountability. India should complement its infrastructure construction by providing technical and capital
assistance for greater employment opportunities.Efforts should be undertaken to promote the growth of
cooperatives and small scale industries in the effected region to engage the labour in constructive employment .
140. Critically analyse various ethical issues involved in recent Sahara case involving the Chairman
of Sahara group, investors and the Supreme Court
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/enforcing-justice-not-exactingretribution/article6031294.ece
a. The Sahara case involving the fraud to the tune of Rs. 24,000 crore which was accumulated by cheating millions
of small investors throughout the country who earns petty amount mostly on daily basis to secure their living. The
company surpassing all unethical standards is now adamant on denying the orders of the highest court of the
country.
Sahara through its companies collected huge sum of money and later issued them Optionally Fully convertible
Debentures (a form of equity) instead of returning the money. The equity market as everyone knows is very risky
and need expert information system. The Sahara Investors on the other hand can’t be expected to know the nity
gritty of financial market.
The SEBI rightly objected here and compelled them to return the money in rightful way. However, again Sahara
continuing its unethical practices continued delaying the proceedings and finally reached to the Supreme court
which in its judgement ordered it to pay the money, which it has not complied yet.
The Sahara Case is a dark reflection of unethical practices which companies might follow to extract from even the
lowest strata of the society. They are bigger criminals than those pity multi-level marketing organizations as people
there at least know that it is a risky game.
141. What were the major challenges that India faced soon after Independence in its efforts to
consolidate India as a nation.
India had inherited several social, economic and political problems from the British as they left. Some of them are:
a) In the years leading to 1947 several communal riots occurred and thus, a charged communal atmosphere
remained a major block to nation-building. To overcome it, our leaders had to instil confidence in the minorities and
rein in the fanatical sections of the majority.
b) We had several linguistic and geographic regions that saw themselves as nations. To integrate them into the
Indian nation, a larger ‘idea of India’ was needed which could override these peripheral identities.
c) Even after Independence, 3 princely states remained outside Indian Union and had to be integrated as follows:
Hyderabad (police action), Junagarh (referendum) and Kashmir (Instrument of Accession). Again, French and
Portuguese outposts remained to be integrated later.
d) Our industry and economy were in bad shape. We had to develop our indigenous industry and boost agricultural
productivity to have self-sufficiency. This called for planned development and state intervention.
e) On the social front, rigid caste hierarchy implied gross socio-economic inequality. So, the State pledged itself to
remove them through social legislation and economic empowerment.
f) But, most of all, the greatest challenge was giving the oppressed peoples of India a voice in government. For this,
despite rampant illiteracy, we boldly opted for universal adult franchise in a democratic set-up.
142. Examine the negative effects of melting ice caps due to the climate change.
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/antarctic-ice-loss-has-doubledstudy/article6031258.ece
a. Negative impact of ice cap melting—
Sea level is increasing putting existential risk to littoral countries and island nation.
On the mainland it is bringing more risk of frequent floods due to higher water level in rivers coming through melted
water of glaciers. And Because of high pressure it is bringing lot of mud and sandstones to plain areas, which is
adding to problems in riverside living population.
Biodiversity of glaciers has been affected leading to disappearance of many flora and fauna.
Freezed ice on glacier act as shield to reflect sunlight, but this is decreasing so more sunlight remain in atmosphere
leading to further warming of climate.
Higher melting may put the danger to availability of fresh water in future.
143. In the light of recent controversy involving Credit Suisse Group and US regulators, examine
the nature of Swiss banking system. How can India benefit from the positive outcome of the
mentioned controversy? Comment.
http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/lessons-from-credit-suisse114052201588_1.html
a. Credit Suisse has been slapped a penalty of $ 2.6 billion by US government, because of helping its client to evade
the US tax. In recent years it is second time that a swiss bank has been slapped a penalty by a US authority.
The reason that Swiss banks continues its illegal practice because of secrecy laws. The law empowers Swiss
authorities to conceal the name of the customer who are stashing black money in there country.
The outcome can be seen as pressure build-up on Swiss authorities by US abd other international bodies like OECD.
India should utilise the opportunity and put pressure on Swiss banks to reveal names of account holder in its banks.
India obtained name of various accountholder from Leichtenstein bank, but was not able to prosecute them because
of treaty; which provided security to its account holders. Thus, India should use the outcome and slap penalty on
Swiss banks and get money from swiss banks.
b. Credit Suisse, a Swiss bank, found guilty of aiding in tax fraud and tax evasions for its customers and fined with
$2.6 billion by US prosecutors. This is another scandal after UBS’s tax fraud since last five years.
The Banking Laws of 1934 amended to shield account holders during second world war, when ‘Nazis’ made attempts
to know holdings of Jews and same ‘Secrecy’ laws’ are being exploit by riches from across the globe, and resulting in
thriving banking sector and FDI inflow in Swiss. At present, Swiss banking system, treats ‘tax fraud’ and ‘tax
evasions’ differently for Swiss and non-Swiss account holders which is prime reason making Swiss Banks tax havens
and promoting others too like Singapore.
Now globally, Intergovernmental agreements and framework are in process to lower down the ‘secrecy index’ of
Swiss-banks like OECD and G20 countries are trying to install ‘automatic information exchange’ mechanism to
bring transparency and curb tax frauds. To handle such scams, US has promulgated “Foreign Account Tax
Compliance Act” and which calls for such reforms in Tax and Banking system of India also.
India should adopt the same policy as that of US, that nobody could conceal one’s assets hiding abroad and make it
criminal offense. One step more should be taken to cancel the license of the bank found guilty in such aid.
India should raise it voice in international forum, and should exert political pressure to share account holder’s
information to bring back ‘Black-Money’ and future tax evasions and money laundering.
c. The Swiss banking system works on the principle of secrecy, wherein no government can ask for information
regarding account holders in these banks. This has facilitated illegal activities like tax evasion, money laundering
and financial terrorism. The recent Credit Suisse vs US issue is a case in point.
US government imposed $2.6B fines on Credit Suisse in relation to uncovering of a financial fraud that helped
several US citizens to stash their illegal income abroad. This is not new. There have been such cases earlier too. But
the lack of will of the governments across the world to coordinate their efforts and put pressure on these banks has
led to recurrence of these instances.
Indian government has also tried to put pressure on Swiss banks to furnish the names of those who have accounts in
these banks and those who indulge in money laundering. Reports of black money of Indians in Leicester bank have
come up in recent past. Still then there was hardly anything India could do about it. largely because of lack of
cooperation by the Swiss Banks and inadequate pressure on part of Indian government.
Money laundering is a threat to national security. Tax evasion leads to lower revenues for the government. The
money that could have been used by the government for social justice and infrastructure development lies idle in
foreign bank accounts. Therefore there is a need for swift action.
The recent pressure from the US and the new global standards on tax information exchange agreement (TIEA) being
pushed by OECD nations must be used by India as an opportunity to increase the pressure on international banks to
open up their otherwise secret books for international audit.
144. Examine the problems being faced by the sugar industry in India. In your opinion, what
measures need to be taken to revive the industry? Explain.
http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/bhupesh-bhandari-sugar-too-banks-on-mrmodi-114052201592_1.html
a. India is the second largest producer of sugar but its industry is in doldrums. The reason is stifling of the industry
due to restrictions imposed by the government.Last year , the Rangarajan Committee identified following challenges
facing the industry.
1. High state administered price : Due to populist politics and high vote bank , the amount is kept very high ,
hampering the growth of the industry.
2. Regulation on the distance to set the sugar mills : Sugar mills are required to maintain a distance of at least 15 km
between themselves . And farmers in a particular area are required to sell to only to the mill in its area and vice versa
. This results in curtailing free trade and making profit maximizing deals.
3. Sugar is required to be packed in only jute bags , thus inhibiting industry to make other profitable choices.
4. The sugar industry is required to sell 10% of sugar to the central government for its PDS .
All the above factors are antagonistic to the free market practices , thus hindering the growth of the industry.
Following suggestions were given to tackle the issue:
1. Use of fair remunerative prices as a payment to the farmers instead of state administered prices.
2.Instead of procurement of 10% made by the union govt , the subsidy should be passed on to the states.
3. Removal of jute packaging condition.
Apart from the above solutions , Indian industry also faces tough competition from the imported sugar , so proper
steps must be taken in the form of increasing tariff on imported sugar. But all the suggestions are politically sensitive
and it would require a strong willed government with a long term vision for the industry to implement them.
b. The recommendations and insight by the Rangaran Committee on Sugar Industry has been seminal for resolving
sugar industry woes.
We can list the various issue as follows :
Input Issues :
1. Laws allow factories to procure only within 15 kms radius. This limits the bargaining power and quality access. It
also limits the farmer’s incentives to improve production
2. The per sugarcane yield is very low ( specifically in the North of India )
Infrastructure :
1. Rusted and outdated machinery
2. High labour cost, therefore high conversion cost
3. Selective ownership structure. Low participation of cooperatives to improve governance structure.
Rules and Regulations Related :
1.
No free market. Factories need to procure at the State Administered Prices that are too high
2. Regulation of market. Import and Export Quota is fixed by government. Often unregulated imports due to poor
forecasting reduced prices drastically
3. Limit on ethanol blending, that prevents factories to produce higher ethanol, that will give them higher profits
4. Compulsorily usage of Jute Bags, that increase input costs
There needs to be deregulation, governmental support, industrial and agricultural reforms to improve the conditions
of Sugar Industries .
145. What measures need to be taken to make agriculture as an industry rather than an occupation?
Discuss.
a. Today 64 % of our population is into agriculture and allied activities. However it’s share in the GDP is marginal.
The 12th FYP targets a 4 % ( current 2 – 2.5 % ) growth rate in agriculture. There is need to commercialize
agriculture on scientific lines and make it an industry that generates meaningful employment, provides food security
and most importantly economic growth.
The various issues that can be highlighted in this regard are :
Infrastructural Issues :
1. Investment in agro – extension services, river – interlinking, water – canals, drip irrigation
2. Access to financial capital
3. Revamp supply chain infrastructure – storage, transportation, delivery and marketing ( especially cold storage )
Regulatory Issues :
1. Promote drought resistant and genetically modified crops
2. Land Consolidation – provide economic land holding through cooperatives.
3. Promote Contract farming to increase industry – farmer link. This would give a better price for produce to farmers
and eliminate intermediaries
4. Abolish the APMC Acts ; Mandis should be replaced with a National All India integrated market
5. Make FCI more efficient and accountable
6. Provide Insurance ( New Weather Based )
7. Protect farmers from WTO pressure, at the same time create more international market linkages
The key idea here is to reduce input costs , improve productivity, increase margin to farmers and create a dignifies
lifestyle for them, so that the youth can engage with increased motivation that results in agricultural and national
growth.
b. Agriculture is considered the backbone of Indian economy. The success or failure of agricultural sector has an
impact on every section of the society affecting economic parameters like inflation, employment, growth,
production, etc.
So, revamping of the sector to make it an industry rather than an occupation is necessary through measures like• Proper Planning- Keeping a track record and efficient planning of agricultural labor, inputs, resources, capital,
market etc.
• Market Dependence- Encouraging producing those products with high demand in market and having better
prospects rather than depending on traditional produce. Also developing market for the produce by efficient
marketing, proper implementation of APMC, improving export, etc.
• Modernization and Technology- Focusing on research and development and using developed technology and
inputs for increasing productivity
• Infrastructure- improving back end infrastructure with proper transportation and storage facilities with efficient
supply chain management
• Floating price- Price of the produce and wages of farmers to be decided according to market and doing away with
regulated prices without compromising on the interests of poor farmers.
• Investment- Encouraging investment in agricultural sector through FDI, commodity futures, etc thus increasing
capital generation.
• Agro-based industries- Encouraging agro-based industries, food processing industries, retail industries etc helps in
streamlining the sector and bringing in more competition.
So, for a country like India which is in transition phase of development, focus on industrialization of agriculture
sector is necessary for reviving the economic parameters and bringing economy back on growth trajectory.
146. Critically comment on recent political crisis in Thailand. Examine what role can India play to
resolve this crisis in Thailand.
The Thailand Crisis has multiple causes, however it is most strongly an internal political crisis, due to weak
democratic values.
The Background :
The Red Shirts party of Shingluck, has been asked to step down by the Constitutional Court of Thailand due to abuse
of power. In reality, it is a move activated by the Yellow Shirts ( who represent the industrialists and the elite ) who
see their interests being severely constrained in the rule of the pro – poor Red Shirts.
Truth is that even the Red Shirts are at fault, as they have tried to give amnesty to people accused of crimes and
corruption.
The Monarch , who is the symbolic head has so far not taken any sides.
The military ( which had stepped down from a coup in 2006 ), continues to play a strong role in a weak democracy,
This has been proved by the imposition of military coup after failure of talks between both the sides, as mediated by
the military head. No side wanted to compromise, and this meant a civil war threat.
India’s interests :
Thailand is pivot to India’s look east policy. It has helped India’s entry into the ASEAN, and we have had a good
relationship irrespective of the party in power.
India also has significant investment in Thailand and recently an Early Harvest Agreement was signed to increase
trade and commerce.
There is no immediate threat to our economic interests, as was observed in the previous coup before 2006. However,
India would like to have a strong democratic government, which will be helpful in meaningful engagement between
the two governments. It would also be needed to have a stable and secure Asian environment. We should wait and
watch as the situation unfolds.
147. In your opinion what role should India play to have a friendly relationship with its neighbours,
especially with SAARC members? In the light of its policy towards its neighbours in recent years,
critically comment.
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/neighbourhood-initiative/article6038890.ece
a. SAARC is the least integrated region in the world. To integrate it India has to play an important role. To integrate
SAARC, India should pluck low hanging fruits like Teesta river agreement and enclave exchange with Bangladesh,
more economic integration with Srilanka and Maldives and move towards a friendly relation with Pakistan.
India, should also put efforts for FTA in SAARC (SAFTA) to come into being. It will be beneficial for the whole
region marred in poverty. An example of Sri Lanka, with which India had trade pact, which resulted in burgeoning
trade.
India uptill now has taken various measures to deal with its neighbors . First and foremost was non interference in
internal politics of countries like Nepal, Maldives, Bangladesh etc. This sheds the “Big brother” image of India in
these countries. India has tried to bolster its relation with Sri Lanka, but was marred down by domestic politics.
Thus, if India wants to integrate South Asia, it needs to support its neighbors and also try to improve relation with
second biggest nation in the region Pakistan.
b. India’s foreign policy till recently was mostly focused on the relations with the west(Europe and US) and ,Pakistan
and, China , ignoring other neighbors . Thus SAARC did not become a cohesive economic union like ASEAN and
merely remained a talk shop. The phenomenal rise of China and its increasing status in the regional politics has
forced India to play a role proportional to its size in its immediate neighborhood. But the following issues remain:
1.India voted against Srilanka in UNHRC in 2009,11,and 13.
2.GMR Issue with maldives and asylum to the ex president Naseed.
3.Inability to resolve the Teesta river water dispute and Land Boundary agreement with Bangladesh.
4.Removal of the grant given to Bhutan which was seen as an attempt to affect the election outcome of the country.
5.The initial opposition shown by the India to maoist in Nepal ,earned her an anger of the Nepalese.
The above issues and permanent belligerent attitude of Pakistan act as a hindrance in the formation of a cohesive
SAARC.
India has learnt her lessons and has corrected the policy course . The abstinence from vote against Srilanka in the
UNHRC (2014) , maintaining a neutral stance regarding political transitions in the countries like Bhutan, Nepal and
Maldives.
Some issues like Teesta river water dispute , Land boundary agreement and an effective association with Srilanka
were marred because of constraints of regional and coalition politics. With a strong government at the center and
without the burden of a coalition, India has an excellent opportunity to resolve these issues . India should go an
extra mile to ensure the development of its neighbor even if the reciprocation is not equal . This approach , known as
Gujral Doctrine, will be a key instrument to enable the SAARC to realize its potential.
148. Comment on the rapid growth of e-commerce in India and its advantages and disadvantages to
the Indian economy.
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-business/flipkart-buys-out-myntra-for-300m/article6038878.ece
a. e- commerce has evolved into a parallel economy running along traditional market system. India has undergone a
telecommunication revolution in last 10- 15 years. India has a huge market; so Internet and mobile data usage
charges have declined hugely due to economics ofscale.The peculiar demographic profile of India and innate
entrepreneurial energies have leveraged the platform provided by internet to democratize the market space. The
traditional business model in India was a closed system and prohibitive : it was premised upon land, capital and
links within the state apparatus.The advent of e-commerce has revolutionised the whole space by unsettling norms.
e-commerce is an innovative, globalised and highly efficient transaction space; it has seriously challenged traditional
markets in all spheres- Retail business, services.It is setting standards for the market at large. Its globalised network
and user-friendly interface is benefiting customers by providing them best-prices and wide choices.
The pace of change can be paralysing if not tackled well. Our traditional regulatory mechanisms are proving to be
insufficient for effective regulation of e-commerce space. This is so because by the very nature of it e-commerce does
not render itself to any domestic nation-state boundaries. The issues of taxing, domestic laws compliance by foreign
based companies are hugely contentious. And in its overzealous attempts to innovate e-commerce is coming up with
new challenges every day: Bitcoin is prime example.,Apart from these novel challenges, the usual issues of customer
protection, maintaining a level-playing field etc. remain to be addressed.
149. Critically analyse how globalization has affected Indian education system.
a. Globalization refers to the international integration with the exchange of ideas, values and cultures. It has
considerably affected the Indian education system with the focus shifting from industries to knowledge based
societies.
The sharing of the ideas, values and technological advancements has resulted into the benefits of the development
being shared globally. The increase in the number of students studying in the foreign universities has led to broad
based education. The courses in the higher education has grown to fulfill the demands of the market. The online
courses and virtual schools has led to increased dissemination of the information . The student exchange programs
has resulted into greater assimilation of the cultures. The evaluation of the education systems at the global level
through the published university rankings has increased the awareness about the quality.
However, the education sector has not been able to reap the benefits of the globalization.The paucity of funds and
government interference has inhibited the research potential in the higher education institutions.Moreover, it has
resulted into shift in the traditional values lowering the commitment to the nation.
The globalization has expanded the domains of the Indian education system , thereby reducing the gap in the supply
and demand gap between the market and the education system. It has resulted into increased advances in the
science and technology. The government should aim at increasing the expenditure and providing greater autonomy
to the higher education institutes to reap the benefits of globalization.
b. Globalisation means increasing interconnectedness between people and Countries of the world.
Positive effects of globalization on Indian education system:
• Funds for implementing Right to Education Act: With Globalisation, increase in GDP came due to boost in service
sector. This made RTE a reality. the dream of founding fathers of the Nation came true who had included primary
education in DPSP due to lack of funds.
• Online education: proliferation of online courses from prestigious universities for who can’t afford a regular course
in terms of money or time
• Wide choices to students – in country as well as outside
• World ratings – comparing education institutes across the world have encouraged India to improve its quality as
well as quantity e.g deemed universities introduces
• Commitments under MDG, indexes lie HDI, MPI consider education as one of the most important indicator to
measure human development. This has encouraged Indian government to take affirmative steps
• Democratization within classroom – from a authoritative education system, students are encouraged to ask
questions and participate in learning
• Rote learning to application based on understanding – due to imperative of performing in a competitive economy
application of a concept is given more importance
Negative effects of globalization on Indian education system:
• Increased commercialization in educational system has made education a commodity and its value is measured in
terms of pay package it enables one to get in the market and not how it transforms human character
• Privatisation has led to unbridled exploitation by private players in the name of fee and a host of unethical
practices
• Arts which hold the mirror to the society have suffered a setback to provide for more and more technical graduates
to fulfill backend requirements of the developed world
• Gap between Bharat and India increased as all the educational revolution is available to only those who can pay
• Teacher-student relationship – from a philosopher, guide now teacher has become a service provider. With no
support and no one to look up to, crimes and rage among students is increasing
150. What are endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs)? Why were they in news recently? Explain.
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/sweden-to-sue-eu-for-delay-on-hormonedisrupting-chemicals/article6038896.ece
a. Endocrine disruptors are chemicals that may interfere with the body’s endocrine system and produce adverse
developmental, reproductive, neurological, and immune effects in both humans and wildlife. A wide range of
substances, both natural and man-made, are thought to cause endocrine disruption, including pharmaceuticals,
dioxin and dioxin-like compounds, polychlorinated biphenyls, DDT and other pesticides, andplasticizers such as
bisphenol A. Endocrine disruptors may be found in many everyday products– including plastic bottles, metal food
cans, detergents, flame retardants, food, toys, cosmetics, and pesticides.
Research shows that endocrine disruptors may pose the greatest risk during prenatal and early postnatal
development when organ and neural systems are forming.
Recently Sweden said it would sue the European Commission over a delay in identifying harmful chemicals in
everyday products, which it blamed on chemical industry lobbying. This delay is due to the European chemical
lobby, which put pressure again on different Commissioners.
151. Discuss how budgeting take place in India every year. Compare this with the Budget process of
the United States Government.
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/some-relief-for-taxpayers-likely/article6042927.ece
a. Budget is the annual financial statement of the estimated receipts and expenditures of the government in respect
to each financial year. It is a instrument using which the parliament approves the expenditure to be incurred by the
executive for carrying out the administration of the country. The estimates of expenditures and receipts are put to
vote and subsequently be used after approval from the legislature.
India and the US have a similar model of budgeting with certain differences. While both democracies require the
approval of the legislature for the budget statement to be accepted, the difference arise due to divergent models of
polity followed in both the countries. While India has a overlapping executive and legislature, the US has a clear
separation between the two. This creates a peculiar situation in the US where roadblock to the budget may arise
more often than India, due to political differences between the party having majority in US Congress and the one to
which the president belongs. This is a scenario when the President may be a democrat while the Congress may be
Republican dominated or vice versa. In the case of India, the executive i.e, the council of ministers including the
Prime minister belong to the majority party or group in the Parliament, so the chances of a tussle decrease as the
executive and legislature have same group dominance hence the Budget is normally a smooth sail. This is the reason
that we do not experience the likes of recent lockdown as witnessed in United States recently.
b. Annual Financial Statement which is presented traditionally, in the last working day of February, carries with it
accounts of expenditure and receipts of the government for the concluding year and also proposal and estimates for
the next year.
Process starts with the tabling of the bill in both the houses followed by general discussion. Further which ministry
wise demand for grants are prepared and duly submitted to concerned standing committees. within stipulated time
period committees submit their report to the house and subsequently discussion resumes in the house on demand
for grants. Lok sabha has much more power when modifications in demands for grants are concerned. Rajya sabha
only discusses and passes the bill without any power to modify the grants.
In general process of budget in The USA and India are same with, budget going to standing committee and further
discussion on the expenditure planned by the executives. But there are inherent friction in the system which turn
challenging sometimes.
India follows Westminster model of government where there is a union in the legislature and the executives, unlike
US which runs on the doctrine of separation of power. Due to independent Legislature and executive body in The
USA, chances of conflicts are more pronounced and frequent. Recent frictions in USA during OBAMA care bill,-
which is meant for universal health care- and latest episode when due to credit crunch US government had to shut
some of its public services, are few examples.
152. Examine the role played by the radio during freedom struggle.
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/the-humble-origins-of-radio-broadcast-inindia/article6042867.ece
a. Along with other mediums of communication, Radio has played a seminal role in our freedom struggle.
Radio was the first electronic medium of communication that directly reached the homes of the people. Although the
number of people with radios was very limited, still it was a blessing in disguise, since it provided a platform for the
masses to gel together and mingle in small groups. This helped to spread the spirit and essence of our freedom
struggle.
When punitive Press Legislation were passed to curb the print media, radio was the preferred underground medium
of communication. HAM Radio was used by our freedom fighters ( especially extremists like Lala Hardayal ) to
spread our struggle abraod in Germany, Canada and London.
Radio also acted as a medium of education, and creation of a national consciousness through songs like “Amar Sonar
Bangla”. During the world war, it acted as fire to spread the success story of Japanese against the mighty Europeans ,
Russian Revolution etc, and this stilled confidence in the masses.
Lastly, it is not a surprise that the freedom speech – “when the world is sleeping , India will awake to freedom “, that
was given by our first prime minister Mr. Nehru did reach the masses across India only through the medium of
Radios.
Even today, Radio has not lost it’s significance with the advent of modern mass media. It continues to act as a
medium of education, national integration, especially in the rural parts of India.
b. Radio, organized by Usha Mehta, Vithal das Madhavji kakar and Ram Manohar Lohia from Congress, played an
important role in freedom struggle during Quit India movement. Secret congress radio was launched on August
27th, 1942 with the motive of keeping people informed of the progress of Quit India Movement besides spreading
secularism and to bring about Hindu-Muslim unity.
The secret'' Congress Radio took up the challenge to disseminate the much needed
information to the masses to sustain aleaderless movement”. It took steps even ahead of the then radio
journalism and reported first hand happenings of the worst affected events. It reported incidents like the killing of
306 soldiers in Meerut and atrocities against Indian women by Britishers. Overall, it spread the message of freedom,
secularism and brotherhood. In the dark-hours of struggle radio served as a source of Inspiration.
The Broadcasting station was mainly being operated from Mumbai and Nasik. But, many times it was shifted to
evade police raids and detection. However, it could not sustain itself long and was detected by the police some three
months after its launch.
c. Radio played a seminal role in the freedom struggle
• educative role – initially radio was used by the Nationalists to inform the masses about the true nature of the
British role and how it was draining India economically, politically and morally. It helped to build public opinion
against the British
• opinion building role – it helped the Nationalists in mobilizing public opinion in favour of demanding reforms
from the British. It contributed towards nation building which brought people from different parts of India to
struggle against the British
• socio-economic reforms – Nationalists believed that without socio-economic reforms, freedom struggle would
mean nothing. Radio was a major way in which people were educated about modern ideas and bring a national
consciousness
• international events – through radio, people came to know freedom struggles in other Countries and learnt as well
as got inspired from those events
• organizing movements – it was used by the Congress and Revolutionaries alike for organizing movements against
the British. Usha Mehta ran underground Congress radio during Quit India Movement(1942) and kept the
movement alive when National leaders were arrested. It was used by Lala Hardayal used the radio to spread Indian
cause in other Countries like Canada, Germany and England.
Mahatma Gandhi used to to spread the aims of his movements among the masses who were forever ready on
Gandhiji’s command to participate in the freedom struggle.
however it had certain limitations
• vast majority of the masses living in India’s villages did not have access to radio
• it was subject to high censorship by the British
• it was also used for creating divides by communal forces and organizing bloodsheds at a moment’s notice
hence, radio despite its limitation played a major role in communication and helping India attain independence.
153. Critically discuss the major threats to wildlife conservation in India. Explain measures taken by
the government and different agencies in conserving the wildlife in India.
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/wildlife-wing-resumes-olive-ridleyconservation/article6042868.ece
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/only-200-great-indian-bustards-left-wwf/article6042877.ece
a. India is renowned for its rich wildlife heritage but what existed centuries ago has vanished. Protected areas are
now mere small islands amongst the people with tremendous demands and pressures being put on them.
The most urgent threat to wildlife is from illegal poaching and hunting carried by local people or mafia link that is
involved in international illegal trade in wildlife. In addition, recent developments in the name of highways, mines,
dams and even so-called ecotourism have emerged as major indirect threats to wildlife habitats. Lack of political
will, deterioration in the quality of forest administration, wild fires, discharge from chemical industries and change
in land use pattern are some of the other issues.
To stop the exploitation of wildlife to some extent, government built many national parks. The Forest Conservation
Act 1980 was also enacted to lessen the large-scale habitat destruction caused by deforestation. India endorsed
CITIES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, 1976. Several separate
projects like project tiger, project elephant were also initiated with aim to conserve the endangered species.
More efforts could be made by having a united voice for the continued existence of wildlife in india. Awareness
campaigns would develop consciousness among people to protect wildlife and stern punishments for poachers and
killers will surely help to reduce killing. It goes without saying that wildlife creatures have added a great deal to the
natural splendour of nature and their loss is actually the loss of green heritage. Thus, government should elbow
grease to conserve the wildlife to every possible extent.
b. There are several threats to biodiversity that the nation today faces on account of changing land use pattern,
illegal poaching, pollution, habitat destruction and fragmentation, trade in endangered species and introduction of
invasive species. Many of these threats are anthropogenic especially because of the rising material demand of the
ever increasing population.
Forest Rights Act, The Environmental Protection Act (1986), National Environment Tribunal Act (1995) and more
recently the Biological Diversity Act (2002) are the main legislation that ensure environmental protection. Several
projects to protect specific animals have been started like Project Elephant, Project Tiger, Project Gharial etc. India
is also a part of several international initiatives like CBD and CITES that work towards fostering international
cooperation in the field of biodiversity conservation and protection.
The National Biodiversity Authority is the nodal agency to coordinate efforts at the national level and BMC at the
grassroot level. National Green Tribunal and National Environmental Appellate Authority to expedite the process of
justice delivery.
But the multiplicity of laws has not ensured success in terms of mitigating the treats. Laws generally have loopholes
that enable the government to bypass environmental concerns. The budgetary provisions for wildlife protection
especially modernization of forces is inadequate. This gives an upper hand to poachers.
The need clearly is to harmonize various laws and define the balance between development and conservation lest we
lose out mega diverse status. That would be detrimental to the nation.
154. In the light of the importance of hydroelectric power projects (HEPs) to India’s energy security,
critically comment on the problems being faced by this sector.
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/himachal-seeks-lifting-of-ban-on-hydropower-projectconstructions/article6042931.ece
a. Problems faced by Hydro electric power projects:
Hydroelectric power is very essential because our country is facing huge energy crisis. It is a renewable as well as
pollution free energy. Harnessing this kind of energy is very vital to the sustainable growth of economy. But it faces
financial, social, environmental as well as geographical difficulties.
Financial factor:
Construction and maintenance of dams involves huge cost. Hydro electric power generation turbines also involve
high cost. It needs huge investment. In low growth economic condition, the savings rate is very low so this kind of
huge investment cannot be made.
Social factor:
Dam construction needs people of the locality to rehabilitate to other regions and also who depend on the water
resources as their main livelihood needs to provide alternative jobs. This is very difficult in a fiscal deficit country to
offer this.
Environmental factor:
Many of the hydro electric projects are in need of environmental clearances. Its because experts find that many
marine organisms get affected by this project. In case of Uttarkhand, heavy flood in the mountainous region may
collapse the project so that it results grave environmental threat.
Geographical factor:
Projects should be placed at suitable places. It cant be built at the urban centres etc. Choosing the geographical
location and also the acceptance of that place by the experts is very essential.
Thus the hurdles faced by the hydro electric projects can be resorted out by diverting investment towards it as well
as getting environmental clearances in right time. By doing this hydro electric power projects can be built and energy
crisis can be avoided. Thus industrial growth (iip) can be improved and our country GDP will increase.
b. India’s major concern in becoming a global power, is to attain energy self – sufficiency. Since our fossil fuels are
limited and non – renewable, renewable sources of energy will be come increasingly critical.
According the the 12th FYP, India has a total hydro-electric potential of 1,50,000 GW, of which almost 2/3rd
remains untapped. The major challenges towards it’s resolution are :
International Relations, as in many of our northern rivers originate in China which can anytime control the flow rate
to our disadvantage. This is a key security concern. Similarly India is bound with Pakistan through the Indus Water
treaty, which has delayed projects ( ex : Kishanganga) due to disputes. This delays projects and increases their costs.
Environmental concerns, case in point being the Uttarakhand disaster which highlighted that developing HEPs
without due- diligence and concern for environmental impact can cause disastrous consequences. This creates a
negative attitude of the people due to mortal fear and generates massive local opposition.
Social costs are huge, like massive displacement of people from their homes and loss of livelihood. This raises the
dilemma of development without human concerns,
Low water availability in southern rivers that are largely monsoon dependent. Thus a non reliable source in the
South.
Competitive Costs pressure which HEPs face from other renewable sources of power ( example thermal ) as well as
the inertia in the system to move to non – renewable sources, creates low incentives to adopt.
HEPs are significant strategically as well as in our efforts to decrease our carbon footprints. We however, need to
build an integrated approach along with other sources of power to create an efficient, reliable and cheap overall
power infrastructure.
c. Importance of HEP
• Diversification: india is higly dependent upon coal and oil imports for electricity burden which is a major cause of
its ‘twin deficits’. HEP can play a major role in diversification based on indigenous sources
• Climate change and increasing pollution
• Limited fossil fuels for conventional energy
Present scenario:
India is blessed with immense amount of hydro-electric potential and ranks 5th in terms of exploitable hydro-
potential on global scenario. According the the 12th FYP, India has a total hydro-electric potential of 1,50,000 GW,
of which almost 2/3rd remains untapped.
Problems:
• Environmental clearances – due to submergence of vast territories of flora and fauna and lack of a robust
environmental impact assessment, many projects are stalled
• Displacement – due to submergence of thousands of villages, many villagers are displaced. However, due to lack of
effective resettlement and rehabilitation, protest prevent projects to come up e.g Narmada Bachao Andolan
• High capital costs – it is a capital intensive sector and there is lack of funds with the Governemnt
• Time and cost overruns – due to delay in clearances, cost and time invariably shoot making the project unviable.
• Predominance of public sector – around 97% of the hydroelectric power projects in the Country are run by the
public sector. Need to bring in PPP to mobilize more funds and private expertise
• Inter state disputes – on interstate rivers with disputes lingering for decades
• External disputes – india’s trasboundary rivers are saddled with disputes or management issues with Countries
like China, Bangladesh and Pakistan.
• Technical expertise – India lacks expertise in determining which kind of dams (small, medium and large dams as
well as run of the river or storage dams) will be useful in an innovative way
• Administrative delays
An integrated Energy policy with a defined plan of action in achieving Hydroelectic potential of the Country are
needed. It needs to be followed with effective implementation.
155. Do you agree with the view that the Section 66-A of the Information Technology Act is
unconstitutional? Critically comment.
Section 66A of the Information Technology (Amendment) Act, 2008 prohibits the sending of offensive messages
though a communication device (i.e. through an online medium). The section has come to much focus to its misuse
recently on among others, a cartoonist, two girls and a professor for expressing their views on social media.
Constitutionality of the act:
Many terms in part (a) of Section 66A like “grossly offensive” or “menacing” are ambiguous and open to
interpretation. The term “offensive” is also cast so wide that it can snare almost anything. It clearly violates the
reasonable restrictions imposed on freedom of expression under Article 19(2) of the Constitution.
Secondly part (b) makes no distinction being made between messages that cause annoyance, inconvenience, ll will or
insult which are surely not necessarily criminal in nature with those that cause injury, danger, criminal intimidation
or enmity which in any case are covered under the Indian Penal Code (IPC)). Surely insulting someone or causing
inconvenience per se cannot surely be a crime in itself either in the real or virtual world!
Part (c) of Section 66A is again an unconstitutional provision because it does not criminalise spam messages alone
but unreasonably includes any electronic communication or message within its broadly defined conditions.
The crime under the act is made cognisable, non-bailable, and the police have power to arrest without a warrant and
the punishment of imprisonment(upto 3 years) cannot be toned down, even by the court.
Finally the most overlooked aspect of the bill is that it itself was passed among 8 bills within 17 minutes in 2008
without any debate making a mockery of parliamentary proceedings and constitutional norms!
What one can say in defence of the Section is that the anonymity of the online world necessitates some form of
checks. Also the words “persistent” and “intended” to cause insults as contained in the Section are important and
usually get overlooked when criticising the provision.
However the real devil lies in its implementation. Most arrests under section 66(a) have been politically motivated
and stink of highhandedness. Moreover despite numerous examples of the utterances of leaders of political parties
and vigilante groups that spewed hatred, it has been difficult, almost impossible, to actually prosecute them.
The provisions in the section need to be toned downed but the real remedy lies elsewhere- reforms in police and
criminal justice system. As Google chairman Eric Schimdt once observed, the answer to “bad” speech, Schmidt said,
was more speech, not a ban on speech altogether.
156. In the light of recent policy decisions on gold, critically examine the importance of gold to the
Indian economy.
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/the-shine-is-back/article6042900.ece
a. From the time of Indus Civilisation gold has always been an important commodity for Indian households.
In recent times owing to high inflation and low penetration of financial savings instruments Indians have found
investment in physical assets rewarding. This had adverse impact on our Current Account Deficit which threatened
our FOREX reserves leading to RBI intervention by curbing on gold import.
This scheme of RBI is called 80:20 scheme according to which 20% of the gold imported by Indian entity has to be
exported back in terms of finished products. Though this has led to stabilising of CAD and appreciation of Indian
currency but it also lead to increasing incidence of smuggling of gold.
Finished gold products has always been in top 5 export commodities of India and will remain so in the future and it
is also evident that we can’t continue with these policies as it hurts growth in the long run.
The solution to the problem seems to be financial inclusion which if achieved will not only make household savings
available for investment but also will prevent the gullible masses from ponzi schemes.
b. In India the demand for gold specifically gold jewellery is rooted in . religious and ritualistic preference, preferred
form of wealth for women and as a hedge against inflation. Gold is also viewed as a secure and easily accessible
savings vehicle by the rural community, where around 70% of the population lives. The metal is also one of the
limited ways in which Indian investors can diversify their currency exposure since the rupee is not yet fully
convertible.
Gold is the 3rd largest component of India’s import bill beaten only by crude oil and capital goods. Indians are the
biggest buyers of gold in the world; and the country also the largest importer of it.
Unlike Crude and capital goods however gold as a commodity on its own does not add much to the productive
capacity of the economy.ManyIndian citizens prefer to buy and store gold rather than put their money in banks,
which in turn means banks have fewer reserves and can lend out less money. The lower amount of money lent
means that credit is more expensive to come by, leading to a more restrictive credit environment and therefore less
investment by companies. Additionally the increased demand for gold adversely impacts the current account
deficit(CAD) of the nation and replaces the demand for hard currency, which exacerbates currency depreciation.
There is also reason to believe that a part of investment demand for gold assets is out of black money.
Keeping in view of such implications, the RBI had clamped down on gold imports last year to bring down a widening
CAD. The measure helped reducing CAD from the then close to 5% to the present 2%. However the demand-supply
mismatch gave rise to smuggling. The jewelry sector was also badly hit.
Following these the central bank had loosened the restrictions recently.
But the fundamental question remains if the Indian’s insatiable love for the metal can ever be outweighed by the
authorities ‘hatred’ for the same. Interestingly Gold has outperformed stocks and bank deposits in the last five years.
Only gold and no other asset has consistently beaten inflation.
Therefore the sensible and workable way is to increase monetisation of gold. The government should encourage gold
loans by banks and non-banking institutions. Conventional banking alternatives should be made available easily
through banking intrusion to remote areas.
Gold buying by Indians is seen as weakening India. But buying is economic power as well — in fact, the ultimate
economic power is a nation’s market. The need of hour is to implement strategies fine tuned to Indian scenario than
conventional western economics
157. Critically comment on the post-Cold War policy of USA and Russia towards Asia. In your
opinion which of these two countries is strategically well placed to play larger role in maintaining
the stability in the region? Comment.
During cold war Eastern Europe was a flash point and can be considered as theatre of cold War. After cold war focus
has shifted from Europe to Asia, especially in middle east and now in East Asia.
However, Russian presence is nowhere near to U.S in terms of power projection in middle east and East Asia during
post cold war years. It is U.S which played an important role in negotiation, peace talks or conflagration. Although,
Russia recently started asserting itself, especially during recent Syrian crisis, Russian interference provided
alternative power pole and prevented war in Syria.
Russia is now asserting itself through Oil and gas diplomacy, especially after Ukrainian crisis it signed a $400 billion
deal with China, thus mocking U.S efforts of isolation. However , it needs to be seen as to how long Russian power
projection continues, especially after crisis in its neighborhood. Also in East Asia it is not Russia but China which is
projected as an alternate power in the region. With, Chinese military strength increasing, the role of Russia is
decreasing.
158. Write a note on the Rail Track Rocket Sled (RTRS) Penta Rail Supersonic Track.
The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) inaugurated a national test facility in Chandigarh,
called the Rail Track Rocket Sled (RTRS) Penta Rail Supersonic Track. It will be used to test critical systems for
rockets, aircraft and warfare.
So now India is among a handful of countries in the world now possessing this unique test facility. The facility
consists of five rails, each having a length of 4km, on which a test article can be propelled at supersonic speed with
the help of specially designed rockets.
The Rocket Sled Track includes testing parachutes for weapons, aircraft, and space vehicles using towers and ejector
sleds..This will also provide
1.Free-Flight Rocket Testing
The use of small free-flight rockets allows the delivery of payloads . The use of telemetry, high-speed video, and film
coverage yield real-time trajectory data.
2.Acceleration Testing
The relationship between acceleration, velocity, and distance traveled by a test item can be simulated in a variety of
ways. Positive and negative acceleration levels up to 1000′s of g’s are possible.
3.Aerodynamics Testing
Aerodynamic characteristics—as they relate to a test item’s shape, acceleration, velocity, and distance traveled—can
be evaluated in a variety of ways depending on evaluation goals.
The track built for this purpose is precision-aligned and capable of withstanding high level of loads. The capability so
acquired will accelerate the pace of development of defence and aerospace technologies and products.
159. Write a note on the significance and process of ‘System of Rice Intensification’ (SRI)
The System of Rice Intensification (SRI) is a methodology aimed at increasing the yield of rice produced in farming.
It is a low water, labor intensive, organic method that uses younger seedlings singly spaced and typically hand
weeded with special tools. SRI concepts and practices have continued to evolve as they are being adapted to rain-fed
(unirrigated) conditions and with transplanting being superseded by direct-seeding sometimes. The central
principles are
• rice field soils should be kept moist rather than continuously saturated, minimizing anaerobic conditions, as this
improves root growth and supports the growth and diversity of aerobic soil organisms;
• rice plants should be planted singly and spaced optimally widely to permit more growth of roots and canopy and to
keep all leaves photosynthetically active; and
• rice seedlings should be transplanted when young, less than 15 days old with just two leaves, quickly, shallow and
carefully, to avoid trauma to roots and to minimize transplant shock.
Mainly this is system of production with four main components, viz., soil fertility management, planting method,
weed control and water (irrigation) management. SRI was introduced in Andhra Pradesh in kharif 2003 in all 22
districts of the state .Other beneficiary states are Himanchal Pradesh,Tamilnadu,Tripura,Uttarakhand. SRI
methodologies offer attractive opportunities for farmers in Andhra Pradesh to save water while increasing their rice
output. It is obvious from farmer experiences that SRI has the advantage of cost effectiveness and increased yield
per unit area when compared to conventional paddy cultivation.
160. Write a note on the role and importance of National Security Advisor. Do you think there is a
need of separate ministry to look after Internal Security in the country? Comment.
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/doval-tipped-to-be-nsa/article6047613.ece
a. National security Advisor is the chief executive of the National security council and serves as the primary advisor
to the Prime minister on the matters related to the national and international security.
The intelligence agencies such as RAW and IB report to the NSA . NSA is tasked with the advising Prime ministers
on the matters on internal and external security and overseeing other strategic issues. He remains a part of the
delegation of the Prime ministers visiting foreign state. He serves as the chief interlocutor in the Prime minister`s
delegation with China.
Internal security refers to maintenance of peace in and reducing any threats to the security and stability of the
country. It has been considered of prime importance by the government. The discussion is being undertaken to
create a separate ministry for internal security, which is presently under Home ministry.
Separate ministry would provide increased emphasis on the internal security. The increased internal threats due to
communal,ethnic tensions , separatist movement and naxalism require bolstering of the internal security
infrastructure. Since the Home ministry also deals with other aspects related to international security, creation of
separate ministry for internal security would result in a more focused approach in countering the threats.
Recognizing the pertinent internal threats which have the potential to destabilize, there is need for bolstering the
internal security by augmenting the intelligence and security infrastructure. The creation of separate ministry for
internal security may provide greater specialization , thereby favouring the cause.
b. Office of National security advisor was devised in 1998. NSA is chief executive of National security council.
Roles and responsibility:
• Act as link between PMO and intelligence agencies like RAW and IB.
• Advice PM regarding security structure and reforms required to be taken.
Moreover, MoHA is already burdened with diverse responsibility. Due to this intrinsic flaw not only efficacy of
internal security is compromised but also accountability is diluted.
The way ahead:
• Merge national security council into a full fledged ministry to look after internal security issues.
• Min of internal security will be umbrella ministry comprise of cyber security and intelligence input structure.
• MoIS should also comprise of representative from states, as internal security is also state concern and without state
cooperation objective cannot be achieved fully. This will improve integrated approach through grass root level
information sharing and ultimately our federal structure.
• NCTC and NIA should directly report to MoIS.
• Should also draw think tank from academic fields.
Enacting separate ministry will help in revamping overall internal security mechanism through higher accountability
mechanism, quicker and more nuance approach while dealing with home grown terror outfits. Nevertheless care
should be taken that it must not become another layer ministerial portfolio and create cooperation issues while
further jeopardizing interest of internal security.
c. The National Security Advisor (NSA) is the head of National Security Council (NSC) and the primary advisor to
the Prime Minister of India on issues pertaining to national and international security. NSC was established during
NDA government dispensation in 1998 and with that the post of NSA was created.
ROLE AND IMPORTANCE:
It has emerged to be a powerful post since its inception. This is because, all the intelligence agencies like RAW and
IB report to NSA , who in turn briefs the PM. NSA advises the PM on all matters related to national and
international threats and oversees strategic issues. NSA also serves as PM’s interlocutor on various strategic issues
and also accompanies him on foreign state visits.
India is grappling with numerous internal security challenges like naxalism, insurgency, regionalism etc. Ministry of
Home Affairs which currently oversees the internal security has not been able to put a curb on the threats beyond an
extent. Hence there is a need for a dedicated ministry for internal security on the lines of the ministry of external
security i.e Ministry of Defence. This ministry should be tasked to deal with all the aspects pertaining to internal
security for eg. strength of our internal security apparatus, IB, R&AW, their coordination, intelligence assessment,
dissemination, critical infrastructure, military equipment, transport , training, autonomy of police forces etc.
Internal security threats need to be dealt with an iron hand. Only a dedicated ministry with strong political will and
proper coordination can prove to be effective in dealing with this ever growing menace.
161. Examine how recent economic crises have impacted the economy of USA.
http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/abheek-barua-the-productivity-question114052500724_1.html
a. USA recently has been going through economic crisis with depleting GDP numbers to lesser export figures. There
are many reasons for this situation of lull and all have their implications on the world’s largest economy.
The GDP growth of the USA in the first quarter of FY 14-15 has come at a mere 0.1 percent whereas even the
conservative figure anticipated by economist was 1.2 percent considering the recovery it was making after the global
recession. Though this slow growth is largely attributed to the extreme winter months which prohibited sells of new
homes and automobiles, it surely impacted the profit level and the employment. This supply shock can be felt in the
purchasing power of the natives.
Another economic issue was lesser export as many shipments could not be reached the port in Jan-Feb in view of
extreme cold. In addition, the fiscal tightening in this quarter was another reason.
This slip in the growth of the first quarter may affect the overall growth for the year and now more concise and
precise measures with conscious look will be necessitated in order to see that growth should not dwindle down
further.
b. The USA is the largest market of the world. and USA citizens constitutes the largest chunk of the driving force for
this market. characteristically the market is very much sensitive to the growth of money/purchasing power of the
masses. This is turn is dependent on the jobs generation in the economy.
With the arrival of sub prime crisis in the real state sector, in came the credit crunch and overall rigid monetary
atmosphere. Hard hit by the tight monetary situation, growth of the economy started slowing down. This had led US
Fed to introduce unconventional monetary easing policy to maintain liquidity in the cash starved sectors.
Boosted by the flood of the historical bond buying program in which US Fed had bought all liabilities and
maintained the money supply. This had led to another problem: job less growth. for economic growth was sum what
resumed but the real effect of this growth on the employment was still missing.
Later on from late 2013, promising sign of the revival in the overall employment rate was becoming upbeat. this had
prompted US Fed to announce to start tapering of the monetary easing policy.This announcement had caused havoc
in the valuation of the currencies of the emerging markets. this was prompted due sudden flight of the capital out of
the emerging markets.
This forced US Fed to calibrate the easing of the bond buying program. which is still charting the planned path.
162. “The Ministry of External Affairs needs to consider internal affairs and engage important
players within the country too.” In the light of giving consideration to federal compulsions in the
foreign policy, critically comment on the statement.
http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/kishan-s-rana-for-the-foreign-ministry-a-taskwithin-the-country-s-borders-114052401044_1.html
a. In the recent past India has faced stiff opposition to its foreign policy, not so much from outside but more so from
within. The federal compulsions and conflicting demands of the centre and the state have created a foreign policy
crisis of sorts.
India is a union of states and there is a need to ensure that regional aspirations are given as much considerations as
national interests while formulating any policy, whether related to internal matters or external. But at times the
compulsions of strategic interests are so high that they weigh heavily over the regional sentiments. Federal units at
such times are expected to cooperate with the state to further the interests of the nation. Only problem is that our
recent history does not reflect that.
There have been several cases in recent years where foreign policy has suffered due to constricted populist approach
of the states. Whether it be the stand of West Bengal regarding Teesta river water sharing and border agreement or
the Tamil Nadu’s stand on Srilanka leading to foreign policy failure during CHOGM, the image of India as a
cooperative neighbour has been dented.
This has given way to other nations to fill in the void. Chinese String of Pearl policy and now its Silk route policy will
ensure that Chinese hegemony in the region will grow, until an active coordination between centre and states
develops that can insulate the national policy from state bias and populism.
b. The constitution of India keeps external affairs exclusively in the domain of the union government . Even any
dispute between the union and states regarding any agreement made by the former with a foreign country is kept
outside the purview of the original jurisdiction of the supreme court .In short the constitution gives the union
government an ultimate authority over the matters of external affairs.
But the theory and reality in politics are rarely in tandem . The coalition and democratic politics in India also make it
apparent that the union government would not enjoy an unquestioned authority over the matters of foreign affairs .
This was clearly visible by the inability of the previous regime to solve some bilateral matters even with its best
intention . The important agreements on the Teesta water dispute and Land Boundary agreement with Bangladesh
were vetoed by the state government of Bengal , and the government of Tamilnadu kept the center government in
check w.r.t its relation with Srilanka which was evident by New Delhi’s vote against Srilanka in UNHRC and an
inability of the prime minister of India to visit the CHOGM summit. With an increasing Chinese present in the
region it is suicidal for India to let its foreign policy become a hostage to petty politics .
The solution to this deadlock situation is not the presence of an over authoritative regime at the center which has
will and mandate to go without states’ consent but involvement of the states in the foreign affairs so that they can be
made assured that they are not being made scape goats in any international agreement . In India, generally policies
are made in secrecy with no suggestions or involvement of the general public and the foreign policy is no exception .
This makes it easy for the fear mongers to influence the people , thus the government should educate and clearly
articulate its foreign policy objective to the people. This will allow the people of West Bengal to understand that with
no substantial loss of water via the Teesta treaty , they can get significant economic gain via a transition from
Bangladesh and it would enable the people of Tamilnadu to understand that they can help their fellow Tamils only
via a more engagement with the government of Srilanka rather than boycotting it. It is the only viable solution in a
diverse country with a federal,somewhat,constitution like ours . Today one may have a strong govt at the center with
no liabilities of a coalition but situation will always not remain same but , for stronger and stable foreign relations ,
policies should.
163. Comment on the recommendations of P JNayak committee which was set-up to to review the
governance of boards of banks in India by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI).
http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/janmejaya-sinha-the-importance-of-beingindependent-114052500722_1.html
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-business/nayak-panel-stirs-up-arow/article6047598.ece
a. Dr PJ Nayak Committee’s report looked into the fit and proper criterion of bank directors and found that political
interference and poor management mix is the key cause for poor performance of public sector banks (PSBs).
The committees recommendation to reduce the stake of government to a minority shareholder in banks is timely
and appropriate. This will not only ensure that banks run in a corporate style but also reduce the political pressure
on banks in key fields like appointments, bank loans and branch openings. This would translate into better
performance and reduction of NPAs. The other key observation that private sector banks spend thrice more time on
strategies and risk management also strengthens the call for this move.
A criticism of this recommendation has been that this would impact the poor. But the report’s startling observation
that private sector banks are more dedicated towards priority sector lending that are public sector banks refutes this
argument.
The other key recommendations like appointment of 50% independent directors, following Company Rules and
having three type of directors (some have as many as 7), reducing conflict of interest in key appointments are
forward looking and will ensure ethical conduct on part of directors.
b. The report of P J Nayak Committee appointed for reviewing governance of Boards of Public Sector Banks (PSBs)
highlights the following issues:
1.
PSBs are poor, with top officials being appointed at the whims and fancy of the government on basis of
considerations, rather than merit giving birth to the process of quid pro quo.
2. Dual Regulations (by the RBI land Govt. holding 51% shares).
3. Strict external oversight (CVC, CAG, CBI).
Both have deleterious impact of the free functioning of the PSBs.
4. PSBs lag behind the private banks in their asset quality and profitability, among other aspects, because of their huge
lending in projects which are currently stuck up (either for reasons of want of clearances or policy infirmity)
5. The Parliamentary Act under which they operate.
The panel has suggested the following measures, which has its merits and demerits:
1. Top officials be appointed for a fixed tenure by a Bank Board Bureau (BBB).
2. Encourage free functioning by reducing the government’s stake below 50%.
These will enhance corporate governance in PSBs.
However, the selection of top officials by a BBB, which will be a composition of former senior bankers, may not be
efficient for the banks.
3. Bringing PSBs under Companies Act will untie its wings to tap new avenues for additional capital required to meet
the new capital adequacy norms of international regulators, apart from its huge balance sheet requirements.
Nonetheless, the merits of government shareholding cannot be undermined.
The critical issues of management and governance of the Public Sector Banks (PSBs) have moved into the present.
Having huge ramifications on every sector of the economy, it should not be dawdled any further.
c. P J Nayak committee has given comprehensive & path-breaking recommendations for India’s banking sector,
generating wide debates among stakeholders.
Committee has asked government to either privatize public sector banks (PSBs) or to restructure their governance
for better performance. A new Bank Investment Company (BIC) may be set up containing equity stakes of
government in all PSBs. BIC shall be regulated by Reserve Bank of India.
Removal of Government control will provide independence & competitiveness to PSBs. Appointment of directors
may be handed over to a Bank Board Bureau. Strict compliance to Security & Exchange Board of India’s guidelines
for independent directors must be ensured.
Board deliberations need to focus on 7 critical themes. Some of them are Business strategy, financial inclusion,
compliance, risks & Human Resources. Fixed tenure with minimum external interference must be followed in
director’s appointment.
Though progressive, these recommendations divert banks from developmental objectives. Freeing them from
vigilance, Right to Information & compensation rules may be counterproductive.
Still some prohibitive measures against evergreening & vested interests among directors, auditors & stakeholders
are appreciable. Customer protection in 3rd party products & increased competitiveness has potential to enhance
customer satisfaction in Indian Banking.
164. Recently, the US government released its National Climate Assessment report. Critically
examine its importance to the rest of the world.
http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/sunita-narain-change-of-climate-in-the-us114052500725_1.html
a. The recent report of US government on national climate assessment resonates with the IPCC findings that climate
change is for real and the causes are not due to statistical variability but is certainly human induced.
The report is also significant as it clearly states that any belief of the developed nations regarding the benefits due to
climate change which may include longer agricultural season may not be sustainable. Over time climate change will
lead to higher frequency of heavy rainfall causing massive destruction.
The report also highlights that the US is the major contributor of green house gases (~18%) and that the historical
cumulative emissions are much more than any other nation. This is contrary to the US stand which does not
acknowledge its role in climate change or global warming and wants a reciprocal relation between developed and
developing nations.
While the report certainly is a step in the right direction, there is hardly any assurance that the US government
provides in terms of the need for technology transfers or differentiated responsibility. Without these assurances an
active coordination between the developed and developing nations seems to be locked in a limbo.
165. Write a note on the composition, necessity, role and mandate of the Law Commission of India.
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/law-commission-calls-for-review-of-deathpenalty/article6047626.ece
a. Law Commission of India is an executive body established by an order of the GoI .The Law Commission consists
of the Chairman, the Member-Secretary,full-time Member and part-time Members. The no of full time and part time
members vary according to the requirement of time.
The law commision is constituted for a period of 3 years.It works as an advisory body to the Ministry of Law and
Justice.
During the start of its term it is given the ‘terms of reference’ for law reforms in the country.
The Commission reviews judicial administration to ensure that it is responsive so that delays are eliminated, arrears
are cleared and disposal of cases is quick and cost-effective.It seeks to simplify procedure to curb delays and improve
standards of justice.
It also strives to promote an accountable and citizen-friendly government which is transparent and ensures the
people’s right to information.
The commission also provides a firm assistance to legal research in the country.
Besides the Law Ministry, the commission is also sometimes requested to work upon specific issues and submit its
views to the Supreme Court.The latest being “the different ages at which a person is defined as a child in different
laws” It recommended a reduction in marriage age of boys to be at par with girls at 18, stirring a public debate.
Though its recommendation are not binding on govt the fact that a number of its reports have been taken up by
various ministries and have been worked upon to change the legal scenario, is itself an indicator of the role of the
commission in advancement of law reforms in India.
b. Law commission is the executive body established by the order of the government of India. It is appointed for a
fixed tenure with specific terms of reference and works for the legal reforms. It works as an advisory body to the
Ministry of Law and Justice.
The commission is composed of the legal experts who may work as temporary members for providing legal
expertise. The commission includes research personnel who undertake the research in the concerned matters and
prepare research based reports. The secratariat staff looks after the other administrative functions of the
commission.
The commission initiates the legal reforms. This tradition for legal reform has continued from pre independence era.
The supreme court directs the commission to undertake research for legal reforms. It may also take up the case suo
motu and provide recommendations by submitting the report to the Ministry of Law and Justice.
It has played an essential role in recommending reforms to the laws. There have been instances where the
commission has undertaken the cases suo motu and recommended reforms when the law needed changes. It also
reviews its recommendations to keep pace with the changes as is evident in Euthnesia legal reform.
The recommendations of the commission are advisory and not binding on the government. The Ministry of Law and
Justice forwards the recommendations to respective ministries. The commission may be asked for clarifications in
the submitted reports.
Recently, the law commission has called for reassessment on the need of death penalty and highlighted the need for
exhaustive study on the public issue, which would provide research backed orientations to the lawmakers and
judiciary.
166. Discuss the cropping pattern of tobacco in India. Critically examine the negative effects of
encouraging tobacco cultivation.
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/tobacco-cultivation-shouldntbe-encouraged-says-forum/article6048106.ece
a. The cultivation of tobacco usually takes place annually. The tobacco is germinated in cold frames or hotbeds and
then transplanted to the field until it matures. It is grown in warm climates with rich, well-drained soil.
The major tobacco producing states in India are Andhra Pradesh (AP), Gujarat, and Karnataka. Other states where
tobacco is grown include Bihar, Maharastra, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh (UP) and West Bengal. Andhra
Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka and UP together account for over 90% of the total tobacco production in the country.
One of the main criticism of tobacco cultivation is the use of child labour on the tobacco fields. These children are
low paid, work for long hours and are subjected to physical and sexual violence.
Another criticism is the shift in land use from food grain production to tobacco production. The wood that can be
used for heating and energy needs are used for curing of tobacco.
The process leeches nutrients, such as phosphorus, nitrogen and potassium, from the soil at a rate higher than any
other major crop. Thus there is an intense demand of pesticides and fertilizers leading to environmental problems.
b. Cropping Pattern:
The cultivation of tobacco usually takes place annually. The tobacco is germinated in cold frames or hotbeds and
then transplanted to the field until it matures. It is grown in warm climates with rich, well-drained soil.
The major tobacco producing states in India are Andhra Pradesh (AP), Gujarat, and Karnataka. Other states where
tobacco is grown include Bihar, Maharastra, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh (UP) and West Bengal. Andhra
Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka and UP together account for over 90% of the total tobacco production in the country.
One of the main criticism of tobacco cultivation is the use of child labour on the tobacco fields. These children are
low paid, work for long hours and are subjected to physical and sexual violence.
Negative effects of encouraging tobacco cultivation:
1) Serious health effects like cancer, vascular diseases, lung diseases, dental diseases, pulmonary tuberculosis, oral
mucosal lesions, reproductive health diseases
2) Economic, ecological and environmental effects
3) Tobacco production and deforestation are directly linked
4) The average life expectancy declines and children are easily affected by the smoking and their exposure to the
smoking around by the people (i.e., passive smoking) which results in the serious health problems.
5) The shift in land use from food grain production to tobacco production results in the absorption of nutrients, such
as phosphorus, nitrogen and potassium, from the soil at a rate higher than any other major crop. Thus there is an
intense demand of pesticides and fertilizers leading to environmental problems.
6) Green Tobacco Sickness (GTS) among tobacco harvesters.
It is a type of nicotine poisoning caused by the dermal absorption of nicotine from the surface of wet tobacco plants.
Tobacco harvesters, whose clothing becomes saturated from tobacco wet with rain or morning dew, are at high risk
of developing GTS. Workers can avoid getting this sickness by waiting to harvest until the tobacco leaves are dry, or
by wearing a rain suit. Wet clothing that has come in contact with tobacco leaves should be removed immediately
and the skin washed with warm soapy water.Use of tobacco products such as cigarettes or smokeless tobacco,
appears to reduce the risk of GTS due to the body adapting to the intake of nicotine.
Steps are being taken by the private firms for their benefits to increase the tobacco production by mechanized
sapling planting machines which were given to the farmers to improve the varieties of tobacco and ease of
production work.
India is the 2nd largest consumer of tobacco and the 3rd largest producer of tobacco (the top 5 being China, Brazil,
India, US and Argentina). Despite of the adverse negative effects many governments support for the toboacco
industry, including subsidies and tax breaks, had led to the export market of tobacco. The tobacco industry was
intended to increase the economic growth and promote development in the countries that produce tobacco in large
scale despite signatory of Framework convention of Tobacco control (FCTC) of WHO. Now the fall of price of
tobacco in the international market is the only measure to reduce the tobacco production.
Anti tobacco forum: A mysore based organisation has called for phasing out tobacco cultivation so as to make the
world a “tobacco free zone” as per FCTC of WHO, by reducing the tobacco cultivation to 10 percent every year upto
2020 and making the farmers slowing shifting from the tobacco cultivation to horticulture.
Recommendations are being made by various institutions to control the tobacco use by 2020
Central Government, State Governments, civil society, international organizations, health professionals, research
scientists have been working to control the tobacco use.
Measures to control tobacco use:
1) Policy interventions like heavy taxation, product regulation, testing and strengthening, comprehensive ban on
advertising,
2) Protection of vulnerable groups: A human rights approach to tobacco control
3) Community interventions like protecting the youth, smoke free public places, strengthening literacy on tobacco
related matters
4) Benefiting models for behavior change
5) Global models for evaluation of tobacco control programmes
6) Integration of tobacco control into health and development programmes
7) Establishment of national coordinating mechanism
167. Critically analyse important areas where constructive relationship between India and USA
would mutually benefit the two countries.
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/a-window-of-opportunity/article6047601.ece
a. After cold war Indo-US relationship was considered as important step forward. The relationship improved with
Indo-US nuclear deal and convergence on many matters. However, relationship hit a trough in past five years
because of 2008 recession and slowdown of India’s growth.
There are many important areas where both the nation can rejuvenate the relationship and be mutually beneficial to
each other:

Post-Afghan pullout: Both nation needs to work together to prevent a Taliban takeover of Afghanistan. India
has lot of economic and strategic interest in Afghanistan and partnering with US in training of its army can
benefit both the nation.

Defence arms: India needs to diversify its arms portfolio of defence purchase and US needs market for its
arms export. Thus, if proper term can be established, like transfer of technology and joint production can be
concluded then a new era can be unleashed in the defence industry.

Increase in trade: US is the biggest market for Indian service industry and also both are huge consumer
market and if proper terms of trade can be established than a new era intrade and commerce can be written.

High-tech exports Up till now USA has banned to India, but the restriction can be reduced then it will be
beneficial for Indian research and US industry.
168. Write a critical note on some of important government financial products to investors.
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-business/why-govt-needs-marketinglessons/article6047597.ece
a. Govt. has been providing many financial products to attract investors to encourage the savings of the small
investors in the domestic capital markets.
Rajiv Gandhi Equity Savings Scheme (RGESS) is a new equity tax advantage savings scheme, started last year, has
proved immensely successful delivering 20 per cent return. But there have been many challenges for the investors as
the lock in period is 3 years. The maximum investment limit is only Rs. 5 lakh, which is very small for bigger
investors. The tax benefits are only for freshers. To check whether a investor is new or old is not easy process.
The government’s new divestment vehicle – Central Public Sector Enterprise ETF, implemented by Goldman Sachs
has appreciated by 45 per cent in barely three months. But this product is highly skew towards the energy, old and
gas sectors. This depends upon govt policies and thus highly volatile. Thus these are highly risky for the retail
investors but good for only big investors.
The National Pension Scheme is a far superior alternative to any pension product from a private mutual fund. It is a
defined contribution-based retirement investment product. But it also lack of attraction by the investors due to its
tough procedure.
These perfectly good financial products from the government have lost out to private sector alternatives simply
because they lack the appeal, good packaging and aggressive marketing that private sector financial firms are able to
so effortlessly manage. There is very little effort goes into branding the products.
The tedious lengthy forms and documentation of govt. financial products also hinder the reach to the common
people. There is lack of awareness about the accessibility of these products due to less effective advertisements.
The government needs to simplify its schemes, run awareness campaigns and make the products widely available.
Then investors may automatically stick to inflation bonds or small savings schemes the way they do to private FDs or
tax-free bonds.
169. Discuss the critical issues related to defence procurement and modernisation in India.
http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/getting-aggressive-on-defence/
While there have been many incidents of ceasefire violations on LoAC and LOC in recent years, Govt. has not
focused enough on strengthening India’s defense level. Our Armed forces are struggling with delayed process of
defense procurement and low pace of modernization along with the low budgetary allocation.
There is need of formulation of a comprehensive National Security Strategy (NSS), including that for internal
security as there have been many cases of left wing extremism and Naxalite attacks last year.
12th Defense Plan (2012-17) has not yet been formally approved with full financial backing by the Cabinet
Committee on Security (CCS). The CCS has also not formally approved the long-term integrated perspective plan
(LTIPP 2007-22) formulated by HQ Integrated Defense Staff.
Without these essential approvals, defense procurement is being undertaken through ad hoc annual procurement
plans, rather than being based on duly prioritized long-term plans that are designed to systematically enhance
India’s combat potential.
Despite having formulated the Defense Procurement Procedure (DPP) and the Defence Production Policy (DPrP),
the government has been unable to reduce bureaucratic red tape and defence modernization continues to stagnate.
Major defence procurement decisions must be made quickly. The army is still without towed and self-propelled
155mm howitzers for the plains and the mountains and urgently needs new utility helicopters, anti-tank guided
missiles (ATGMs) as also weapons and equipment for counter-insurgency operations.
There has been delay in procuring the multi-mission, medium-range combat aircraft (MMRCA), and indigenous
light combat aircraft (LCA) project. The defence budget is less than 2 per cent of India’s GDP, which is not sufficient
in the current scenario.
Recent loss of submarine Sindhurakshak, fire in Sindhuratna submarine etc. exposed flaws in our procurement
procedures and handling of the equipments.
Recommendations made by the Naresh Chandra Committee have not been implemented yet. Govt. must
immediately appoint a chief of defence staff (CDS) to provide single-point advice to the CCS on military matters and
operational plans as well as capital acquisitions.
Along with the procurement for outside, India should also focus on indigenization of rifles, carbines, handguns and
machine guns by Indian Ordnance Factories (IOF). Further delay in key structural reforms in higher defence
management will be extremely detrimental to India’s national security interests in the light of the dangerous
developments taking place in its neighborhood.
170. Write a note on India’s ballistic missile defence programme.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Ballistic_Missile_Defence_Programme
The Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme is an initiative to develop and deploy a multi-layered ballistic
missile defence system to protect India from ballistic missile attacks
Introduced in light of the ballistic missile threat from Pakistan,[3] it is a double-tiered system consisting of two
interceptor missiles, namely the Prithvi Air Defence (PAD) missile for high altitude interception, and the Advanced
Air Defence (AAD) Missile for lower altitude interception. The two-tiered shield should be able to intercept any
incoming missile launched 5,000 kilometres away.
PAD was tested in November 2006, followed by AAD in December 2007. With the test of the PAD missile, India
became the fourth country to have successfully developed an Anti-ballistic missile system, after United States,
Russia, Israel.[5] On 6 March 2009, India again successfully tested its missile defence shield, during which an
incoming “enemy” missile was intercepted at an altitude of 75 km The deployed system would consist of many
launch vehicles, radars, Launch Control Centers (LCC) and the Mission Control Center (MCC). All these are
geographically distributed and connected by a secure communication network.
Development of an anti-ballistic missile system began in late 1999,[10] suggesting that India initiated the program
in light of Pakistan’s eschewing of a nuclear No first usepolicy and heightened tensions during the Kargil war
including a possibility of full scale nuclear war.
171. What are the fundamental problems faced by the defence sector in India? Critically examine.
http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/ajai-shukla-pressing-the-reset-button-in-mod114052601255_1.html
a. Indian defence sector is marred by various bottlenecks and policy issues:
1.
Delay in procurement: Indian forces are in want for more equipment to replace the older and unusable ones, but
huge delays in procurements are dangerous for the military personals and to the national security. The recent
incidents in Indian navy has shown us the result of delays.
2. Lack of coordination between 3services: Due to lack of coordination, each service wants to maximise the amount it
gets from government. However, this competition results into grandiose plan from each wing of armed forces but
suboptimal supply resulting into frustration. A chief of defence staff is proposed by various committees but is
vehemently opposed by all the three wings of armed forces.
3. Lack of coordination with civilian bureaucracy lives a gap between the wants of armed forces and the policy.
4. Personnel heavy division: Armed forces conducts almost all activities by itself in the cantonment. For example, it
maintains cook, barbers etc. as a soldiers, it lowers the morale of these people who joins armed forces for service of
nation and also in heavy burden on armed forces budget.
5. Lack of indigenous technology and manufacturing is also ailing defence sector. Involvement of private players and
FDI can help to alleviate the problem.
b. India is located in most strategic location in Indian ocean.even in the past many colonists want to get hold over
this region.so naturally India’s border are most vulnerable to outsider especially from its hostile neighbour.
Indian defence sector is one of the best forces in the world,but there are many fundamental problems associated
with this sector
1.Defence budget is very less.current share in GDP is lowest 1.74%of GDP.
2.procurement policies are not transparent and efficient need is to streamlined procurement procedure.
3.lack of coordination between ministry of defence and chiefs of forces.this lead to faulty decision making in border
security and defence procurement.
4.Not promoting indigenisation of technology and not taking step for technology transfer during procurement
5.army bloated manpower.cost of which leave little for modern equipments
6.outdated and lack of adequate handling of equipment is also problem
To correct these problems budget allocation must be increased.modernisation of forces is must .appointment of
defence staff for supervision and control over defence sector.time bound manpower reduction,improve connectivity
of border areas.
In this way we can strengthen our forces to face any challenge in coming future.
c. India happens to be in the select countries of the world in terms of military size and defence budget. It also has
one of the largest defence industrial complexes in the world with host of R&D laboratories, ordnance factories,
defence PSUs etc. However this rosy picture of Indian defence sector has gloomy side as well.
PROBLEMS IN THE DEFENCE SECTOR
1. Army with a huge manpower has a substantial share of those who are indulged in administrative and menial jobs .
This increases the load on the defence budget as half of the budget goes to the salary and pensions, leaving less for
the procurement of artillery and modernisation.
2. Border roads are in deplorable condition which precludes the swift
movement of the forces. This leads to permanent stationing of large number of forces in the threatened sectors just
to avoid the risk in case of full scale war, which in turn increases the expenditure unnecessarily.
3. The three branches of the army lack coordination at times and shove for funds and turf which results in wastage of
scarce resources and duplication of capabilities.
4. Despite having huge industrial complexes, the existing industries are not viable beyond an extent. India still
imports 70% of the weaponry. The high dependency on the external sources is contrary to the objective of selfreliance.
5. Policy paralysis and procurement delays affects the morale of the personnels adversely.
SOLUTION
1. Optimal and cost effective use of the defence budget needs to be done. Expanding defence budget won’t be a viable
solution because it already puts a huge load on the exchequer. Outsourcing the administrative and other menial jobs
to the private players would help in reducing the unnecessary expenditure. This would also generate employment
opportunities for the people of border areas.
2. There is a need to bring Border Roads Organisation under Ministry of Defence and a time bound road building
plan. A proper road network would cut manpower costs as the threatened sectors could be lightly held in times of
peace.
3. A Chief of Defence staff should be appointed to oversee the manpower and equipment planning of all the three
services. CDS would provide military with unified command in war and a single point advice to ministry in the
peace.
4. There is a need to promote innovative Indian companies on the lines of DARPA model of US department of
defence to bridge the gap between fundamental research and their military use.
5. FDI limit needs to be raised to 100% as this would incentivise foreign players to set up their plants in India . This
will prevent India from being denied the key technologies .
172. Critically evaluate the role played by the Competition Commission of India in upholding its
mandate.
http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/avirup-bose-high-five-for-india-s-competitionlaw-regime-114052601251_1.html
\a. A competitive and level playing field is a basic requirement for any country to prosper its industries and attract
domestic and foreign investors. Promotion of fair competition without any biasness w.r.t. public or private
organization is the sole mandate of CCI with which the Competition Act was enacted five years ago.
CCI since then has been playing a critical role in upholding competition regime with its core abilities of
investigation, and to inflict huge penalties in cases of violation of its rules. The CCI in a short time has reviewed anticompetitive practices in diverse sectors such as Infrastructure, Automobile, real estate, pharmaceuticals, financial
services etc and has gone to impose fines to the tune of more than 8,000 crore.
However, its working has not been very smooth as the overlapping of its mandate with other sectarian regulators
such as TRAI, RBI, CERC etc which makes the work tricky and sometime slow due to multiple places where the
approvals have to come from.
The CCI in a short time has been emerged as the most powerful regulator having fined even the huge PSUs in its
endeavour to protect the interest of domestic consumers and make the country attractive to invest.
b. When india undertook the process of LPG,it aimed to distance itself from the licence raj which was the cause of
monopolization of indian market,anti competitive practices, nascent indian market and overall sensitive issue of
corruption.However,even in a liberal economy,Govt needs to ensure proper regulation regarding companies merging
together and thus ensuring a competitive market.
Why a competitive market is required?
1) To stop monopolization and ensure genuine entrepreneurship
2) To ensure better product quality at cheap prices
3) To increase export of the country and provide new employment.
4) Ensure market principle of fittest for genuine technological and product innovation
5) Faster and inclusive growth of indian economy
Thus CCI ,a statutory body setup in 2003 has played an important role in
1) Having pan market jurisdication and properly regulating indian market
2) CCI has been involved in fining cement companies for cartelisation,fine on Google ,BCCI and DLF for uncompetitive practices.
3) Regulating Domestic Air market and recently approving Jet-Etihad Deal terming it in compliance.
4) Looking for anti competitive practices in Onion price escalation,Banking sector,LPG pricing,sale of drugs/pharma
and educating general public
5) Fining CIL for for abusing its power as major coal producer.
Is everything Right or Way forward?
Need to ensure that overlapping jurisdication of Various regulatory bodies like Trai,Cerc doesnot leads to chipping
away of CCI’s power and hence for moving ahead with departmental synergy,any merger or practice involving
Competitive practices needs to be looked By CCI.THOUGH it would it lead to policy slowdown,in long run it would
make a health market.
c. Competition Commission of India (CCI) since 2009 has played a vital role in upholding its mandate of providing a
level-playing field for all businesses in most sectors and preventing cartel-forming or other disruptive measures for
conducting fair business.
CCI has time and again fined companies both from public and private sector for unfairness of trade. For example, as
dominant real estate player DLF misused market position to delay projects and did not stick to agreement with
consumers, it was fined. Also Coal India was penalised for non or late supply of coal.
CCI has also been conducting consumer awareness programmes so that consumers are benefitted and are not
cheated by companies. Also, CCI has prevented cartelisation by penalising cement cartels, bidding of government
contracts by collusion and instilled a sense of fear and fairness in companies to follow the law and proper practices.
Moreover, CCI’s actions have led to drafting of proper rules for fair competition by industry and trade bodies.
Legislations are being post-facto made with regard to competition law and CCI’s earlier judgements.
However, CCI has often faced flak from other regulators like RBI, TRAI etc. for infringing upon their regulationary
territories. This should be reversed and other regulators must understand that CCI’s fair functioning will in fact be
helpful in their own regulationary functions.
Therefore, CCI has played a major role so far in fulfilling its mandate. Continuance of its functions will boost
economic growth and fair business environment for conducting business.
173. Examine the reasons behind increasing man – wildlife conflict in various parts of India. What
measures would you suggest to reduce such instances?
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/manelephant-conflict-claims-over-240-lives-in-10years/article6051722.ece
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/kunkies-to-be-deployed-to-tackle-wildelephants/article6051629.ece
a. Various changes made by man in the vicinity of the natural habitats of wild animals has led to their increased
interaction with humans and resulted in conflict between the two.
Changes in cropping pattern, depletion of their natural prey base, suitability of certain man-made habitats, eg.
sugarcane fields and tea gardens for wildlife, along with the presence of stray dogs in forest fringes has led to
increased confrontation between man and the wild.
The killings by wild animals are much more than tiger, leopard or lion, but leopard killings gain more attention. The
wild animals damage agricultural crops, property, kill livestock and humans. The state has to chunk out huge sums,
running in crores, to compensate the victims.
Some measures to tackle the problem could be building of connected Protected Areas, along with boundary walls
with solar fences, creating awareness among people Dos and Don’ts to minimize conflict. Forest officials could me
given specialized training in this regard and various IT tools could be employed such as radio collars, to monitor
animal movement.
b. Man-wildlife conflict has posed significant challenge in front of government. It has adverse effects on
conservation efforts & animal habitats.
Negative attitude of local communities towards problematic animals increases conflict. Reduction in wildlife
corridors & human intervention in migratory routes exacerbate attacks on humans.
Booming wild population forces old & weak animals towards forest fringes. They attack humans due to fear, in selfdefence. Reduction in prey base also forces animals to come out & pick domestic animals, creating conflicts with
locals.
To tackles these problems, conserved forests must be surrounded by isolated area known as buffer zone. Local
awareness & systematic monitoring of animals may reduce conflicts.
Trained animals like Kunkies may be employed to push wild animals back in forests. In spite of capture &
tranquilization, man-eaters may be shot dead to minimise human loss & further hatred, as happened in Bandipur.
Government bodies like Wildlife Board need more autonomy, capacity building & modern training. Conservation
efforts must be planned adequately for minimum loss to local communities & maximum gain for animals.
Reducing conflicts may enhance tourism, forest growth & economic gains. Being one of the 12 Mega-diversity
countries of the world, India has special duty for wildlife conservation.
174. Critically comment on how the role of the Prime Minister’s Office has changed during past
twenty years.
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/nripendra-misra-known-for-his-nononsenseapproach/article6051310.ece
a. PMO refers to the administrative agency set up under Art 77(3) of the constitution to provide sectorial assistance
to PM in discharge of his various functions. PMO is said to be the ” think tank ” as well as “nerve centre ” of PM and
so it is expressed as the capability of PM depends up on that of PMO. However , the role of PMO as per trend has
been noticed to be greatly influenced by the personality of Prime Minister and his own influence over his own ruling
party, cabinet and coalition partners.
During P V Narsimha Rao Government , A N Verma was appointed Principal Secretary of Prime Minister .During
this government , PMO maintained Centralisation in order to cope up problems w.r.t coalition politics and PMO was
a stronger agency vis -a-vis Cabinet Secreteriat.
During Atal Bihari Vajpayee government , Brijesh Mishra was appointed as Principal Secretary to PM.The role of
Principal Secretary was extended to many parallel organiazations.
However , during Manmohan Govt. , when A. Nair was appointed as PS to PM , the influence of PM decreased. PMO
was separated from responsibility of National Security Council on recommendations of Subramaniam Committee.
Further , Emergence of bodies like NAC , and alternate power centres ( UPA Chairman & Congress Vice- President )
during this time have a influence on undermining the influence of PMO
b. The role of PMO has been as dynamic as the person who holds the chair of the PM.
Traditionally PMO has been the life and soul of the Prime Minister. It helps the PM in his daily working from
scheduling his meetings, press conferences to important matters like updating on national and international affairs.
This helps PM take informed decisions and implement policies speedily.
During the last twenty years, the PMO has not been as powerful as it used to be. This can be attributed to the
coalition politics that is evident at the central government, which has infact curtailed the powers of the Prime
Minister.
In the coalition era, the PM has not been as dynamic as he used to be earlier. The agenda of the government is pre
decided in the form of a common minimum program that the ruling party has to stick to. The reduced power of the
PM has had an adverse impact on the PMO.
The PMO today works like a mundane organization rather than the commanding role it held during the Indira
Gandhi government. This is detrimental to our democracy. Only a strong PMO can help PM fulfill his/her role in the
most effective manner.
175. Comment on the design and performance of various watershed development programmes in
India.
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tackling-livelihood-issues-vital-in-naturalresource-management/article6051548.ece
a. Watershed development projects are designed to harmonize the use of water, soil, forest, and pasture resources in
a way that conserves these resources while raising agricultural productivity, both by conserving moisture in the
ground and increasing irrigation through tank and aquifer based water harvesting.
Major types of activities in the Watershed development project:
1. Soil & moisture conservation measures like terracing, bunding, trenching, vegetative barriers etc. This has been
helping in preventing the soil run-off.
2. Rain water harvesting activities like farm ponds, percolation tanks, checkdams etc. Ground water table has
improved by 3 meters in last 5 years.
3. Encouraging natural regeneration, Planting & sowing of multi-purpose trees, shrubs, grasses, legumes and
pasture land development.
4. Promotion of agro-forestry and horticulture. the cropping intensity has been increased by 35% and total irrigated
area by 50%.
5. Training, extension and creation of a greater degree of awareness among the participants to encourage peoples’
participation
6. Livelihood activities for assetless people by boosting production system and micro-enterprises.
By the projects of the IWDP, there has been 35% increase in Agricultural productivity in 11th FYP. But there are still
few problems associated with the Integrated watershed development program (IWDP) in India as
1. Lack of equity in the benefits to small holders and landless.
2. Lack of Sustainability in the management of projects after cessation of the project.
3. Lack of Community participation in watersheds.
4. Lack of Scaling up methods and models.
5. Lack of holistic approaches in the technical support to most development projects by NGOs.
Watershed projects cannot succeed without full participation of project beneficiaries and careful attention to social
organization because the costs and benefits of watershed interventions are location specific and unevenly distributed
among the people affected. Govt. needs to formulate policies taking local conditions in mind and should encourage
communities for robust participation.
176. Examine the prospects and potential of wind energy generation in India. Explain what
measures has government taken to harness wind energy in India.
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/wind-energy-sector-seeksscheme-to-attract-investment/article6051445.ece
a. With the ever increasing demand of per capita energy in order to grow the country’s GDP up to a suitable mark,
the need of non-conventional and renewable sources of energy is becoming more important. Wind energy being such
source of energy is hence at the centre of policy planners to make India less reliant on Oil, gas and other natural
conventional resources of India.
India has a wide potential to harness its suitable climate for generation of wind energy and if properly implemented,
this energy can complement much of the energy requirement. The country at present is producing around 21,000
MW of energy with its total installed capacity and is the fifth largest country in the world. The states such as
Tamilnadu, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, etc are having great potential of wind farming and which together are
producing almost all of India’s wind energy.
In order to properly harness the wind energy, the govt. through its especially designated ministry of renewable
energy, has initiated many schemes to increase the investment and technology in wind farming. The appreciation
depreciation scheme was one such initiative which was later withdrawn. It is also planned to bring the entire
renewable energy sector into priority lending to increase the availability of loans.
b. • India now ranks 5th in the world in wind energy in terms of installed capacity which is 21000 MW.
• Wind energy has been the fastest growing renewable energy source in India.
Potential
• Long coastline of 7500 km . wind blows faster and more uniformly at sea than on land
• The prerequisites for maximizing wind potential viz. a robust manufacturing base, wind resource availability;
regulatory framework and investor confidence are available.
• The states such as Tamilnadu, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, etc are having great potential of wind farming and
which together are producing almost all of India’s wind energy.
Government steps
• Generation Based Incentive (GBI) – incentive of 50 paise per unit of electricity fed into the grid from wind power
projects
• package of fiscal and financial incentives including concessions such as 80% accelerated depreciation, concessional
custom duty, excise duty exemption, sales tax exemption, income tax exemption for 10 years, etc.
• State Electricity Regulatory Commissions are determining preferential tariffs for the electricity produced from
renewable energy sources, including wind energy.
• Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC) has issued guidelines for tariff determination of renewable
power including wind energy.
• A National Offshore Wind Energy Authority (NOWA) will be constituted.
c. The Indian wind energy sector has an installed capacity of nearly 20,000 MW. In terms of wind power installed
capacity, India is ranked 5th in the World after USA, Germany, China and Spain.
Geographic Location and Wind Potential:
Tamilnadu, Gujrat, Maharastra and Karnataka are the leading producers. It is estimated that with the current level
of technology, the on-shore potential for utilization of wind energy for electricity generation is nearly 102 GW. India
also is blessed with nearly 7500km of coastline and its territorial waters extend up to 12 nautical miles into the sea.
The unexploited resource availability has the potential to sustain the growth of wind energy sector in India in the
years to come.
Wind energy utilization creates many more jobs than centralized, non-renewable energy sources. Also the ease and
accessibility of manufacturing technology has given entrepreneurs with new business options to venture in. Wind
turbine is suitable to install in remote rural area, water pumping and grinding mills.
Electricity losses in India during transmission and distribution have been extremely high over the years. India is
facing peak power shortfall of 13% due to Theft of electricity. shortage of electricity has adversely affected the
country’s economic growth. Hence a cheaper, non-polluting and environment friendly solution to power from Wind
energy in rural India is needed.
Govt. measures to encourage the Wind Energy:
Our policy framework in wind energy generation is extremely investor-friendly, and an attractive tariff and
regulatory regime provide a strong foundation for the growth of the sector. Some measures by govt. are1. CERC provides Tariff orders for procurement of power from Wind Energy Generators including Interest on loan
Capital, Depreciation, Interest on Working Capital and Operation & Maintenance Expenses.
2. Accelerated Depreciation- is tax benefit allows projects to deduct upto 80% of value of wind power equipment
during first year of project operation.
3. Indirect Tax Benefits-concessions on excise duty and reduction in customs duty for wind power equipment.
4. Central-level Generation-based Incentives is available for independent power producers with a minimum
installed capacity of 5 MW .
5. Renewable Purchase Obligations-with a requirement that renewable energy supplies between 1% and 15% of total
electricity. 6. Renewable Energy Certificates have been issued.
But still high percentage of the hardware cost (for large Wind Towers) is mostly spent on the tower designed to
support the turbine. The government is expected to reinstate accelerated depreciation for investments into wind
energy projects and accord priority sector lending for the entire renewable energy segment to give a fillip to nonconventional energy resources.
177. Write a note on Tender SURE (Specifications for Urban Road Execution)
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/newlook-bangalore-in-18months/article6051387.ece
a. The Tender SURE (Specification for Urban Road Execution) is a set of guidelines to design, specification and
procurement contract for urban road development. It is a kind of road standard to prepare durable, proper drained
and budget efficient road infrastructure in the cities.
Tender SURE specifications mandates the integration of networked services under the road such as water, sewerage,
power, gas and other drains. The design under Tender SURE prioritizes the safety and comfort of pedestrians and
cyclists apart from high speed vehicles. It also recognizes the needs of street vendors and hawkers.
The Tender SURE specifications was launched together by Bangalore City Connect Foundation and Jana Urban
Space Foundation and so far has been allocated the funds to the tune of Rs. 200 crore in order to construct many
roads across the Bangalore city.
Road development specifications such as Tender SURE is certainly a boon for any business in the field of road
development and certainly with government support and funding it can change the shape of our road infrastructure
which otherwise is in the sorry state of affairs despite huge money towards its repeated construction and
maintenance.
b. It is fast track infrastructure development project restricted only to the road development which has greater
chances of speeding up of the completion as compared to the other infrastructure projects where numbers of other
allied facilities are combined. The normal road construction costs around 5 Crore per KM but SURE roads cost 10
Crore highlighting its better specifications.
The project has been initiated by the Karnataka Govt and started in two phases simultaneously. The Road building
meets the international standards with pavements and drains so as to be more adoptive to the weather changes.
It has become the example for the other cities like Mumbai and Kolkata where we are still dependent on the roads
and drains built by the Britishers. Also the 100 cities project of the New Govt at centre need to look at “SURE” for
sure.
178. Comment on important issues that decided the outcome of recently held elections to the
European Parliament.
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-international/eurosceptic-parties-strike-it-rich-in-eupoll/article6051253.ece
a. The European Parliament is the only elected body under EU which has the responsibility of passing laws and
supervising the commissioners under European Commission. Its election thus has great significance on how the
laws applicable to all 28 EU members will be placed and what would be their implications on world relations.
The European parliament elections conducted this year heavily got tilted to Eurosceptic parties who got a bigger vote
share and seats on the account of protest vote by the citizen of all EU countries against the damaging post recession
economic policies of their own national government and of EU.
Another major issue in this election was immigration and hence the anti-EU and anti-immigration party won in UK.
The other places have also seen similar sentiments in surging the anti-EU votes. It was highly debated that the free
labour markets in EU has resulted into many emigrants who are taking away the job from natives.
The current EU parliament elections though has shown the sentiments of concerned citizen, it is a serious concern if
the anti-EU and anti-immigration parties get their dominance in EU parliament. They may then affect the law
making process and blocking many progressive legislations concerning trade, employment and free market.
179. Critically comment on India’s policy towards Pakistan during last ten years.
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/lessons-of-the-past-for-thefuture/article6051274.ece
a. India- Pakistan issue is not a conventional foreign policy problem; it has historical roots, psychological barriers
and elicits passionate domestic public responses.
India’s response to Pakistan has been both cautious and conciliatory. Last decade or so saw some positive
developments in the relationship: Ceasefire agreement, trade, confidence building measures at borders and civil
talks between the two governments. But despite of all these measures the headway created towards a permanent
settlement has been very little.
India’s policy towards Pakistan has been more or less consistent and a realist one. But fragmenting domestic polity
in Pakistan, non- state actors and asymmetrical civil-military relationship in Pakistan have derailed the peace talks
and civil engagements at the highest level.
Pakistan is a multi-layered power structure; the power is distributed disproportionately among army, civilian
government, non-state actors, clergies etc. This complicates things for India as to who to engage with. And because
civilian government does not command as much authority as it should, there is a little credibility in any engagement
with it.
Recent diplomatic engagement between the two countries during Indian Prime minister swearing in ceremony
leaves one hopeful of a new fillip to peace talks.
180. Discuss the importance of Micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) to the Indian
economy.
Micro, Small and medium enterprises are the backbone of industrial development of any country. Gandhian
principles in DPSP of out constitution also direct govt. to encourage this sector.
MSME sector accounts 45% of the manufacturing output and 40% of total exports of the country. The sector
provides employment to about 70 million persons through 25 million enterprises throughout the country. Over
6000 products ranging from traditional to high-tech items are being manufactured by the MSMEs in the country.
The labour to capital ratio in MSMEs and the overall growth in the sector is much higher than in the large industries.
The geographic distribution of the MSMEs is also more even. Thus, MSMEs are important for the national objectives
of growth with equity and inclusion.
The sector has a high growth potential and performs a critical role in the manufacturing and value chains. MSME
sector is characterized by low investment requirement, operational flexibility and location wise mobility.
To strengthen this imp. sector and to create the national awareness, Govt. has enacted the Micro, Small and Medium
Enterprises Development(MSMED) Act, 2006 and made amendments to the Khadi and Village Industries
Commission Act. It also announced a comprehensive Package for Promotion of Micro and Small Enterprises by
setting up of a National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganized Sector.
But still more than 94% of MSMEs are unregistered, with a large number established in the informal or unorganized
sector. Many MSMEs in India have problems such as sub-optimal scale of operation, technological obsolescence,
supply chain inefficiencies, increasing domestic and global competition, fund shortages, change in manufacturing
strategies and turbulent and uncertain market scenario.
Govt. aims to enhance this sector’s contribution to GDP from the present 8% to 10% by the end of 12th Plan. Free
training is being provided to the marginalized sections of the society including SC/ST, women and the physically
challenged. To provide handholding support to the trained persons in setting up their own enterprises, the Ministry
has also launched a new scheme, namely, Rajiv Gandhi Udyami Mitra Yojana.
181. Critically comment on the role played by the intelligentsia during freedom struggle.
a. During the freedom struggle the mass participation was necessary for the success of the various movements. The
intelligentsia of the country had played an indispensable in mobilizing the masses in the struggle for independence.
The impact of the intelligentsia section could be seen both in the political and social contexts. The revolts of the
workers and traders which had been unorganized and limited to the economic grievances earlier, were modified into
organized revolts with amalgamation of the political and economic interests of the workers. This had led to the rise
of the nationalism among the masses which believed in Swaraj as their way to end their exploitation.
The role played by the leaders also impacted the social constructs in India. The political movements had impacted
the social and religious reforms. Initiatives were undertaken to end the untouchability in the society and provide
equal status to the depressed classes. The Akali movement reflects the use of satyagraha to reform the malaise crept
in the religion. The opening of the gates of temples to the depressed classes had led to increasing the unity among
the masses.
The intelligentsia had provided effective leadership and direction to the masses which resulted in unifying the efforts
for freedom of the country. The feelings of nationalism among the masses provided an effective resistance to the
British establishments in India.
b. Indian intelligentsia, owing its emergence to the introduction of western education system , did not play a
supportive role in the struggle of 1857. In fact , it opposed the struggle fearing that it would lead the Indian society
back to the feudalism . Thus people like Raja Rammohun Roy , Ishwar Chandra VidyaSagar etc. looked at the British
to modernize the Indian society . With the increasing knowledge and better understanding of the colonial system ,
the intelligentsia was first to question the policies of the British government as evident by DadaBhai Naroji’s
,Poverty and UnBritish Rule in India.
The task of educating the masses of the modern of governance like democracy ,equality ,liberty etc became the prime
motive of intelligentsia and can be regarded as the first phase of the freedom struggle. This phase was marked by the
inception of the Congress in 1885 . The brilliant speeches and articles by the leaders like Naroje , Gokhale ,
Pherozsahah Mehta and Ranade educated the masses about the condition of their country and the British rule . This
prepared the masses for the subsequent phases of the struggle. When the freedom struggle moved from the
moderate to extremist phase , the role of the intelligentsia was not overtly supportive. The Gandhian phase of the
freedom struggle marked the beginning of the mass revolution . In this phase , the participation of the intelligentsia
rose from a modest supporter in the NCM to the driving force behind the quit India movement.
In sum it can be said that though India got its independence because of the mass revolution but the intelligentsia
was certainly the harbinger of this revolution.
182. Discuss about the Third stage of India’s nuclear programme.
India’s NPP (N-power programme) was envisaged by Dr. Homi Bhabha in 1954 aiming to increase energy share by
N-power to 10%.
NPP is in three stages. First stage consists to developing PHWR (Pressurized heavy water reactor) using Ur as fuel
while second stage envisages usage of Plutonium obtained from 1st stage plus Ur as fuel.
Since India has only around 2% of global Ur reserves, it was thought to produce Nuclear energy via Thorium
reserves found in monozite sands of South coastal India. Thus Ur (obtained from 2nd stage) and Thorium are used
as 20% and 80% fuel respectively in 3rd stage of NPP with help of APHWR (Advanced pressurised heavy water
reactor).
Kamini- 30 KW research reactor still in building phases. Commercialization of N-energy from 3rd stages will require
couple of decades more.
Innovation & Indigenization are core principles of 3rd stage of NPP since its customized for Indian milieu.
183 The subsidy bill in India has increased many folds in recent years. In your opinion, which
subsidies need to to be curbed and why? Comment.
http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/biting-the-subsidy-bullet-114052701715_1.html
a. The current financial situation of india is weak and meek. The throwaway subsidies are a significant factor for
this. For the past few years they have mushroomed leaving no room for capital expenditure, hence reduced growth.
The three subsidies food, fuel and fertilizer needs to be rationalized and better targeted. On the fuel front, the
current regular increase in diesel is salutary but still is very far away. One needs a single large increase. The
monsoon condition needs to be watched. If all goes fine single increase should be done. They need to be better
rationalized such that the real needy gets to pay more rather than affluent suv owners. Lpg cap is excessive, needs to
be reduced. Kerosene subsisdy needs to be vanished once for all, should be for only very poor households.
There should be a shift to nutrient based subsidy in the fertilizer. In the absence of any rationalization the farmers
use this freely thereby harming there own land and soil and also wasting government money. Farmer should have a
report card maintaining the ratio of npk in its soil and such subsidies are given to them according to his soil needs,
thus maintaining the npk ratio.
The unlimited purchase of food grain and mountainous MSPs needs to done away with. This has led to continuous
inflation over the years. The prices should be market linked. The current subsidies are given for only raice and
wheat, instead should be extended for protein products like soyabean which could address our malnutrition
problem.
The problems are many, solutions are known, only strong will is required for taking strong dedicated
implementation. The FRBM Act needs to be followed reducing fiscal deficits and revenue deficits.
b. Subsidy is given to increase the usage of certain goods or services, which are necessary, but costlier for targeted
population to use. However, in India subsidy has become a tool to gain electoral support. Some of the subsidies like
food grain supply to poorest is a necessity, but others just crowds out the public investment needed in any sector.
Some of the subsidies which needs to be phased out are:1.
Fertilizers: Subsidies for certain fertilizers to benefit small farmers, resulted in benefitting big farmers and also
overuse of fertilizers like urea disturbing the ecological balance in the region and also causing lose to the exchequer.
2. Electricity subsidy: Punjab government provides free power resulting in overuse of tubewells. This resulted in
ground water table and also huge subsidy bill for the government.
3. Diesel: It is still being subsidised, resulting into more diesel based cars which is more harmful than petrol based
cars. It is subsidised for benefit of transporters and farmers, but majority amount is crowded out by car owners.
4. MSP: Continues procurement of wheat and rice resulted into overproduction of these cereals, while crowding out
other crops acreage.
5 . LPG cylinders are still being subsidised resulting into loss to exchequer but without any tangible returns.
c. Indian Govt. has subsidized many industries and products from petrol to food. According to records, the subsidies
amounted to 14% of GDP in India. on the other hand, India spends relatively little on education, health or
infrastructure. World Bank has also been criticized the Indian subsidies for increasing economic inefficiency.
To follow Fiscal Responsibility and Budgetary Management Act, new govt. should curb many subsidies to significant
level as1.
Diesel- Diesel prices should be increased regularly to decontrol the prices because due to subsidies, Diesel vehicles
are increasing in the market and many rich families which owned the luxurious cars, can afford high prices
compared to petrol vehicle user poor families. Govt. can increase the rate on retail selling of diesel while maintaining
subsidies for public transport system.
2. LPG- Direct benefit transfer will help in reducing the arbitrage. Doing away the ghost beneficiaries and reducing no.
of subsidized cylinders will control the commercial use and will reduce the subsidies burden of Govt.
3. Fertilizers- Decontrolling Urea prices will help to increase land productivity and balance fertilizer use, encourage
organic farming and sustainable cropping patterns.
4. Food- Govt. has implemented National Food Security Act,2014 which will increase the burden of the Govt. but
removing ghost beneficiaries, improving procurement framework for necessary procurement only will be wiser steps
in the fiscal management direction.
5. Electricity- Free electricity to farmers has deteriorating effects on the land in many areas. Due to excessive
irrigation, leaching of salts and water-logging problems have been rising. Limiting the amount of free electricity will
have manifold positive effects.
6. Kerosene- removing Kerosene subsidies can be compensated by encouraging use of LPG or electricity. this will not
only put down the subsidy bill but also help in reducing pollution and CO2 emission.
There is need to make subsidies as transparent as possible, use subsidies for well defined economic objectives,
periodic review of the subsidies and setting clear limits on duration of any new subsidy scheme.
Removing the subsidies has not been an easy solution for Govt. But for the national interest, and long term benefits,
Govt. needs to take tough decision. Sudden removal of the subsidies may increase the inflation much high but
decontrolling at regular intervals will not disturb the economy much.
184. Examine the problems faced by the e-commerce industry in India. What should government do
in this regard?.
http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/strangling-e-commerce-114052701713_1.html
a. E commerce refers to the trading of the products and services through the internet. Though the sector is growing
at a fast pace with the majority of travel transactions and smaller retail segment, yet there are factors that inhibit the
realization of its potential.
The sector growth has been impeded due to multiple factors, including the government policies,infrastructural and
economic impediments. The restriction of FDI in Business to e commerce inhibits the infusion of the foreign capital
into the sector. The realization of the growth potential requires huge infusion of capital into the sector.
Though the majority of the e commerce use the Standard-inventory model for operation, yet the restricting the
ecommerce sector to the marketplace models in India lowers their profit margins and control over the quality, speed
of delivery and product description.
The lack of connectivity and adequate infrastructure restricts the potential of the penetration of the ecommerce in
the Indian market. Moreover, the economic health of the country has reduced the demand for the products , thereby
lowering the business of the e commerce. The increased penetration of the internet
The e commerce sector has benefited the consumer by providing greater choices and easy delivery options..The
government needs to provide a conducive environment to the sector by lowering the restrictions over the operation
model and policies.
b. Increasing internet penetration, rapid urbanisation, rising middle class income, proportionally high youth
population etc have given a boost to our e-commerce industry. This budding industry with enormous potential is
facing many obstacles.
Online retails, constituting only 20% of e-commerece($1.6 bn) now, will alone grow to $75bn by 2020. But such
stupendous growth needs huge infusion of money and expertise. But approval of FDI in B2B model and disallowing
the same in B2C, has indeed reduced options for capital collection.Allowing only market place model is another
limitation for catering to various demands of consumers.
Being a vibrant cash economy, 50% of transactions takes place via cash-on-delivery mode. This obviously involves
high rte of return of goods thus increasing the shipping cost. Thus innovating other consumer-friendly payment
routes will solve the question.
Only simple well known steps can unleash the huge untapped potential of the nascent industry,benefiting every
stakeholder.
185. Critically comment on the creative and commercial challenges that the news industry faces in
India , across TV, print, radio or online.
http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/vanita-kohli-khandekar-the-room-with-thenews-114052701637_1.html
a. The media consisting of the TV, print, radio or online is rightly considered as the fourth organ of any democracy
and Indian constitution sufficiently provides many freedom to media to and report and articulate its view without
any fear.
However, the news industry today is facing plethora of problems in the creative as well as commercial scale. Though
India now houses more than 135 channels (the biggest in the world), and around 86,000 newspapers, there are
certain challenges which prohibits them to come upon a quality and analytical news items.
One such issue is the inability of the media houses in ‘news integration’ which essentially means combing all news
divisions (radio, TV, print, online) to get maximum inputs from them.
Another issue is about the revenue generation which is almost depends on ad revenue. Even though there is a
substantial generation of revenue, the capital required to set-up the place itself has long gestation period.
Media houses today are largely owned and operated with profit in mind which in a way obstruct in honest reporting
on relevant matters. The saga of TRP has been dominating upon them which often compels them to sensationalize
the news instead of its useful assimilation.
b. The news industry holds crucial place in today’s world which is informed, inquisitive, vacillating across different
forums. Several forums like TV, print media, radio, social websites, telephone apps, online buzz feeds etc have
arrived as a tool for sharing news. The most critical challenges faced now is to sustain this expansion is rising costs,
depreciating quality, stagnating revenues and migrating audiences. There is lack of visionary, long term approach
followed by news companies, which can address these simultaneously.
The most convenient option taken is of advertisements. These bring short term funds, but long term mess is not
taken care of. Different branches, sections of the above mentioned forums work separately . They do not share their
resources, bring own analysts, provide different layouts, and finally try their luck with audience reception. With so
many options , the audience is bound to migrate across them. But this costs high for these news providers and
revenues do not sustain them in long term. Quality falls prey to sensationalism.
One solution can be integrated newsrooms. This shall allow coherence, coordination and sharing of resources among
different sections in a single integrated newsroom. Costs can be reduced and also viewer’s choice can be analyzed
and resources diverted to that quickly. It can actually generate employment as new ideas shall emerge, new ways of
cross adaptations will accrue as a result. New demands as result of adaptations will bring more jobs and business for
the industry.
Such innovations and risks need to be taken to break the current commercial and creative stagnation which impedes
the growth of news industry.
186. Write a note on ‘Mee Seva’ project of Andhra Pradesh government.
http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/sanjay-jaju-governance-at-your-service114052701635_1.html
a. Mee Seva project of Andhra Pradesh Government is one of the largest e-governance or e-service delivery projects
by a government in the world. It saves almost Rs 1000 Cr per year (Rs 1000 saving for 10 million annual
transactions) for citizens and businesses. Hence, it has been hailed as a best practice model, for emulation by other
states and governments in the world.
As per Mee Seva, a number of government services (delivery of driving licenses, birth/death certificate etc.) are
being provided via Internet to the citizens. Digitally signed document copies are provided. Private-public
partnership model is leveraged in this innovative system, whereby 25,000 trained youth have become digital agents
to provide these services for a nominal fee throughout the state.
Moreover, the time limit adherence to provide the services and the inter-departmental cohesiveness brought about
to resultantly speed up processes is a great advantage. Overcoming attitudinal lethargy was a hurdle at the
beginning, yet with speedy implementation of the project every nay-sayer was enthusiastic and political will also saw
this project through.
Therefore, this project recently won an excellence award for E-governance. Such public service delivery projects
using ICT must be leveraged for efficient governance throughout India, so that citizens are benefitted by minimising
of red-tape and adherence to service time limits.
187. Why was the European Union established. Critically examine why it expanded towards East
and with what consequences.
http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/daniel-gros-europe-s-big-bang-at-10114052701717_1.html
a. European Union was established in 1993 as a 15 member political union under the Maastricht Treaty to ensure
free movement of people, good and services across the union and have a common market across all member states.
The primary aim of the establishment of EU was the unification of Europe and form a block which has a coherent
view on all major international issues.
Since its inception, the membership of EU has increase to 28, mostly with the addition of East European countries.
These countries added later are relatively poor and less developed as compared to original 15 EU States, but their
integration into the Union has helped both sides to a large extent. While the Original 15 members got access to cheap
labour and raw materials, thus increasing their industrial production and competitiveness, the newly added
members received direct investment, superior technology and also direct aid from the EU members to help in their
socio-economic development.
As a result, these countries progressed relatively better than their neighbors, who were still not in European Union.
This has created a regional economic divide and a demand from these Non-EU members to join the Union. This has
led to the eastward extension of the EU.
However, the expansion is not without its consequences. There are apprehensions in the West European countries
about the possible flooding of their labour markets by immigrant from newly inducted countries. Also, there are
apprehensions about the ability of EU to integrate these countries economically, given the financial troubles, EU is
facing. Other than that, there is growing distrust between EU and Russia, who wishes to create a separate Eurasian
Union, similar to EU and comprising of East European States bordering Russia.
b. European Union, currently a comity of 28 European countries was established with an aim to achieve peace in
Europe, by developing political and economic interdependence among the nations as an alternative to Balance of
Power politics. It aims to create supranational institutions (institutions above states) . The idea of EU was supported
by US to meet the challenge of the threat of communism.
EU has had several expansions since its inception based on the “Copenhagen Criteria”. The eastern expansion of EU
took place as former Soviet-block countries were fascinated by the free market economy , fundamental values of
democracy and rule of law in EU countries. Besides, some of the the old EU members had interest in outsourcing
their labour intensive tasks to the newcomers.
The expansion initially met with resistance by some of the old members as the entrants were largely poor
agricultural economies. This led to apprehensions of overburdening of EU budget because of enlargement. However
the problem was resolved with an unexceptional commitment shown by the EU leaders, albeit with a reduction in
the budget as a proportion of Europe’s GDP.
The new member countries have caught up considerably vis a vis their old counterparts and in some cases, they have
even out-paced them . This corroborates that the purpose with which the enlargement was carried out i.e boost in
GDP growth and improvements in living standards has been partially achieved and is on the right track. The
enlargement has been mutually beneficial proposition as old members got cheap labour by outsourcing the labourintensive works resulting into global competitiveness of the EU-15 members .The newbies on the other hand gained
much need investments, jobs, and knowledge transfer. Thus, the new members seem to have an smooth integration
into the EU and that too without ceding their sovereignty.
The enlargement has faced some challenges as well, because, a large part of the EU budget goes to new members.
The problem has been compounded by the low-level of public administration in these countries. Moreover , the
crisis in Ukraine has been attributed to this enlargement as more people in Ukraine now share the “European
vocation”. This has led to the conflict between Russia and EU of late. This would be worth watching, how EU tackles
the challenge of hard-power used by Russia.
188. What are the salient features of the Prize Chits and Money Circulation Schemes (Banning) Act,
1978? Why was it in news recently? Explain.
http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/amway-india-chief-held-for-alleged-illegalmoney-circulation-by-firm-114052700587_1.html
a. Since Chit Funds can be considered as contracts, they are placed in Concurrent List of the Constitution, and
hence both Central and State Governments are competent to make law in this subject. Accordingly, the Prize Chits
and Money Circulation Schemes (Banning) Act, 1978 defines the chit funds and prohibit any illegal chit fund
scheme. The responsibility of enforcing the provision of the act lies with State Govt. Some of the salient features of
this act are:
1) Both the promoters as well as members subscribed to such chit funds are guilty under this act.
2) The Act carries a maximum sentence of 3 years and minimum sentence of 1 year.
3) In case the offence is conducted by a Company, the person in charge of the company shall be liable for
prosecution under this Act.
4) This Act does not apply to State Govt, Banking Company or any charitable/educational institution notified by
State Govt. in consultation with RBI.
5) All the offences under this Act are cognizable.
189. Examine the supply side problems being faced by Public Distribution System in India. Explain
how they can be addressed.
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/improving-pds-curbing-price-risepriority/article6055353.ece
a. Primary among supply side problem is the lack of sanitary storage capacity of the Food Corporation of India
which has resulted in degrading quality of grains thus defeating the purpose of nutritional security. scientific storage
godowns should be made and schemes like Gram Bhandaran Yojana need to be expanded immediately.
Secondly due to agricultural distortions due to increasing MSP selectively , changing cropping patterns in favour of
rice,wheat PDS faces dual problem of over supply of wheat and rice and under supply of pulses and other cereals .
Hence proper incentives should be provided for growing bajra , pulses and other cereals including increasing MSP
and state support in form of seeds, capital and machinery.
Thirdly the lack of adequate transporation networks especially in tribal areas and rural areas of te country including
North East results in delays of food supply . These delays are exacerbated in times of monsoons and natural
calamities when food security is most essential. The many programmes for expanding transporation network need to
be finished and monitored effectively.
Finally decreasing productivity on accounts of fertiliser use and climate change need to be addressed via developing
genetic ,change resistant crops and altering farming techniques like shift to organic farming to ensure continuous
supply of grains.
b. Public Distribution system (PDS) has been a main plank of food supply for poor in India. But it is also struck with
some supply side problems, inhibiting its effectiveness.
More than 36% of budgetary subsidy is siphoned off in supply chain, because of opaque functioning & corruption.
Irregular supply with seasonal variability & lack of effective monitoring system make supply difficult.
Presence of foreign particles in grains & inferior quality turns people away from Fair Price shops. Low margins for
transportation & lack of storage facility for buffer stocks are other major problems. Food grain supply in
installments is non-existent in some states like Haryana.
These problems can be tackled by adopting various reforms. Computerization of all fair price shops &
interconnecting them through central grid may improve the monitoring. Handing over these shops to Self Help
Groups of poor can increase effectiveness.
Door-to-door delivery of food grains will increase transparency, as seen in Kerala. Moreover, local preference may be
added in food grains supply. Inter-state variability in food grains supply should be minimized.
A cohesive attitude of state machinery may eradicate many loopholes. Furthermore, success of these measures is
also dependent on will of government officials to work hard without fear or favor.
190. Comment on the areas of cooperation between India and China. Do you agree with the view
that strong trade relations would eventually make border disputes irrelevant in the future?
Comment.
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/a-coming-together-ofdreams/article6055205.ece
a. 2014 has been designated Year of India China Friendship in the spirit of deepening the cooperation between the
nations on all fields to ensure inclusive sustainable development and peaceful rise respectively.
On the economic front India provides a huge market for China’s export based economy which is now ready to
provide greater access to India to offset the trade imbalance. India can also benefit from the massive infrastructure
and manufacturing capabilities of China which are imperative for the Indian growth.
Development of the North East is acutely linked to ASEAN and success of projects like the BCIM corridor where
China plays a significant role .Both the nations need to cooperate to benefit from the strategic location of the Indian
Ocean today and this is being achieved through the Maritime Silk Route.
Global geopolitics of climate change , human rights violation in Syria and heightened terrorist risk from Afghanistan
has united the two nations and such cooperation is essential in the fight against discriminatory policies of the
developed nations.
On the domestic front the Border Agreement signifies willingness to sort disputes by conciliation and talks instead of
aggressive nationalism. Strong and equitable trade relations with greater deepening of ties shall definitely help in
defusing the border disputes as in todays world economic considerations sit at the heart of political deliberations.
b. The increased economic cooperation and shared vision has led to strengthening of the Sino-India relations. The
current year has been recognized as the year of India China friendly exchanges. The increased potential of
cooperation at the multiple fronts would impact the bilateral relations, regional and global dynamics.
China has expressed the will to participate in the agricultural , manufacturing and infrastructure projects. The
increased cooperation in the industrial park constructions would result in reducing the trade imbalance. There is an
opportunity for the Indian entrepreneurs to explore the business market in China.
The cooperation in the multilateral forum such as BRICS would strengthen the position of the economies in the
region. This would reduce the influence of the western economies. Moreover, cooperation on the global issues at
forums as G20, WTO would increase the negotiating power.
Though the economic and strategic cooperation has the potential of strengthening the ties, yet it would have an
insignificant impact on the border disputes. Borders reflect the sovereignty of the country, which neither of the two
countries would ignore. The border disputes could only be resolved through increased exchanges and amicable
discussion.
Therefore, the increase in economic,cultural and strategic cooperation would strengthen the bilateral relations and
solidarity in the region. However, it may not be sufficient for resolving the border disputes.
191. Critically evaluate the role played by the European Union in bringing about the European
integration within Europe and with rest of the world.
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/invigorate-the-europeanproject/article6055200.ece
a. From ravages of WW1 and WW2,Europe moved to the process of regional peace through treaties ie.from
European coal and steel community to maaschrist treaty to schnegen area and finally to monetary union and it could
be substantiated by 2012 nobel peace prize.
Cuurently GDP of EU is approx. 23% of global GDp and increased regional integration has increased regional
prosperity
Problems and dangers to EU:
1)Lack of Faith IN EU (Here Eurozone)after credit crisis where multiple countries suffered due to financial
breakdown. Hence there are concerns of lack of financial sovereignity.
2) Nationalist right wing parties are harping on this concerns to come out of EU and follow an independent foreign
policy and economic policy.
3)Austerity measures on Greece and other PIGS countries has turned the sentiment against eu(Germany)
dictations.It has led to Right wing parties prominence.
4)Major country like UK are mulling over coming out of Eu.
Hence need for greater growth and less of painful austerity to keep EU together.
192. Explain how and why Deng Xiaoping brought economic reforms in China. What were its
consequences
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-business/modi-could-be-indias-deng-xiaoping-sayseconomist-arvind-subramanian/article6055185.ece
a. Deng Xiaoping was a post Mao era leader who brought reforms in China during 1978-1992.The reforms brought
by Xiaoping gave economic revival to a society which had to undergo the Great Purge during Great leap forward and
which came in conflict with its history and cultural affinity during the Cultural revolution,1966.
The reforms that Xiaoping brought were
1) Ideological flexibility: According to Deng,china needed a market socialism in which capitalist system was needed
to increase to focus on the production of the goods(profit based).Hence it was a depart from the communitarian
Marxist philosophy of producing goods for community purpose only.
2) Agricultural reforms: Agriculture during Mao’s times was made community owned and production was controlled
by state. Deng allowed farmers to sell their products in the market freely and it led to increase in production.Further
increase in money increase consumption of goods and saving rate.
3) Industrial growth: Deng allowed local municipalities to create profit based industries.This led to the foundation of
MSME sector which became the foundation for later growth.Futher to develop heavy industries,Heavy machinery
were established by banking capital which was quite autonomous of state intervention as profits were not
reallocated.
4) Export based Economy:Msme sector became the major creator of export as capital generated of this export
intensive sector increased capital for futher technological innovation.Further SEZ’s were created to provide liberal
atmosphere for investment and technological growth aprt from making China Export surplus.
5) Labour reforms like incentive based systems and shift based workings provided increased employment.
These reforms increase the capital creation in the economy and provided employment to millions and had a major
effect on social development.
193. Write a note on the Rhino DNA Indexing System (RhoDIS)
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/dnabased-tool-to-probepoaching/article6055175.ece
a. Rhino DNA indexing system is the DNA based forensic tool which uses the DNA information of the Rhinos for
investigating the poaching cases. The tool is being used in South Africa for identifying the suspects in Rhino
poaching with an objective of reducing such cases. The technique could used in different sanctuaries in Assam which
have witnessed increase incidences of Rhino poaching.
The DNA information of the different Rhinos are collected and stored in the database. This information is used for
the investigation and prosecution of the suspects involved in Rhino poaching to ensure speedy and effective justice.
Fast track courts have been set up to take up the rhino poaching cases in Assam. Forty one poaching cases have been
reported in Assam in 2013. Rhinoceros are poached for their horns which is considered valuable.
The adoption of the indexing technique would provide an effective scientific methodology for reducing the poaching
occurrences .Dehorning of the rhinos was being considered as a measure to reduce the menace of
poaching.However, this was criticized by the society for biodiversity conservation as it would only deflect the
problem. Different measure including the combat training and intelligence gathering by the guards have been made
to check the rhino poaching.
194. Why does the Constitution of India make provisions regarding ineligibility of certain categories
for further employment under the government of India? With examples, critically comment.
http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/law-changed-to-appoint-misraprincipal-secy-to-pm-114052900365_1.html
a. Independence and impartiality are two major requirements of any important public office and to uphold these
values, the Constitution of India provides for some restrictions on the further employment of these officeholders
after completing their term in the office.
There are offices like the Comptroller and Auditor General of India, Chairman and members of UPSC, Election
Commission which plays in an important role upholding public trust in democratic values of the country and hence
it is essential that the incumbent in these offices work without any fear or favour. A restriction on further public
employment will enable the officeholders to work independently from the executive and act in an impartial manner.
However, sometimes these restrictions causes the country to forego the service of excellent public officials who can
work more towards the betterment of the nation through the skills that they have acquired while in office. A long
term in a public office bring enriching experience and all this goes waste since they are not allowed to work further
in the service of Govt. of India.
But when seen in a broader context, the advantages of having restrictions on further public employment far
outweighs their disadvantages in terms of maintaining the office free from undue fear or favor and hence this system
is necessary for the democratic machinery to work in an efficient and impartial manner. However, some relaxation
can be made where the service of such individuals can be taken as advisor to the Government or in some exceptional
cases, even for an executive post under the Govt.
b. Maintaining clear impartiality and to carry one’s duty with impeccable probity without fear or favor, affection or
ill will was utmost important criteria for the planner of the constitution. After thorough analysis of other countries
constitution and assessing the suitability of the native conditions planner in India decided on the limitation of the
key constitutional posts, there tenure, salary and eligibility of re-appointment.
For example, Chief Justice of India, and judges of Supreme court are not eligible for presenting any case before any
court in India after they dimit the office. similarly posts of UPSC chairman, Chief of CAG and Post of Chief election
commissioner are also barred from further appointment under the government of India.
The limit was applied on the further appointment had its fair share of pros and cons. Those who favour the
limitations argue that it quells the future collusion for seeing/expecting favour. avoids nepotism/favoritism and also
helps in maintaining impeccable probity and efficiency.
While those who oppose this says that suspecting the credibility of the officers at the higher rungs are of little doubt.
This barring deprives government from reaping from the benefit of the high caliber individuals. inefficient/under
utilization.
with all the arguments in favour of against, one thing is certain, that ensuring objectivity in decision making is highly
sought after thing. No doubt the integrity of the learned fellows are solid but teh threat of moral hazards still looms
large. so putting limitations on the appointments and reemployment is a logical outcome.
195. Why does India want to introduce a national goods and services tax (GST) replacing all indirect
taxes? Explain the rationale behind this and also examine its advantages and disadvantages.
http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/in-sync-with-bjp-ruled-statesdemands-finmin-working-on-new-framework-for-gst-114052900366_1.html
http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/mahesh-c-purohit-corruption-in-vat-is-themost-taxing-issue-114052801792_1.html
a. Goods and Service Tax is a value added tax that will replace all indirect taxes on goods and services by both
Central and State government. It will subsume excise duty, service tax and state imposed taxes like VAT and sales
tax. The rationale behind such a move is that it will do away with the differences in taxation from state to state for
goods and services and make India one common market.
Advantages of GST:
a. It will do away with confusion regarding applicable taxes when business is transacted between two states. It will
also lower the tax rate while simultaneously increasing the tax base and reducing exemptions.
b. It will smooth out the trade within the country by reducing extreme fluctuations in the price of goods and
minimizing the effect of cascading of taxes.
c. It will help do away with rampant corruption in certain taxes like VAT. It will simplify the structure to levy, collect
and administer taxes in the country and is easier to adopt information technology to help with the same.
d. It will help in easier integration of India with the global economy
Disadvantages:
a. It will affect small and medium business as GST will do away with a number of exemptions. Small and medium
businesses usually work around such exemptions to maximize their profits and increase viability of their business. It
will benefit big businesses more. Hence result in increase in unequal distribution of wealth
b. It will reduce the revenue in hands of states and this is will restrict them from taking innovative social security
policies like midday meal scheme which was first introduced by Tamil Nadu.
c. GST will be charged on accrual basis. Which means the tax is to be paid when the invoice is raised and not when
the payment is made. This will affect the cash flow of the businesses and also bring in undue headache in budget
planning for the coming months.
d. Several issues plague the existing tax regimes. There is a possibility of these issues accumulating and creating
confusion in the GST system too.
b. The current Tax system in India is much complicated. The different indirect taxes make the whole system
problematic. The GST or Goods and Services Taxation system can improve the current pattern of taxation by
eliminating all indirect taxes.
The goods and service tax (GST) is proposed to be a comprehensive indirect tax levy on manufacture, sale and
consumption of goods as well as services at a national level. GST will avoid the indirect taxes including excise duty
by central govt. as well as Value Added Tax (VAT) levied by state govt.
Advantages of Implication of GST in India
1) Boost up economic unification of India. It will assist in better conformity and revenue resilience. Good
administration of tax structure.
2) Reduce the tax burden for consumers and reduce transaction costs for taxpayers through simplified tax
compliance.
3) A simple, transparent and easy tax structure; merging all levies on goods and services into one GST
4) Uniformity in tax rates with only one or two tax rates across the supply chain.
5) Broaden the tax base and increase tax collections due to wide coverage of goods and services.
6) Exports will be more competitive as there will be no hidden taxes and the cost of doing business will be lower as
GST will not be a cost to registered retailers
Challenges in implementing in GST1) Integration of a large number of Central & State Taxes having multiplicity of taxes and tax rates will not be an easy
task.
2) Power to levy and collect taxes – necessary constitutional amendments will be required to maintain central- state
power distribution. Protecting and balancing the present and future revenues of the Centre and the States
3) Safeguarding the interests of less developed States with lower revenue potential.
4) Treatment of chargeability of Alcohol, tobacco, petroleum products which are likely to be out of the GST regime
5) Various other issues like interstate transfer of goods cross border taxation of services, place of taxation, timing of
taxation, etc.
After resolving the above issues, GST will help in bringing an efficient, transparent Tax structure. This system has
been implemented in 140 countries and working successfully. It is time to make broader consensus among the
stakeholders and implement the GST.
196. Examine the structure and role of the Ministry of Human Resource Development of the union
government of India. Which schemes is it implementing towards imparting literacy to illiterate
people? Examine.
http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/rahul-jacob-the-jobs-emergency114052801795_1.html
a. Ministry of Human Resources has the department of school education and literacy and department of higher
education under it. The department of school education deals with primary and secondary schooling, adult
education and literacy. The department of higher education deals with university education, technical education,
scholarship, copyright etc. The following schemes have been implemented by ministry for adult education, in order
to impart literacy to illiterate people:
a. Saakshar bharath – This scheme aims to impart functional literacy and numeracy to non literates, acquire
equivalency of formal education system, skill development and providing opportunities for education. It aimed to
achieve 80% literacy by 2012 on national level by reducing gap between male and female literacy to less than 10
points. The scheme is however applicable only in rural areas.
b. State resource centres – These centres provide academic and technical support to adult education programmes.
c. Jan shikshan sansthans – These provides vocational training to non literates, neo literates and school dropouts.
d. Assistance is provided by the ministry to voluntary agencies that take up projects of basic literacy, post literacy
and adult education etc.
b. The Ministry of HRD has two departments :Dept of School Education and literacy & Dept of higher Education
It is the apex body to implement any policies in education sector, the dept of school education deals with the primary
& secondary school education system whereas Dept of higher education deals with the universities , instituions etc…
The schemes implemented to literate illiterates come naturally under the schemes of dept of School education and
literacy…these are saakshar , state resource centers , associated voluntary agencies and jan shikshan sansthan….
Saakshar Bharat: the target of this mission is to impart education to 70 million illiterates 15 yrs and beyond aged,
reduce gap between the male and female literacy by not more than 10 percentage points and to create awareness
about the social disparity…
State resources centers: it is mandated to provide academic and technical resource support to adult and continuing
education through development and production of materials and training moules.
Associated voluntary agencies: Assistance to projects from different voluntary agencies to irradicate illiteracy will
funded and aided…
Jan sikshan sansthan: it is to provide vocational training to illiterates , neo-literates and school drop outs in skill
development which will have market in their region…
197. Examine the functions of the Prime Minister’s Office. Do you think a powerful PMO diminishes
the role of cabinet and cabinet ministries? Comment.
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/modis-top-10-priorities-likely-to-be-revealed-todaymisra/article6059277.ece
a. In a Parliamentary democracy like India, Prime Minister is the head of the Govt. and PMO helps the PM in
performing duties in an efficient manner. The functions of the PMO can be classified under following heads:
1) Co-ordination between PM and other ministries -> While the task of the Cabinet Secretariat is to co-ordinate the
work of different ministries, the work of PMO is to coordinate various ministries’ work and update PM about the
relevant issues and progress.
2) Policy Making -> PMO provides an expert and impartial advice to PM on various policy matters and helps him to
make in informed decision. This is especially important in the context of ministries, for which the PM hold the
charge himself.
3) Updating PM about various issues -> PMO keeps tab on various national and international issues and updates the
PM accordingly. It also helps the PM to make an informed decision on these issues.
4) Administrative control over other ministries -> Since PM is the head of the Govt, it is the PMO which helps the
PM to have an administrative control over other ministries and review their policy decisions, if need arises.
There are certain areas in which role of PMO and Cabinet Secretariat overlaps such as formulation of policies and
coordination, but it must be seen that PMO is more focussed on keeping an imprint of the Prime Minister on various
decisions and resolve inter-ministerial disputes, while the role of Cabinet Secretariat and Cabinet is to co-ordinate
the work of ministries and discuss policy matter which need inter-ministerial coordination. Therefore, there may be
some areas where PMO overshadows Cabinet and Cabinet Secretariat, but in most of the areas, each one have their
significance and complement each other.
b. PMO is termed as “think tank” and “nerve centre” of Prime Minister. It provides secreterial assistance to Prime
Minister n discharge of its various functions. It helps the Prime Minister in the discharge of his overall
responsibilities as chief executive , including his relation with Union Ministers and state governments and for all
matters in which PM is interested. It helps PM in discharge of his responsibility as PM. It also deals with Public
Relations Side of Prime Minister, which is related to intellectual forums and civil societies. So it acts as Public
Relations Office to get feedback of administraton by considering public grievances against malfunctioning of
administration.
PMO and Cabinet Secreteriat have overlapping roles in some areas as Prime Minister is the head of cabinet . Their
position vis-a -vis each other , as per trend have varied under various Prime Ministers and their Principal Secretary
.Even though , a stronger Cabinet Secreteriat taking policy decisions underlines the stature of Parliamentary
Democracy in India, it has been found that Strong PMO under various Prime Ministers have overshadowed the role
of Cabinet Secreteriat.There have been instances where a Former Cabinet Secretary has been appointed as PS to PM
(Eg : B G Deshmukh).
198. Critically comment on America’s recent foreign policy initiatives. Do you think its supremacy as
sole superpower in the world is waning? Comment.
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/the-end-of-american-worldorder/article6059160.ece
a. The United States of America after the world war 2 and more prominently after the decline of the soviet union has
remained an unchallenged super power. This situation is changing, due to the rise of the economies of developing
countries like BRICs and a slowdown in the USA’s economy . This change is also evident in the US’s foreign policy.
The recent events like a soft response on Crimean issue , inclination to solve the Iran issue , disinterest of any
military adventure in the disputes of West Asia (Syria) and an ambivalent position on China’s aggressiveness show
that the US is no longer interested or able to play a role of global leader.
This may be an effort to put its own house in order first . But it may also mean that the US , after the discovery of the
shale gas , does not see any merit in spending its resources on the regions which will not remain very relevant to her.
Both the above facts will lead to an end of the hegemony of the US . The the countries like China , India and Russia
are rising fast . By some estimates China, by the year 2015, is expected to surpass the US as the largest economy . But
US’s military and technological powers are still unmatched . The US’s defence budget is more than the combined
budget of the rest of the world. Thus even if the US may not remain an unchallenged authority , it will certainly
maintain ‘first among equals’ status for a long time.
199. Critically examine the reforms needed to make healthcare affordable and universal in India.
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/avoiding-doctorcentric-healthsolutions/article6059161.ece
a. India spends only 1.07% of its GDP on its health sector . This is far less than the mandated threshold by the
WHO(5%) , lowest among the BRICs and one of the worst in the world . In this meager expenditure also , the share
of the government is only one third. The apathy towards the sector is reflected in the human development indicators
of the nation . India’s 52% children are malnourished , 59% stunted and 49% women anemic (Hungama report) .
She also account for 27% of world’s TB patients and an increasing number of MDR cases. Apart from this even the
existing structure of public health care is not properly maintained forcing people ,even poor , to opt for the private
health care(IHDS report – 70% out of the pocket expenditure is on health).
All these factors indicate that there is a crisis situation in the sector and the imminent reforms are needed. The
government should utilize the existing public health infrastructure effectively . This can be done via community
involvement making the system accountable(eg :Tamilnadu).
It may not be possible for the government to fulfill all the health requirement via public sector . Thus the private
sector should be utilized(better insurance schemes) and made accountable.
The government has taken some initiatives like National rural health ission , Janani Suraksha Yojana , bharat nirmal
abhiyaan ,ASHA,ICDS etc. The requirement is religious implementation of these schemes. The task may be tough
but the successful polio eradication proves that it is not impossible.
b. 80% of healthcare facilities are located in urban areas in India. 70% of the population which lives in rural areas
suffers from lack of healthcare reach and facing difficulty in getting affordable and quality healthcare. India’s
position on health parameters compared to some of its neighboring countries, including China and Sri Lanka,
continues to be unsatisfactory.
The Government should take effective steps to ensure increase in the affordability to health insurance schemes
which will improve the accessibility to quality healthcare services.
Govt. should provide long term tax benefits to private sector for establishing hospitals in the rural areas. Another
major initiative to provide quality healthcare at affordable cost may be by way of Public Private Partnerships (PPP).
Emphasis on alternative modes of treatments, such as Homeopathy, Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani and others under the
Dept of AYUSH will help in availing healthcare at lower cost would help reduce the patient overdependence on the
mainstream medicine.
There is need of concrete steps to focus on prevention-based medicine so that the workload on curative medicine is
reduced substantially. Health Educative programs will ensure health awareness at household level. Awareness about
food and nutrition security, importance of safe water and sanitation should be prioritized in education system.
Govt. also can take help of Private sector and Civil society in establishing E Health Points (EHP), which provides
rural villages with clean drinking water, medicines, diagnostic tools, and advanced telemedical services- that bring a
doctor and modern, evidence-based healthcare to their community.
Making right to health a fundamental right in the Constitution would be an important step forward in improving the
overall health services scenario. Govt. Health model should be based on the principle of accessibility, affordability
and accountability by adopting a patient-centric approach towards delivery of quality healthcare to the masses.
c. Having strong bond with education & economy, healthcare has emerged as mainstay of India’s inclusive
development.
To make it affordable, quality medical colleges need to be established. Though it needs political will & large capital
for infrastructure, yet it is an investment for bright future.
Primary healthcare centres (PHCs) at remote locations with appropriate medical staff are badly needed. Further,
existing PHCs are in dilapidated conditions. Thus a dedicated task force for monitoring & ensuring availability of
drugs & medical facilities is pre-requisite for universal healthcare.
Recent step by Delhi government of online OPD registration may be extended to whole India. Health kiosks in rural
areas may be formed for awareness, information dissemination & online OPD registration. Grievance redressal
mechanisms should be made effective & feedbacks obtained must be carefully analysed for improvement.
Some badly needed reforms like Insurance schemes for reducing out-of-pocket expenses have been implemented.
But they are marred by irregularities in exclusion & inclusion of beneficiaries. These schemes need to be made
result-oriented, attractive & universal.
Irregularities, corruption & apathetic attitude of doctors are to be eliminated for affordable & universal healthcare.
Accessibility of healthcare should be improved through e-governance. In essence, healthcare must be based on 5 AAccessibility, Affordability, Accountability, Availability & Absorptivity.
200. Write a note on important information technology tools and projects that are being used
across the country to help farmers in various capacities.
a. Information Technology holds a lot of potential to improve the efficiency of agriculture and can help the farmer in
every step of the agricultural process, be it selection of crop for sowing, determining the suitability of soil for crops,
providing better agricultural practices for growing crop, giving information about plant diseases, forecasting
weather, helping in the determining suitable irrigation level, price discovery and payment of dues. Also, it can play
an important role in case of natural calamities such as droughts, floods, hail storms etc. in determining the extent of
loss and dispensation of quick compensation to farmers. Some of the important tools and project employing the use
of Information Technology are :
1) Kissan Call Centers to provide useful agricultural tips and services to farmers.
2) Weather Forecast by Met Department for various parts of the country.
3) ITC E-Choupal which is helping farmers to get better prices for their produce.
b. Information technology (IT) plays an important role in making processes efficient by access of timely information
for decision-making. Several sectors are leveraging IT tools and projects to become more productive. Agriculture is
also a big gainer from using such tools.
E-Choupal by ITC has been a major initiative to help farmers obtain timely information about market prices of crops
by accessing kiosks. This helps them not to be cheated by middlemen as they are armed with right information.
Weather forecasting tools by IMD (Indian Meteorological Department) helps farmers by giving advance estimates of
monsoon, possible floods, overcast days etc. This helps farmers plan their crops, apply for advance insurance, apply
for availing credit and other such decisions.
Also, farmers are using various E-governance initiatives in states such as Mee Seva in Andhra Pradesh for routine
services like obtaining pattas, applying for loans, getting birth/death certificates etc.
Farmers are also leveraging IT to contact government departments, get queries answered via live chat, accessing
farmer toolkits by Ministry of Agriculture, accessing powerpoint presentations on best farming practices, linking via
webcast to learn productive farming techniques by experts.
Therefore, farmers are being benefitted greatly by IT tools and projects of both government and non-governmental
agencies and corporates. Such tools must now be spread nation-wide so that India’s agricultural growth can gallop
ahead from current 3% growth rate.
201. Comment on India’s new Science, Technology and Innovation Policy 2013. Compare it with
China’s S&T policy.
http://idsa.in/backgrounder/ScienceandTechnologyPoliciesinIndiaPakistanandChina
a. India’s new Science, Technology & Innovation policy is in coherence with objectives of 12th FYP of faster,
sustainable & more inclusive goals. Policy aims at infusion of science & innovation in mindset of population.
Doubling the GERD (Gross exp. on R&D) from 1% currently to 2% with help of PPP; Increasing the manpower
involved in R&D by 66&%; Making this sector lucrative for private sector by tax sops, relaxations, changing public
procurement policy to increase local indigenous procurement; Increasing the number of publications in
innovation;Integration of R&D with agriculture, climate change; Multi-stakeholder approach including NGOs,
Civilians, Private & public sector is envisaged in this ambitious policy.
China’s S&T policy is on same lines too aiming to increase expenditure, manpower & quality improvement. However
its policy is closely linked to Space development, Rural development & industrialization. Thus linkages of their
policy are better than ours.
Despite multi-faceted, STIP draws flak on account of inclusion of private sector since there is non-coherence of ideas
between innovation pledged by policy & private sector’s profiteering aim. Plus lessons learnt from previous policies
weren’t used in STIP. Policy lacks fundamental & institutional targets like tuning in premier institutions like IITs,
NITs, IISc to innovation. Also tackling brain drain was outside the policy document.
b. India has declared 2010-2020 as the decade of innovation and in accordance with it, framed STI Policy, 2013.
This policy aims to increase the penetration of science and technology in the society and increase the number of
research works in India. The policy aims to take investment in research, development and innovation upto 2% of the
GDP in next 5 years, mainly through private sector investment and PPP model.
The Policy also aims to double the India’s share in high tech products with increase in R&D in Service Sector and
SME. The policy also aims to share the risk of private sector with Govt. and create a public procurement policy to
accelerate indigenous innovation. The policy also aims to create synergy between R&D Policy for agriculture and STI
Policy. STI Policy is also expected to play an important role in tackling climate change via National Action Plan on
Climate Change. A Science, Technology and Innovation Foundation will also be set up under this policy to help
investing in S&T Projects.
Like India, the S&T Policy of China is focussed more on indigenous development of High Tech Products and increase
research and innovation in this field. Additionally, the S&T Policy of China is closely linked with the Space Policy of
China to establish China as an important player in space. China has developed various Science and Industrial Parks
to undertake high end research and commercialize the products out of these research. Besides, there is also
emphasis on the application of S&T in Rural areas for the development of these areas.
[Please add some relevant portion to this section. They are mostly generalised statements from some news sources]
There are many areas in which both India and China can complement each other and work towards reducing
instance poverty and underdevelopment through the application of Science and Technology.
202. Critically comment on the relevance of Gujral Doctrine to India’s foreign policy vis a vis its
neighbours.
http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/zorawar-daulet-singh-realism-versusrealpolitik-114052901899_1.html
a. Gujral Doctrine was propounded by the former Prime Minister I. K. Gujral when he was the external affairs
minister in 1997. The Gujral doctrine was a five-point roadmap which sought to build trust between India and
neighbors, of solution to bilateral issues through bilateral talks.
The ‘Doctrine’ emphasizes on the importance of unilateral accommodation for friendly and warm relations with
India’s neighbors. India has used Gujral Doctrine in many matters like sharing Ganga water with Bangladesh, settle
border dispute with china, confidence building talks and people to people contact with Pakistan.
For India and Neighbors, Gujral doctrine is still relevant today. The rising of China’s influence in the region can’t be
controlled without the mutual cooperation between south Asian countries. To become global power in sync with its
stature, India needs a peaceful neighborhood.
Today, Afghanistan is resisting radical forces functioning from across the Durand Line. And in the wake of US forces
withdrawal in 2015, Taliban forces are getting stronger day by day. Bangladesh is engaged in power struggle between
secular and radical illiberal forces. Both these states need India standing alongside them in their struggle to
construct a stable and plural democracy.
Engaging a civilian Pakistani regime may become part of a wider approach to control extremism and militarism in
the subcontinent. Beyond terrorism, India has a willingness to establish non-discriminatory trade relations with
Pakistan.
This doctrine aims at confidence-building, changing mindsets, placing procedures and even issues against a larger
and longer perspective of national interest. India’s vast physical size, large population and its economy and military
power in relation to its smaller SAARC neighbors can be intimidating. Hence, Gujral doctrine may help smaller
partner to feel comfortable relationship with India.
b. The Gujral doctrine is a set of five principles which were to guide India’s foreign policy with her neighboring
countries. The policy is based on non-interference in each other’s internal matters, respecting each others territorial
integrity, dispute settlement through peaceful negotiations, not allowing each other’s territory against any South
Asian Nation and lastly with neighbors like Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Maldives and Sri Lanka, India should not
ask for reciprocity but give all it can in good faith and trust.
The Gujral doctrine was proposed to create a peaceful and friendly neighborhood, particularly in light of troubled
disputes along its northern and western frontiers. This close cooperation with other neighboring states could result
in the economic transformation of South Asia and rapid development of these states. Additionally many minor
disputes could be solved, once the region is economically integrated and interdependent on each other.
In the present context also, this doctrine upholds its significance. It has been the endeavour of India to maintain
friendly and cordial relations with her neighbors and even assuming a regional leadership role by India will require
the active cooperation of neighboring states and not the coercion by India. As far as dealing with hostile elements
across the border is concerned, it has been specifically mentioned in the doctrine that no state shall its allow its
borders to be used against any other nation and India is within her right, even under the doctrine to raise the matter
with her neighbors and take effective measures.
Therefore the Gujral doctrine is relevant even today and what is needed is a more assertive India which can take up
the leadership role in South Asia through mutual cooperation and coordination.
c. Cordial relations with the neighbours are essential for the development of the peace and stability. Gujaral
Doctrine listed five principles aimed at strengthening India`s relations with its immediate neighbours and securing
peace in the South Asian region.
Doctrine aimed at building relations on good faith and trust with Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and
Maldives on the basis of reciprocity. It was realized that India must have good relations with these nations to
strengthen its position in the wake of the disputes with China and Pakistan.
Doctrine included that country would not interfere in the internal affairs of each other and would respect the
territorial integrity and sovereignty. Peaceful resolution of the disputes and provision for not allowing territory being
used against each other were also made.
Concerns were raised at the exclusion of the PRC and Pakistan from the non reciprocity clause.
Recognizing the importance of the neighbourhood, India tried to strengthen its relations with neighbours through
the water sharing agreement with Bangaldesh, confidence building measures with Pakistan.
India has made efforts to strengthen its position in the South Asia through cordial relations with neighbours.
Resolution of the disputes with the neighbours including Sri Lanka and expediting the agreements with Bangladesh
would aid in bolstering country`s stature.
203. Examine how the Union government and state governments can cooperate to make Public
Distribution System more efficient.
http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/rajiv-shastri-transforming-policy-from-goodto-great-114052901897_1.html
a. Public Distribution System was created to provide affordable and time bound supply of foodgrains to weaker
section of society as well as to ensure food security in case of calamities like floods and droughts. PDS is executed
through cooperative efforts of both union and the state govt, where union govt is tasked with procurement and
supply of foodgrain while state govt is tasked with identifying the beneficiaries and distributing it.
One of the problem that PDS is facing is of inefficiency and leakages. To overcome them, there are areas where
Union and the State can work in tandem with each other and use each others strength. The three stages of any PDS
is Procurement, Storage and Distribution.
In the Procurement Stage, instead of fixing pan-India MSP, the Union Govt. can leverage the state specific
geographical conditions for suitable crops and declare MSPs on them. In this way, the current trend of
overproduction of some cereals and underproduction of other food items can be done overcome. Also the
procurement process should be handed over from FCI to respective state govt. and center could buy from them. This
decentralization in procurement will make it more efficient and facilitate effective monitoring of the process.
At the Storage stage, this function should be handled by the Union alone, where it will purchase supplies from State,
store it in godowns located at strategic location so as to ensure equitable distribution of foodgrain across country
and then release it according to the requirement of States. Part of it can also be released to food processing sector, if
there is any surplus and part of it can be exported to bring in foreign exchange.
At the Distribution stage, Union govt can provide the required technical support to State Govt. to upgrade their
distribution infrastructure and aid them in evolving state specific distribution models. In this way, the ultimate aim
of PDS i.e. providing food to poor at an affordable rate and in time bound manner can be achieved.
b. PDS is Indian food security system managed jointly by central and state governments. Under PDS, Procurement,
storage and distribution comes under centre’s responsibility, which are managed by Food Corporation of India while
states responsibility ranges from identifying beneficiaries and making available PDS grains at fair price shops.
Over a period of time, FCI has strayed from one of its central stated objective of providing food security buffer and
support to producers and consumers, it has become den of corruption and mismanagement. It is believed that its
bigger size and multiple objectives are hindering its performance and efficiency can be brought into system by
breaking down FCI into 3 components taking care of each of above mentioned functions. This will bring in much
needed transparency and efficiency in achieving its limited objectives. States can be made partners in procurement
and distribution functions while centre should perform storage function more as a clearing house.
Right targeting of beneficiary is very crucial in success of PDS. States can come out with more objective criterion so
that charges of discrimination can be avoided.
Food stamps and Direct Cash Subsidy Transfer holds some promise for the future and they are vying for the space
taken by PDS.
There is need to streamline the PDS because ambitious Food Security Act is backing on the PDS to deliver the food
grains at the cutting edge level. Re engineering of internal processes and Increasing use of technology in distribution
and supervision has the potential to turn around the flagging PDS.
204. Write a note on Euroclear. Why is India keen to join it? Explain.
http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/big-bang-capital-market-reforms-onthe-cards-114053000422_1.html
a. Euroclear is largest International Central Securities Depository. Euroclear helps in settlement of national and
cross border securities transactions, including bonds, equities, derivatives and investment funds. Before NSDL and
CSDL, securities in India were being traded in regional exchanges in physical form. Coming of NSDL and CSDL gave
a new lease of life to national securities market by allowing trading in demutualised form. Euroclear with its reach to
90 countries, will make possible the cross border settlement of Indian securities. By facilitating the Cross border
settlement of government bonds, it will bring down the borrowing costs. This will help in deepening of Indian
securities markets and exposure to international markets will bring in industry’s best practices to Indian market.
205. Critically examine the difficulties faced in financing climate change mitigation efforts. What
measures have been taken so far by the countries and international organizations? Evaluate.
http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/andrew-sheng-kermit-s-bankers114052901902_1.html
a. The climate change mitigation efforts are financed through both domestic resource mobilisation as well as
resource allocation through multilateral processes.
Domestically, govt provides budgetary support in form of environment subsidies in sectors like agriculture, health
etc which prove both inadequate and fiscally imprudent.
Second, levying cess on items like coal or carbon tax per tonne of GHG emission negatively impacts GDP growth due
to its negative externality. An example is through national clean energy fund (NCEF) which levies cess on coal.
Financial support provided through multilateral processes such as by developed countries under UNFCCC often not
“new and additional” meaning that they are recycled from sources like official development assistance or disguised
as private investments and loans rather than grants . Further, mechanisms like carbon market or private sector
fundings neglect issues like equity, focus on vulnerable groups etc.
Under Kyoto protocol , market based mechanism like clean development mechanism (CDM), joint implementation,
etc are used to finance green growth. In India, Perform Achieve Trade(PAT) or renewable purchase obligation(RPO)
are market based and regulatory mechanism. Climate investment fund ( CIF) is corpus held collectively by
multilateral development banks.
The problem however is that they too do not deliver on issues like equity, public goods, adaptation financing. Carbon
markets are often volatile because of lack of clear and targeted signals for public policies.
In all, financing will become even mor contentious in future because of rise in costs owing to further delays in
reaching consensus.
b. The Climate change may effect agriculture & food security, natural resource management, poverty & vulnerability,
governance, health, gender, finance, & low carbon energy. Climate finance has been an important topic in recent
international climate negotiations.
Many meetings and summits on climate change negotiation reflected a lack of trust between developed and
developing countries. There are basic disagreements over three main issues relating primarily to mitigation finance:
1) Necessity of credible and substantial developed country commitments on public funding;
2) The role of private finance;
3) The institutions and governance structures to ensure equity and environmental effectiveness.
As Kyoto Protocol mechanism has completed first round in 2012, Developed countries have been demanding the
increased role of developing countries in climate change mitigation while on the other hand, Developing countries
fighting for more contribution from Developed countries that already have emitted so much GHGs in the
environment.
There is need of considerable investment in areas like smart grids, energy storage and renewable energy sector.
Indeed, the International Energy Agency estimates that nearly $1 trillion worth of investment will be needed
annually between now and 2050 to put the world economy on a more sustainable path.
Various measures have been taken to tackle the problem of Climate finance by inter-governmental bodies. The
Copenhagen Accord resulted in a commitment to increase the flow of climate finance from developed to developing
countries to USD 100 billion per year by 2020.
The Global Environment Facility (GEF) operates the financial mechanism under the UNFCCC on an on-going basis,
subject to review every four years. In addition to providing guidance to the GEF, Parties have established four
special funds:
1) The Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF),
2) The Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF), both managed by the GEF,
3) The Green Climate Fund (GCF) under the Convention; and
$) The Adaptation Fund (AF) under the Kyoto Protocol.
Although there are several dedicated funds to reduce emissions from deforestation, degradation and promote forest
conservation (REDD+), there are complaints of large gap between approved and disbursed fund for projects in SubSaharan Africa. Financial flows have been slow and concentrated in only a small number of countries. Funding to
climate change activities need to be effectuated properly through bilateral, regional and multilateral channels.
206. If you are a senior officer in the Ministry of Home Affairs, what new ideas would you give your
minister to tighten internal security apparatus in the country? Critically comment.
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/rajnath-singh-calls-for-innovative-ideas-oninternal-security/article6063906.ece
a. Internal disturbances in any region of a country symbolize some discontents among the local people. The internal
security can’t be achieved by only military pressure. Govt. has to use the ‘stick and carrot’ method for the peace
settlement in the region.
There is a need to modernize forces, improve their leadership, training and man management capabilities. Military
pressure alone cannot resolve matters unless there is good governance, with a strong thrust on socio-political and
socio-economic issues.
The political leadership and civil administration have to govern the states and the country with greater commitment
and efficiency. Govt. has to implement robustly the Integrated Action plan for the development of the left wing
extremism affected areas.
Cyber security has been under greatest threat in the time of cyber warfare. There is need to revamp various
institutions like NCTC, NDMA, NIA, NATGRID, CCS, and NBA etc. India should use its large no. of IT professional
workforce to build the secure information technological infrastructure.
Internal disturbances sometimes fuelled by external enemies. There can’t be peace inside until there is peace in the
neighborhood of India. India should extend talks and negotiations with neighboring countries to control illegal
infiltration of human, arms, fake currency and drugs.
There is demand for many smaller states in various regions of country. Home ministry and other important leaders
in central govt. should take all stakeholders in confidence and should take necessary steps after analyzing the
situation.
Many laws as such PMLA, POTA, Cyber security policy, 2013 etc. have been implemented along with many programs
to control money laundering, terrorism, cyber crimes etc. These all should be implemented with full efforts from
Govt., private players, civil societies and local communities.
b. India’s internal security challenges include left wing extremism, terrorism in J&K, insurgency in North eastern
states, cyber threats, communal violence. Most of the internal security reforms and suggestions have been ad-hoc in
nature. Thus, we need a long term policy to tackle these challenges. Some suggestions include:1. Tackling governance and socio-economic development issues with sensitivity. Dialogue with all the stakeholders
and definite time bound short term confidence building measures need to be taken.
2. National policy to counter extremist and fundamentalist propaganda.
3. Police force modernization, training and capacity building of field level officers so that they can effectively deal
with any situation in a sensitive manner.
4. Implementation of police reforms and other reforms to enable better coordination and synergy among various
security and intelligence agencies.
5. Intensive use of technology. For example – UAVs, CCTNS, cyber threat countering technologies.
Various measures have been suggested time and again and need of the hour is to earnestly implement them.
207. Critically evaluate the steps taken during the Eleventh Five year plan to boost higher education
sector.
Manifold efforts have been made to boost the higher education sector in the 11th FYP with the view to harness the
benefits of Indian demographic dividend asEnrollment- During the Eleventh Plan period (2007–2012), India achieved a Gross Enrollment Ratio (GER) of 18%,
up from 12% at the beginning of the Plan period.
Expansion- Growth in private institutions was significant during the plan period. 17 private deemed universities,
more than 8000 private colleges were setup. The expansion of central institution was historic as govt. established 65
new institutions. 8 New IITs and AIIMS were setup in different states during the period.
Inclusiveness- Now each state except Goa has central university. Medical and agricultural universities, institution of
Fashion technology, pharmaceutical education and research institute, South Asia and Nalanda universities were also
setup.
Reservation- Special financial assistance was provided by the central govt. to existing institutions to raise their
intake capacity in order to provide 27% reservation to OBCs without affecting the number of general seats.
Many measures also taken for the improvement of technology level through MOUs with foreign universities, linking
projects with industries, using e- Governance and decentralization.
Despite considerable progress during the Eleventh Plan, less than one-fifth of the estimated 120 million potential
students are enrolled in HEIs in India, well below the world average of 26 per cent. Regulatory authorities like UGC
and AICTE have not been successful to control the menace of private universities which are running courses without
any affiliation or recognition.
Wide disparities exist in enrollment percentages among the States and between urban and rural areas while
disadvantaged sections of society and women have significantly lower enrollments than the national average. Sachar
committee report pointed out that Minorities have very low enrollment level in higher education.
There is need to focus on bringing well-trained faculty, adequate infrastructure and updated and relevant curricula.
The use of technology in higher education should be as per international standards of research and teaching. Only
then, some Indian universities may be featured in the rankings of the top institutions globally.
208. Write a note on relationship between India and Germany in the filed of science and technology.
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/icf-to-make-more-germantechcoaches/article6064005.ece
a. The relation between India and Germany has been strong traditionally. Germany is India’s largest trading partner
in Europe. Both countries have significant agreements in the field of science and technology. Germany has
extensively supported scientific research and education development in India.
Germany helped establish the IIT Madras in 1956 and increased its co-operation and supply of technology and
resources over the decades to help expand the institution. German Government has expressed interest in supporting
the newly established IIT at Mandi, Himachal Pradesh. IIT Chennai has signed a MoU with the German Academic
Exchange Program (DAAD) and a group of nine German Technical Universities for setting up a new Centre for
Sustainability Research at IIT Chennai.
In 2008, both nations established the Indo-German Science and Technology Centre in New Delhi to promote joint
research and development in energy, environment, coal and water technologies. India is getting concessional loans
from Government of Germany for many scientific and commercial projects namely Himalaya Hydro power Program
(HPPCL), Green Energy Corridors, Promotional Program for Energy Efficient New Residential Housing (NHB),
Energy Efficiency in Thermal Power Plants.
The cooperation in the field of space was enhanced by the launch of two German research satellites by ISRO. Some
of the projects in the pipeline include, the Euro 1.5 billion state-of-the-art multinational Facility for Anti-proton &
Ion Research (FAIR). India and Germany also enjoy strong commerce and co-operation in telecommunications,
engineering, environmental technology, food processing, chemicals and pharmaceuticals.
209. In your opinion, what are the major reasons behind delays in project clearances in India and
what are its consequences? Critically examine.
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/against-developmentalfundamentalism/article6063887.ece
a. India ranks among the bottom 50 nations in terms of ‘ease of doing business’, and one of the main reasons is the
prolonged delays in project clearances. Project clearances are needed mainly to ensure that the project does not
excessively harm the environment.
The main reasons behind delays in project clearances are
a) inefficiency on the part of clearance agency
b) poor project formulation on the part of the project promoter.
Ministry of Environment and Forest is in charge of granting environmental clearances. The environmental impact of
projects is assessed by the Expert Appraisal Committee which then forwards its recommendations to the ministry.
The ministry often takes a lot of time to grant the clearance even after the recommendations of the EAC have been
received.
Poor project formulation is the second main reason. The promoters of the project do not design the project keeping
in view the environmental impacts of the project. This results in the ministry asking the promoters to redesign the
project to minimize the environmental impact.
Delays in project clearances have serious consequences for the economy. In India, stalled projects in critical areas
are one of the prime reasons for slowdown in industrial activity and thus the economic growth. Delays due to
inefficiency on part of clearance agency also affects the investor sentiments negatively which leads to slowdown in
investment which further aggravates the problem of slowdown in growth. The government must ensure that there
are no delays on its part.
b. Delays in project clearances especially green clearances are cited as one of the reasons that have stalled growth
and raised costs of various infra projects. Such delays could be due to various reasons.
One is built up inefficiencies in appraisal process. This may be because of excessive red Tapism where projects are
stuck at multiple layers due to delays in data collation from different source or lack of inter sectors of inter
ministerial coordination over big ticket projects spanning multiple sectors.
Second, due to disagreements among various agencies involved in appraisal. Projects requiring forest clearance
under FCA 1980 and EPA 1986 are appraised by expert advisory committee based on EIA reports. Disagreements
over EIA report or delay in preparing EIA reports can also cause delay.
Finally judicial and social activism can stall projects in many cases. For eg ban on iron ore mining imposed by SC in
goa can also result in delays.
Th immediate consequence is the continuous rise in cost of projects. Scarce capital resources of private sector and
govt alike gets locked up due to want of clearances. If loans are raised through banks, they risk of turning into bad
assets increasing the provisioning costs for banks and erosion of their profitability. The stalled projects in core
sectors like mining, power plants and infrastructure sectors reduces the gross capital formation and hence negatively
affects the investment climate and GDP growth.
It is no surprise then that India ranks at more than 100 globally for ease of doing business.
In all, streamlining the appraisal process by eliminating inefficiency should be the priority. The proposed national
environment appraisal and monitoring authority ( NEAMA ) in noteworthy in this regard. However the quality of
appraisal must not be compromised.
210. Critically comment on Rohingya related controversy in Myanmar.
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/myanmars-appallingapartheid/article6063885.ece
a. Violence in Myanmar is not purely an ethnic conflict but ethnic cleansing. It is not a case in which two factions
clash with each other purely because of differences between them but a case in which, state actions provoke violence
and there exists overt support by the same to one group. The ethnic tensions between the Buddhist dominated
Myanmar and Rohingya Muslim minority are ever present and boil into violence in no time.
The discrimination of the minority group by the state is the cause of the latest series of violent incidents. The
Rohingya are not recognized as citizens and cannot exercise many basic rights which essential for leading a dignified
life. Infact, UN considers them as the most persecuted minorities. The absence of basic medical care and inhuman
treatment in relief camps, rather concentration camps, are testimonial to the degree of state persecution.
The ruling junta over the years has been involved in systematic cleansing of the minority group through oppression
and mass expulsions without any fear or opposition. They got away because of the military rule and absence of free
expression. Myanmar after years of military rule is taking baby steps towards democracy, thanks to the international
pressure for several decades now. But, no democracy can justify unfair treatment of minorities let alone their
persecution. It is imperative for the international community to pressurize the ruling government to end this
genocide and work for the establishment of a peaceful and harmonious society. Only then will Myanmar become a
true democracy and the international community rest.
211. What role did Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Maulana Abul Kalam Azad play in post
Independent India in building a new nation? Critically examine.
For the integration of India after independence, the contribution of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Moulana Abdul
Kalam Azad can’t be forgotten.
The arduous task of swiftly uniting all the princely states would not have been possible if Patel didn’t meet each
prince for negotiations and convinced them to accede to India. Many of these power hungry princes posed great
hurdles to Patel who in turn failed such hurdles and reinforced his title of being ‘the Iron Man of India’.
While encouraging the rulers to act with patriotism, Patel did not rule out force, setting a deadline of 15 August 1947
for them to sign the instrument of accession document. All but three of the states willingly merged into the Indian
union -only Jammu and Kashmir, Junagadh, and Hyderabad did not join India.
Under Patel’s orders, Indian Army and police units marched into Junagarh. A plebiscite later organized produced a
99.5% vote for merger with India. He also made the condition of pre-signing ‘the instrument of accession’ by the
King of J&K in return to the military help in Kashmir to counter the Pakistani troops.
Patel ordered the Indian Army to integrate Hyderabad under Operation Polo (in his capacity as Acting Prime
Minister) when Nehru was touring Europe. Thousands of Razakar forces had been killed, but Hyderabad was
comfortably secured into the Indian Union.
Moulana Abdul Kalam Azad propounded Hindu-Muslim unity before and after the partition of India. After partition,
Azad gave speeches to large crowds encouraging peace and calm in the border areas and encouraging Muslims
across the country to remain in India and not fear for their safety and security.
Focusing on bringing the capital of Delhi back to peace, Azad organized security and relief efforts. Azad remained a
close confidante, supporter and advisor to Prime Minister Nehru, and played an important role in framing national
policies. As the Education Minister, he incorporated lessons and teachings on Hindu-Muslim unity in school books
and tries to promote the secularism among the Muslims too.
212. Explain different technologies involved in Formula 1 racing.
Formula 1 , the pinnacle of motorsports, is often considered to be the most technologically advanced sport. Several
automotive teams invest millions of dollars to make their cars faster by a hundreth of a second. Among innumerable
technologies that are involved in building an F1 car, mentioned below are a few :
KERS() Kinetic Energy Recovery System: Introduced in 2009, it works by harnessing waste energy created under
braking and transforming it into electrical energy, providing an additional 120kW (approximately 160bhp) to the
drive train. Used mainly for overtaking.
Drag Reduction System (DRS) : Within designated DRS activation zones, a driver within one second of a rival car
may activate his DRS. This alters the angle of the rear wing flap, reducing drag and thereby providing a temporary
speed advantage.
ECU ( Electronic Control Unit) : The electronics which are part of ECU manages the complex engine, transmission,
steering, suspension and other key elements of Formula One race cars. Telemetry, which is a part of ECU, sends data
about several components of the car during the race (tire, break and engine temperature, fuel consumption rates ),
which is used in making critical decisions.
Besides these, various technologies related to a wide spectrum of fields ranging from Aerospace to Chemical
engineering are at play in a F1 car
213. Examine the causes of obesity around the world. Discuss its effect on health
Obesity is a physiology condition when weight of body exceeds body (height-weight index) and symptoms of
overweight tends to appear on body.with the industrialisation and rapid modernisation of human civilisation ,more
use of technology in day to day activities increased,manual worked reduced gradually, with consumption of more
nutritious food ultimately leading to obesity.
obesity is global threat with 30% population is fatty and no country is immune to it.highest rate of obesity is
recorded among people of middle east and northern Africa.
there is a strong link between income and obesity as people are getting richer,their waistline also tend to start
bulging.
obesity is linked with various I’ll effect on health.
1.type 2 diabetes
2. heart disease and hypertension related disorders.
3.increase incidence of cancer
4.socially neglected particularly obese child
5.arthralgia pain in joints with age
6.lack of confidence personality disorder
7.threat of kidney failure as elevated level of ketons ,cretanin in blood
Solution lies with parental care,control on calories intake,promoting sports among people of all age.
214. “When it comes to economic matters, the government is an enabler and facilitator. Its primary
job is to develop and maintain a system in which people – the rich and the poor – can take steps by
themselves to better their lives. ” In the light of the statement, critically examine the nature of
poverty removal programmes in India.
http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/shubhashis-gangopadhyay-the-real-way-toend-poverty-114053001972_1.html
a. According to world bank report 2014,there are 148 million people living under extreme poverty in India.Also UN
report 2013 states that 1/3rd of world’s poorest people live in India.
In the light of these data the work of government becomes extremely important with regards to poverty alleviation
program.It is extremely essential that government formulate the policies,which enables both rich and poor to take
steps themselves to better their lives.
But the current situation is that there is so much of poverty alleviation program in India that even the search of right
beneficiaries of these programs consume huge resources.With overlapping schemes lead to severe corruption in it’s
implementation. Programs like Annapurna,Indira-Awas yojana,National family benefit schemes,National maternity
benefit schemes are there to take them out of their misery but not from the sustainable poverty.
Government should provide such an environment in which they can get job and take care of all these needs which
they get out of these programs.For this, people need vocational training,skill development,good health care then
only they can get out of this vicious circle of poverty.
So for this Government have to increase spending on healthcare,education,good infrastructure which is important
for increased economic activities and job creation.
Merely distributing doles,subsidies,and a web of poverty alleviation program doesn’t help in alleviating poverty in
long run.
b. Expecting the government and bureaucrats to wave a magic wand and bring a total end to poverty is childish at its
best. A more logical expectation would be for the government to provide means for the poor to pull themselves out of
their poverty. Which means the poor must be given the skills in order to become employable. The top most reasons
for non employability of poor is poor health and poor vocational skills.
Indira Gandhi Mathrithva Sahyog yojana, Rashtriya Swasthya Yojana etc. are some examples of the direction in
which healthcare in the country should proceed. However, it is required that such schemes be reviewed and
remodelled to maximise efficiency and reach, especially among the urban poor that live in slums.
Encouragement must be given for schemes like National Rural Livelihood Mission in order for it to benefit the
masses. When it comes to the implementation of such schemes, a lackadaisical approach is encountered too often.
More vocational training courses, through night classes can be organised in even the remotest villages if the
government and NGOs come together.
The next step would be to create an environment where jobs are generated and unemployed are engaged in fruitful
activities. An overhaul of MNREGA, weeding out the corrupt, and diverting manual labour into infrastructure
projects will not only help employ the unskilled sector, but will also ease the infrastructure development activities in
the country. Another approach would involve incentives in private sectors to maintain and further diversify their
economic activities leading to generation of jobs.
All of this can be a success only if the public is able to trust its government and hence work wholeheartedly with it.
This is possible only if the government shows transparency in its decisions and actions. A synergy has to be built
between the government and the common man because governance at a country level can be a success only if the
governed take full participation and responsibility at the micro levels.
215. Write a note on the proposed diamond quadrilateral railway project. Do you think such a
project is feasible in the current economic conditions? Comment.
http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/diamond-rail-link-may-tap-sovereignfunds-114053100031_1.html
a. Diamond quadrilateral railway project involves creating four
high-speed railway corridors connecting the four metros of India. It
requires laying down new high-quality tracks for 7000 km at an expense
of 12 lakh crore rupees approximately.
This will not only revolutionize freight transport between the metros
but also the smaller towns en-route. This will help in establishing a
national common market for perishables by bringing down price
asymmetries. It will be welcome addition to basic infrastructure, the
lack of which is the major reason for stagnation in the secondary
sector. It will also mitigate supply-side constraints in the sector.
Thus it is patent that this project would be good for Indian economy
in the long run.
But financing the initial investment will be a hurdle for the govt.
Raising sovereign wealth bonds, a PPPP initiative, registering it as
a Public Ltd company and tapping capital market are some the options
the govt should consider. Admittedly infrastructure projects have a
long gestation period but its risk-to-returns ratio is also better,
and as such a preferred option for entities with deep pockets.
Therefore the govt can get the required financing, it only has to look
in the right places.
b. Diamond Quadrilateral is the name given to proposed high speed rail link between 4 metros, on the lines of
Golden Quadrilateral project. This high speed rail link would support average train speed upwards of 200 kmph,
covering a app distance of 7000 km and would entail a investment of app Rs 12 lac crores. This project requires
laying out new rail lines with modern technology, as current lines can sustain avg speed of 90-100kmph only.
It is imperative for a geographically far flung country like India, to have High speed connectivity between major
cities. High speed and cheaper links between cities will help develop synergies and will be a vehicle for development.
However proposed cost seems a dampener for otherwise great idea. Even if govt go for public private partnership
model, govt’s participation would entail a big budgetary support, which in the current times can be a recipe for
higher deficit and inflation. We will be importing everything form technology to equipments. Perhaps such an idea
should wait until we develop some of capabilities on our own. Also in the current day, railway fair of AC classes
touches the lower rung fares of airlines. It is highly debatable that with increased investment how railways would be
able to recover its costs and complete with airlines. Decision to adopt the HSR should be based on cost benefit
analysis rather than just the quest to adopt a new technology.
216. In your opinion, what are the big problems that agriculture in India is facing at present. Do you
think myriad schemes and programmes are able to effectively address these problems? Critically
evaluate
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/agriculture-ministry-to-launch-twoschemes/article6068344.ece
Agriculture is undoubtedly the most important sector in India as more than 58% of total population directly depends
on agricultural activities.However, its utterly low contribution of 14.5% of country’s total GDP makes India a ‘market
failure’ economy.
In my opinion,Indian agricultural sector has been facing the following serious challenges:
- Nevertheless India had attained self sufficiency owing to Green revolution in 1970s to an extent,lack of adequate
supplemented measures to be followed later again resulted in supply side constraints ie.,inadequate production and
productivity of agricultural products.(both primary and protein rich food products)
- Lack of adequate and timely availability of inputs like seeds,power,fertilizers and irrigated water for small farmers.
- lack of expediency in large irrigation projects
- In spite of having efficient scientific and technical expertise,the pace at which the R&D extension programmes are
being taken place is extremley slow.
-Lack of effective and robust infrastructural facilities-cold storage facilities,dry godowns etc.,
-Ineffective implementation of land reforms and consolidation of lands,
However,GOI has been implementing several programmes to strengthen agricultural sector in India which includeNational agri policy,2000,Rastriya krishi vikas yogna,Insurance schemes,National food security mission,2007
etc.,However,majority of the programmes being implemented by the state and central governments have been
overlapping in their objectives there by ultimately resulting in confusion and ineffective implementation.Moreover,a
large number of subsidized schemes have been effective in reaching the targeted groups(small and marginal
farmers).The government has been giving primacy to quantity of programmes rather than transparency and
quality.Such approach is proving to be ineffective.Hence,it is now essential for govt to ensure transparency and
targeted nature in their subsidized schemes,integrated and holistic approach from central and state governments in
implementing low number but transparent development schemes.
217. Comment why many bird species in India are becoming extinct in recent years.
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/now-eagles-fall-prey-todiclofenac/article6068466.ece
a. Avian extinction has gathered pace alarmingly in recent years in India. Man is to blame for this acceleration of
extinction.
Global warming and climate change has affected reproductive and migratory patterns of many birds. This has been a
major cause for the failure of even very dedicated conservation efforts.
Many birds are not adaptable to habitat changes. Habitat destruction therefore often spells species extinction. This
is more so for birds in mangroves and wetlands.
India receives many migratory birds in winter. They flock towards wet-lands. Destruction of wet-lands is affecting
such populations
Poaching has been a perennial problem in India. The Great Indian Bustard is now in the Red-list mostly due to this
menace. If unchecked it can spell doom especially for game-birds and pheasants.
Then there are other anthropogenic factors like diclofenac. Used as a veterinary analgesic, it has led to massive
number of deaths in vulture population and other birds that feed on animal carcasses.
Thus it may be seen that man is the cause of this ecological loss. Therefore it is a solemn duty of men to take
concrete steps to mitigate this menace
b. Air Pollution – it has led to decline n many species such as sparrows
Deforestation and Concretization – it is taking away their nests
Fertilizers – their excessive use has led to extinction of many varieties of insects on which birds prey
Poaching and hunting – for commercial and medicinal purposes. Great Indian bustard is in IUCN red list mainly
because of this.
Diclofenac – used for cattle, causes kidney failure which feed on cattle carcasses
Global warming – it has changed the migratory pattern of birds leading to their high susceptibility to extreme
climate in their home area
Destruction of wetlands, mangroves – due to construction activities, reclamation of wetlands, eutrophication, these
are not able to host the birds
All the causes are anthropogenic in nature. To reverse the trend some active measures need to be undertaken:
Awareness campaigns – like the one started in Delhi
Promote bird watching – so that more and more enthusiasts come forward for bird conservation
Speedy punishment – to those engaged in poaching and hunting
218. Critically examine the changing role of military in Pakistan’s domestic and foreign affairs in
recent years.
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/whos-afraid-of-pakistans-military/article6068295.ece
a. Until around sometime in 2007, military in Pakistan was the strongest institution. For six decades after
Independence, Pakistan’s military, specifically its Army, has reigned supreme over the political economy of Pakistan.
However, since 2007, military’s hegemony has been challenged by the Judiciary, Parliament and to some degree,
until recently, the media.
Signs of breaking of military hegemony
• symbolic indictment of General Pervez Musharraf himself.
• The military in Pakistan is also responsible for its fall from grace, after having had to explain the presence of
Osama bin Laden in Pakistan, America’s night raid to kill him and numerous insider attempts to attack Pakistan’s
military personnel.
• There is also a sense that the narrative in Pakistan may have shifted towards democracy, away from military rule —
at least for the moment.
Despite Pakistan military’s denuded power, it still remains an influence in public policy and has the ability to
conduct another coup. While military-led governments in Pakistan have, ironically, benefitted India-Pakistan
relations, they have been disastrous for Pakistan
One needs to be reminded that such transitions, where civilian institutions begin to dominate and when the military
recedes, can take years. In countries where the military has ruled for so long it takes around a decade in losing its
supreme power. In the case of Indonesia, for example, it took almost a decade before the military lost even its power
to veto key civilian decisions.
Conclusion
Pakistan’s civil and political dispensation need to speed up democratic transition by being more assertive, efficient
in delivering services and justice, and be a little less afraid.
219. Do you agree with the proposal that privatisation of public sector banks is need of the hour to
reform banking sector in India? Critically comment.
http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/dont-mess-with-the-banking-sector/article6068320.ece
a. Public Sector Banks (PSBs) are going through a tough phase. The ratio of non-performing assets is very high. Such
a high NPA ratio threatens the overall health and stability of our financial sector because of their share in the
banking sector, which is more than 70%. The health of the private sector banks is better reflected by the lower NPA
ratio. The relatively better performance of the private banks has prompted calls for privatization in academic and
banking circles.
Independence in decision making in the process of grating loans and other credit issues enables better risk
management and credit management in private banks. On the other hand, PSBs work within a lot of constraints.
There exists a lot of government influence on the board decisions. In addition, they have to provide credit to bigticket projects unlike private banks which are a lot more choosy. It is this burden that forced them to provide credit
to many projects that have been marred by slow project clearances, owing to policy paralysis, and thus become
NPAs.
However, it is the same PSBs whose credit to the infrastructure projects helped the economy grow at an average rate
of 9% in the 2004-08 period. PSBs are also very effective in providing credit to sections that are non-attractive to the
private banks. Such sections would be left out which cannot be afforded at this stage when we are aiming for a higher
financial inclusion. There are no substitutes to their development role.
Thus, the need of the hour is improvement in the quality of management in PSBs by giving a free hand to the
management. In addition there is a need for a greater number of banks to enhance financial inclusion in the country.
This can be achieved by both PSBs and private banks which operate under a set of developmental-guidelines set by
the RBI.
b. Indian Public Sector Banks(PSB) have burgeoning NPA leading to
accusations of mismanagement and privatization has been cited as a
panacea by Nayak Committee appointed by the RBI. This is a knee-jerk
response.
PSBs serve the larger social purpose of banking in India. For example,
priority sector lending is not always done with a motive to maximize
profits.So the purpose of PSBs is not profit alone.
PSBs are the first bulwarks against macroeconomic shocks. They are the
main instruments used by the Govt to pump-in or suck-up liquidity and
focused intervention in specific areas(like exports) in times of
crises.
Due to these two reasons PSBs should not be privatized. Due to the
same two reasons they cannot be called failures by comparing them with
private banks, which work with the sole purpose of profit-maximization.
Also, world over banks are being rapidly nationalized to prevent them
from collapsing. Such socialization of private credit is unacceptable.
Indian PSBs have considerably improved after the banking reforms of
1994-95. The logical thing would be to carry them forward by
professionalizing director boards and Govt distancing itself from
business management while retaining controlling shares and deciding
policy matters.
c. Indian banking system, dominated by Public Sector Bank, is undergoing one of the rough patches due to increase
in non performing assets. At a time when NPAs of publics sector is rising at a higher rate with respect to their private
sector counterparts, privatisation of Public sector banks is being presented as a panacea to reform the banking
sector.
We need to understand that private sector banks are doing better not just by virtue of being privately owned. Their
goals and operational settings are a lot different vis a vis the public sector. They are performing well because they are
more focussed on retail segment, working capital and wealth management, While public sector bank are focussed on
the development role. Over a long period of time there is convergence in their performances.
It can be said Public sector banks are doing badly because their boards are dysfunctional. Directions from finance
ministry are implemented without putting in much thought or risk assessment. Obviously, there is need to free
public sector bank’s board, from the clutches of day to day control of government. At the same time, we need to
understand that during financial crisis biggest banks in USA and UK failed not due to lack of professionals in their
boards but due to lack of questioning by the directors of the company. Meaningful participation of independent
directors as per new norms of SEBI is a step in right direction.
Further, government ownership of banks was one of the reasons for stability of Indian banking system at the time of
financial crisis of 2007. Past experience also shows that it is possible to induce competition and enhance efficiency in
public sector banks without jeopardising stability of Indian banking system.
220. Critically comment on Jawaharlal Nehru’s contribution to strengthening democracy in India
post-Independence.
The history of post-colonial Africa and Asia is one of coups,civil wars,multiple variations on apartheid and
innumerable dictatorships.But India remained an exceptional beacon mainly due to the efforts of the towering
Jawaharlal Nehru.The Nehruvian Era continued even after his death and despite his failures in administration
which was why he was justifiably called as an ‘Architect of India’.
Nehru established fully the tradition of supremacy of the civil government over the armed forces and thus prevented
military interventions in politics as happened in the neighboring countries.He succeeded in checking the disruptive
forces,promoted the psychological integration of the Indians and consolidated the nation which was no mean
task.Carrying on the traditions of the national movement,he carefully nurtured and entrenched democracy and
parliamentary government in India.
However,he failed to build institutions or organizational structures to implement his visions or to mobilize people to
see his visions which led to a general weakness in the execution of his policies and ideas.Although Nehru was
opposed to communalism,he ignored the need for struggle against it as an ideology.It was due to his democratic
approach that further complicated the solutions like the Accessions of Hyderabad and Kashmir into Indian Union.
As a First PM of independent India,Nehru was faced with daunting tasks.Despite his failures,he rooted certain
values,approaches,objectives,goals and made them an integral part of the Indian people,which was truly implied in
the words of Geoffrey Tyson-’If Nehru had been a different kind of man,India would have become a different kind of
country’.
221. Write a note on the involvement of private sector in recent years in space exploration.
While space continues to remain global commons in theory, it has been highly commercialized in practice. It is a
practice that was, is and will be.
Since the first commercial satellite in 1962, the space has had massive investment. It is now a vertically integrated
business spanning from ground equipment manufacturing through transponder leasing to space transportation.
Now the Us space shuttles having been grounded, companies are vying each other to manufacture the next vehicle
that can take astronauts. For example, SpaceX has come up with a futuristic space module.
Space tourism is coming up in a big way. Virgin Galactic and Space Adventures have already send tourists to space.
People are already investing in futuristic plans like mars colonization and asteroid mining. The future of the industry
looks promising.
The status of space as a global commons is the major impediment to commercialization of space. But if that is an
impediment that should be removed or reinforced is a matter of much controversy
222. Write a note on the McLanahan Nutrient Separation System and its applications.
A new technology that extracts water from manure will be sold commercially. Developed at Michigan State
University, it was designed to be used in dry areas with animal operations. This produces water clean enough for
cattle to drink.
Application:
1.Managed well, the system has value in resource conservation and environmental protection. Manure, 90 percent
water, contains large amounts of nutrients, carbon and pathogens that can be harmful if not properly managed.
2 : Add-on to an anaerobic digester, which extracts energy and chemicals from manure.
3:The system adds ultrafiltration, air stripping and a reverse osmosis system to produce water that’s clean enough
for cattle to drink