What elements are found in carbs?
 Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
What is the ratio of C:H:O in a
carb?
 1:2:1
Why did scientists name the sugars
“carbohydrates?”
 Carbo = carbon
 Hydrate = 2:1 ratio of H:O just like a water molecule
What do we call the covalent bond that
links one monosaccharide to another?
 Glycosidic bond
What are the monomers of carbs?
 monosaccharides
Name 5 monosaccharides.
 Glucose
 Fructose
 Galactose
 Ribose
 Deoxyribose
Which monosaccharide is the main
source of energy for the cell?
 glucose
Cells do not use glucose directly. They
convert it into what molecule that is
used by the cell for energy?
 ATP
What are isomers?
 Compounds with the same molecular formula but
different structural formulas
Give an example of two isomers.
 Glucose and fructose (and galactose)
Why are glucose and fructose
isomers?
 Both are C6H12O6
 Glucose has a 6-sided ring; fructose has a 5-sided ring
What type of reaction joins
monosaccharides?
 Condensation reaction (aka dehydration synthesis)
What do we call a double sugar?
 disaccharide
Sucrose is a disaccharide made of…
 Glucose + fructose
Lactose is a disaccharide made of…
 Glucose + galactose
Maltose is a disaccharide made
of…
 Glucose + glucose
Many monosaccharides linked
together form a …
 polysaccharide
What is the most common
monosaccharide that makes up
polysaccharides?
 glucose
How do animals store excess
glucose?
 Link it together in condensation reactions to form
glycogen
Where is glycogen stored?
 Liver and muscles
What type of reaction is performed in
liver and muscle cells when glucose
must be freed from glycogen?
 hydrolysis
How do plants store excess
glucose?
 starch
Starch has two structures. What
are they?
 Spiral chain
 Branched chain
Which carb is the most abundant
on earth?
 cellulose
Cellulose is not an energy
polysaccharide. It is a __________
carbohydrate.
 structural
Cellulose is made up of chains of
glucoses. One chain is held to the next
by what type of bond?
 hydrogen
What elements are found in lipids?
 Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Lipids have large numbers of ____
and ____ but few ____.
 Carbon
 Hydrogen
 Oxygen
True or false? Lipids are better at
storing energy because they have larger
numbers of carbon-hydrogen bonds.
 True! We just said that lipids have few oxygens. This
means there are more hydrogens bonded to carbons.
C-H bonds store energy!
There are six main functions of
lipids. Name three.
 Energy storage
 Vitamin storage
 Insulation
 Padding and shape
 Chemical messengers
 Structural part of the cell membrane
There are two common monomers
in lipids. What are they?
 Glycerol
 Fatty acids
Sometimes lipid polymers do not have
the common monomers, so why do we
still consider them lipids?
 They’re nonpolar!
The fatty acid monomer has two
parts. What are they?
 Carboxyl end
 Hydrocarbon end
Glycerol + 3 fatty acids
 Triglyceride + water
?
How many water molecules are formed
in the condensation of a triglyceride?
3
Glycerol + 2 fatty acids
 Diglyceride + 2 water molecules
?
Glycerol + 1 fatty acids
 Monoglyceride + 1 water
?
What do we call a fat with double or
triple bonds in the hydrocarbon portion
of the fatty acid?
 unsaturated
Unsaturated fats have _______ chains
and are ________ at room temp.
 Bent
 Liquids
Where are unsaturated fats
naturally found?
 Oils in plants like olive oil
What effect do unsaturated fats
have on cholesterol?
 No effect
What do we call fats with all single
bonds in the hydrocarbon portion of
the fatty acid chains?
 Saturated fats
Saturated fats have _______ chains
and are ______ at room temp.
 Straight
 Solid
Where are saturated fats normally
found?
 In animals or animal products like lard and cream
What effect do saturated fats have
on cholesterol?
 Increase it!
Hydrogenation converts _________ fats
into _________ fats.
 Unsaturated
 Saturated
Glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate
 phospholipid
?
Draw a phospholipid and label the
parts.
head
tails
The head of a phospholipid is
______ and the tails are _______.
 Polar
 Nonpolar
Because phospholipids have a polar and
nonpolar end, they are __________
molecules.
 amphipathic
What important structure do
phospholipids make up?
 Cell membrane
What’s another name for the cell
membrane?
 Phospholipid bilayer
Why do we call the cell membrane
the phospholipid bilayer?
 It’s made of two (bi) layers of phospholipids!
Waxes and steroids do not have the
usual lipid monomers. Why are they
lipids?
 They’re nonpolar
What are the two monomers of a
wax?
 Fatty acid + alcohol
What type of reaction joins the
fatty acid to the alcohol?
 condensation
How many water molecules will be
made in the condensation of a wax?
1
Which part of the wax makes it
very water proof?
 Fatty acid chain
How many rings make up the
structure of a steroid?
4
Of the four carbon rings in a steroid,
how many are 6 sided? 5 sided?
3
1
True or false? Steroids have fatty
acids.
 false
Why are steroids considered lipids?
 They’re nonpolar
List two examples of steroids.
 Testosterone
 Estrogen
 Vitamin D
 Cholesterol
 Cortisone
 This is the review that we started yesterday.
 Use the up/down arrow keys to move the slides forward or back.
 This slide is in the middle of the presentation, so it’s ready to
review proteins and nucleic acids. If you want to review carbs
and lipids again, you will have to arrow back to the beginning!
 I’ll be back ASAP!
 If you have questions, Mr. Keyser can help you until I get back!
What elements do proteins
contain?
 carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
List three functions of proteins.
 Used in cell membrane transport and recognition
 Antibodies
 Structural (muscles, hair, nails, etc.)
 Chemical messengers (some hormones)
 Enzymes
What are the monomers of
proteins?
 Amino acids
In what type of reaction will amino
acids join?
 Condensation reaction
What is the name for two joined
amino acids?
 Dipeptide
What do we call a chain of many
amino acids?
 Polypeptide
What are the five parts of an
amino acid?
 Central carbon
 Carboxyl
 Amino
 H atom
 R group
Which of the five parts is different
in amino acids?
 The R group
How many different amino acids
are there?
 20 (because there are 20 different R groups)
How are neighboring amino acids
positioned in order to bond?
 Carboxyl end of one must be next to amino end of
neighboring
What do we call a bond between
amino acids?
 Peptide bond
True or false? The bond between
amino acids is a C-O-C bridge.
 False! The bond is between a C atom and a N atom!
True or false? As soon as a polypeptide
is made it is fully functional as a
protein.
 False!
What must happen to a polypeptide
chain before it is functional?
 Folding
How many levels of protein
organization are there?
 Four
Describe the primary structure.
 Straight chain of amino acids
Describe the secondary structure.
 Helices and pleated sheets
What is causing the polypeptide to
fold?
 Hydrogen bonding (and other interactions) between
amino acids
Describe the tertiary structure.
 Globular due to more folding/interactions
Describe the quaternary structure.
 Two or more globular polypeptides together
At what level is a protein
functional?
 Quaternary
What is an enzyme?
 A protein that acts as a catalyst – it speeds up reactions
by decreasing activation energy
What do we call the reactant(s)
that the enzyme is catalyzing?
 Substrate(s)
Because an enzyme will only work with
one reactant in one type of reaction,
we say that enzymes are…
 Substrate specific
The site on the enzyme where the
substrate will join is the…
 Active site
Once an enzyme and its substrate have
joined, we call the two together the…
 Enzyme-substrate complex
Why do we call the model of enzyme
action the lock and key model?
 The substrate and enzyme fit together like a key fits
into a lock.
Put the steps of the lock and key
model in order.
A. Enzyme returns to original shape and is reusable.
B. Substrate bonds to enzyme’s active site forming
enzyme-substrate complex.
C. Reaction proceeds; products are released.
D. Enzyme changes shape; activation energy is
decreased because the enzyme:
 brought two substances closer together OR
 weakened bonds holding substrate monomers together
B, D, C, A
There are four things that can affect
how well an enzyme functions. Name
two.
 Enzyme concentration
 Substrate concentration
 pH
 temperature
What do we call the process in
which an enzyme loses its shape?
 denaturing
What causes denaturing?
 Changes in pH
 High temperatures
What do changes in pH and high temps
actually do that causes denaturing?
 Destroy H bonds holding tertiary structure together
What do we call small molecules that can be
part of an enzyme’s active site and help the
enzyme to function?
 Coenzymes
What elements are found in
nucleic acids?
C
H
O
N
P
What is the main function of
nucleic acids?
 Store and transmit hereditary information
 Directs protein synthesis
What are the monomers of nucleic
acids?
 nucleotides
Every nucleotide has three parts.
What are they?
 Sugar
 Phosphate group
 Nitrogen base
Nucleotides are linked together in
what type of reaction?
 condensation
What are the three parts of a DNA
nucleotide?
 Deoxyribose
 Phosphate
 Nitrogen base
What are the four bases found in
DNA?
 Adenine
 Thymine
 Cytosine
 Guanine
What is the shape of DNA?
 Double helix
What holds the bases together across
the middle of the double helix?
 Hydrogen bonds
What are the base pairing rules in DNA
and how many H bonds occur between
the base pairs?
 A and T; 2 H bonds
 C and G; 3 H bonds
What are the three parts of an RNA
nucleotide?
 Ribose
 Phosphate
 Base
What bases are found in RNA?
 Adenine
 Uracil
 Cyotsine
 Guanine
What is the shape of RNA?
 Single stranded
What RNA bases pair with which
DNA bases?
DNA base
RNA base
C
G
G
C
T
A
A
U
Nitrogen bases are divided according to
structure. What are the two types?
 Purines
 Pyrimidines
How many rings in purines?
2
How many rings in pyrimidines?
1
Which bases are purines?
 A and G
Which bases are pyrimidines?
 C, T, U
In DNA a ________ base will
always pair with a _______ base.
 purine
 pyrimidine
Name the four scientists whose work
contributed to the discovery of DNA’s
structure.
 Franklin
 Wilkins
 Watson
 Crick