Windows Server 2008

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Guide to Operating Systems,
4th ed.
Chapter 2: Popular Operating Systems
Objectives
• Describe operating systems that laid the
groundwork for current desktop and server
operating systems
• Identify the basic features and characteristics of
popular desktop and server operating systems
• Understand when to use certain operating systems
Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.
2
An Introduction to Operating Systems
• An operating system (OS) is a set of basic
programming instructions to computer hardware,
forming a layer of programming code on which
most other functions of the computer are built.
• The kernel is the programming code that is the
core of the operating system.
– Code is a general term that refers to instructions written in a
computer programming language.
• Computer hardware consists of physical devices
such as the central processing unit (CPU), circuit
boards, the monitor and keyboard, and disk drives.
Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.
3
Early Microsoft Operating Systems
• MS-DOS and PC DOS
– MS-DOS was Microsoft’s original OS for the IBM PC
– PC DOS was customized and marketed by IBM – ran on early
IBM computers
• Windows 3.x
– First version of Windows using a graphical user interface (GUI)
– Ran slow and not well accepted at first
– Windows 3.1 was the first popular, usable Microsoft GUI and
paved the way for Windows to become the dominant PC OS
• Windows 95
– Microsoft’s first true 32-bit OS
– Eliminated the 640 KB memory limit
Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.
4
Windows 95
• Introduced the GUI now called the “desktop”
• Introduced Plug and Play (PnP)
– enables the OS to automatically detect newly installed
hardware
• Introduced ActiveX and the Component Object
Model (COM)
– standardized way for objects, such as programs, files,
computers, printers, etc… to communicate with each other
• Introduced “The Registry” – a database that stores
OS information about hardware and software
configuration
Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.
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Windows 95
• The Registry provides the following:
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–
–
–
–
–
OS configuration
Service and device driver information and configuration
Software and application parameters
Hardware configuration
Performance information
Desktop configuration
• Multitasking – introduced a task supervisor that detects
tasks that appear stuck and offers option to close those
tasks without restarting
• Networking functionality was extended and Internet
Explorer web browser was integrated
Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.
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Windows 98/Me
• Windows 98 was similar to Windows 95 but
included the following changes:
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–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Expanded PnP support
Automatic registry checks and repairs
Advanced power management features
Support for new hardware standards such as USB
Improved cooperative multitasking for 16-bit applications
Greater integration of Internet and networking features
Extended multimedia support
Expanded support for high-speed networking
Ability to perform upgrades over the Internet
Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.
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Windows 98/Me
• Windows Millennium Edition (Me)
– Developed for home computer users
– Implemented applications that appealed to home users
•
•
•
•
Playing music
Storing family photos
Playing games
Accessing the Internet
– Provided better support for infrared devices
– Implemented the enhanced PnP standard called Universal
Plug and Play (UPnP)
Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.
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Windows NT
• Windows New Technology (NT) – high-end
operating system to be used on very powerful
computers
– OS kernel ran in privileged mode – protected it from problems
created by a malfunctioning program or process
• Offered in two versions: Windows NT Workstation
and Windows NT Server
• Supported high-speed network connectivity and
remote access over telephone lines or Internet
• Had a C2 top-secret security rating from the US
government
Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.
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Windows 2000
• Windows 2000 was built on the Windows NT
technology with a significant rewrite of the NT kernel
and ran about 30% faster than NT
• Some new features:
– Supported VPNs – private network that is like a tunnel through
a larger network
– Active Directory – database that is used to store information
about resources such as user accounts, computers, and
printers
– Kerberos security – Kerberos is a security system that enables
two parties on an open network to communicate without
interception by an intruder
Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.
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Windows 2000 Server and Windows
2000 Professional
• Microsoft developed this basic server and workstation
(Professional) version to be used together on a serverbased network
• Windows 2000 Server supports up to 4 processors and
offers more services (than Professional) such as:
–
–
–
–
–
–
Handle unlimited numbers of users simultaneously
Active Directory management
Network management
Web-based management services
Network-wide security management
Remote network access, network-wide communications services, and
high-speed network connectivity
– Application services and network printer management
Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.
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Windows 2000 Server, Advanced Server,
and Datacenter Server
• Windows 2000 Server was divided into three
different products
– Windows 2000 Server – provided a comprehensive set of
server and Web services for up to 4 processor systems
– Windows 2000 Advanced Server – intended for high-end
enterprise networks that require up to 8 processor servers,
clustered serves, or both
• Clustering – technique in which two or more servers are linked to
equally share the server processor load, storage, and other server
resources
– Windows 2000 Datacenter – targeted for large database and
data manipulation servcies
• Supports 64 GB of RAM, clustering, and servers with up to 32
processors
Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.
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Windows 2000 Server, Advanced
Server, and Datacenter Server
Server clustering
Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.
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Current Desktop and Server Operating
Systems
• The rest of this chapter will focus on current
operating systems such as:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Windows XP
Windows Server 2003/R2
Windows Vista
Windows Server 2008/R2
Windows 7
UNIX System V Release 4
Mac OS
Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.
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Windows XP
• Windows XP (Windows Experience) – new desktop
version with core elements of Windows 2000
• Features:
– More capabilities for multimedia applications
– Better Internet security through a built-in firewall
– Remote Desktop – ability to control the computer over an Internet
connection
– Requires an activation code that must be obtained by contacting
Microsoft (ensures that software is not pirated)
• Several versions include: Windows XP Home, XP
Professional, XP Tablet PC, XP Media Center, and XP
62-Bit
Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.
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Windows XP
• Windows XP Professional – intended for office use
– Can be used as a small server for up to 10 users
– Can run on computers using up to 2 processors
• Windows XP Home – meant as the next upgrade
from Windows Me and is a scaled down version of
Windows XP Professional
– Runs only on 32-bit single-processor computers
• Both XP versions offer improved help and support
documentation
• Program Compatibility Wizard – allows programs
written for Windows 95 and earlier to run
Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.
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Windows XP
• Windows XP Tablet PC Edition – OS for tablet PCs
(pen-based personal computing) offers the
following new features:
– Customization – setup Tablet for left- or right-handed use and
program buttons for a specific task
– Tablet PC Input Panel – allows user to write notes and save
them in either their own handwriting or change to text
– Microsoft Windows Journal – organize notes and even search
through them to find a reference in the document
Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.
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Windows XP
• Windows XP Media Center Edition – allows the
user to control all digital media with a single remote
control
• Features:
– Set-top box Learning Mode – Configure the system to work with
your set-top box
– Build and play your digital music library – copy music from CDs
to your PC hard drive
– View and share your digital pictures
– Internet and FM radio – skip forward, pause, and replay
– Display Calibration Wizard – setup best picture
Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.
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Windows XP
• Windows XP 64-Bit Edition – runs on the Intel
Itanium and AMD x64 processors
– Targeted for users who need large amounts of memory and
superior mathematical calculation capabilities
• Microsoft ended the sale of Windows XP in
October 2010, but will provide support until April
2014
Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.
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Windows Server 2003
• Windows Server 2003 comes in four versions:
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–
–
–
Standard Edition
Enterprise Edition
Datacenter Edition
Web Edition
• Some of the new features include:
–
–
–
–
–
–
GUI interface used with Windows XP
Faster network logon authentication through Active Directory
New tools for managing server resources
Ability to run on 64-bit Itanium processors
Remote server management through the Remote Desktop tool
Enhanced ability for users to run programs on the server
Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.
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Windows Server 2003
• Offers the following new features:
– Windows Rights Management Services (RMS) – allows
companies to secure their documents from copying, forwarding,
and printing
– Common language runtime (CLR) – verifies code before it is
run and monitors memory
– Configure Your Server Wizard – allows the server to be
configured to defined roles, such as file server, printer server,
application server, and mail server
Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.
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Windows Server 2003 R2
• Windows Server 2003 Release 2 (R2) is an
upgrade to Server 2003 with many new features
• Targeted for medium- to large-sized organizations
who wish to have more reliable, heavy-duty, and
uninterrupted computing
• Desktop looks the same as Windows Server 2003
• The new features in Windows Server 2003 R2 are
discussed on the following slides
Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.
22
Windows Server 2003 R2
• Better performance – Active Directory is able to
communicate faster over WAN links (affects
communication with branch offices)
– Also performance enhancements have been made to
SharePoint Services (enable users to collaborate on Word
documents)
• Improved Group Policy Management – enable
organizations to manage how users employ
Windows-based computers
– Can standardize how applications are access by users
Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.
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Windows Server 2003 R2
• Microsoft Management Console 3.0 (MMC 3.0) and
the Print Management Console
– MMC 3.0 enables a network administrator to manage server
functions across an enterprise of Windows servers
• Print Management Console new features:
– Installation of network printers remotely in a branch (off-site)
office
– Instant views of printers and of print jobs so you can manage
printer resources and troubleshoot problems
– Ability to view printer driver information, forms, printer port use,
and other general printer information
– Ability to setup Web features to remotely diagnose a problem
Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.
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Windows Server 2003 R2
• Server Clustering Capabilities – Cluster Service
(CS) is available on the Enterprise and Datacenter
Editions
– Enterprise Edition allows up to 8 computers to be clustered
– Better integrated with Active Directory
• Virtual Server Options – enables you to run more
than one operating system on your server
– Requires a computer that has two or more processors (one for
each OS you load)
Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.
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Windows Server 2003 R2
• Dynamic Systems Initiative – a joint venture with
Hewlett-Packard, Dell, IBM, Fujitsu Limited, and
Fujitsu Siemens to make computers simpler to use
and more self-managing
– DSI technology is implemented through enhancements to
Microsoft Operations Manager (MOM) 2005
– Can automatically take action on an alert
– Enables dynamic software patching while a server is running
– Automates the process of distributing software to clients
– Can inventory systems on a network for pre-deployment patch
planning
– Uses SQL Server for database management of alerts, security,
and other information
Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.
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Windows Server 2003 R2
• Better Identity and Access Management – easier
identification of authorized users and to ensure users
can access the right resources
– Active Directory Federation Services (ADFS) – enables one
sign-on for both network and Web-based resources
– Active Directory Application Mode (ADAM) – allows Active
Directory and software applications to communicate
• Provides coordination and authentication of users and user
information through the Active Directory database
– UNIX Identity Management – allows information about users to
be shared between UNIX/Linux and Windows Server 2003 R2
Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.
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Windows Server 2003 R2
• Better Options for Branch Office Users
– Windows Server 2003 R2 offers several enhancements for
communications branch offices:
• Remote Differential Compression (RDC) – optimizes transfers
over data networks so that less bandwidth is used
• File replication – easier to back up files from one location to
another
• Files published at one location can be made available in another
location
• Distributed File System Enhancements (DFS)
– Enables you to simplify access to shared folders on a network
by setting up shares on multiple servers to appear as though
they are accessed from a single server
Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.
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Windows Server 2003 R2
• Subsystem for UNIX-based Applications
– You can compile and run UNIX/Linux applications on a
Windows server
• Improved Storage Management – Two new tools to
help manage data
– File Server Resource Manager – help server managers
determine how storage is used on a server and to better
manage storage
• 3 options: Quota Management, File Screening Management,
Storage Reports
– Storage Manager for SANs – tool for managing storage area
networks (SAN)
• A SAN is a fast network that contains components that can be
shared for storage and access to storage
Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.
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Windows Vista
• Microsoft Windows Vista (released Jan. ’09) –
workstation operating system that followed XP
– Geared to make desktop computing more intuitive and reliable
– Has more built-in security features and requires less rebooting
• Example: when installing a software patch, no need to reboot right
away
– One-third faster than Windows XP and Windows 2000
– New desktop presentation called Aero (Authentic, Energetic,
Reflective, and Open)
– Reasons to upgrade: for greater speed, more productivity
through the use of intuitive features, uniformity of the desktop,
and greater security and reliability
Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.
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Windows Vista
• Vista implements many new features:
–
–
–
–
–
–
Desktop and windows interface
Virtual folders
Folder resource sharing options
Reliability features
Security features
Management options
• Each of these are explained on the following slides
Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.
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Windows Vista
• Desktop and Windows Interface
– Introduces desktop “gadgets” – small applications for readily
accessing information and tools (clock, calendar, etc…)
– Search box at the bottom of the Start menu enables fast
searching for a specific document or file
– Renamed and reorganized Start Button options
– A new category was added in the Control Panel categories:
• Security – to configure Internet, User Account, and Firewall
security, check for security updates, and to assess the security
status of a computer
Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.
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Windows Vista
• Virtual Folders – organizing files on the basis of
information associated with those files, such as
author, rating, date, and so on
– Not a physical folder, but a dynamic folder housing files from
one or more different physical locations
• Folder Resource Sharing Options
– Sharing Wizard enables you to specify which users can access
a folder
– Users can specify the use of a file on the basis of a personal or
public profile
• Files not to be shared can be saved into a personal profile and
files to be shared can be saved into a public profile
Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.
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Windows Vista
• Reliability Features:
– Startup Repair Tool – When a boot problem is detected,
Windows Vista automatically launches this tool which is
designed to assess the problem and fix it
– Code to Prevent Interruptions – Microsoft has strengthened OS
code to prevent “crashes and hangs”
– Self-Diagnosis for Problems – built-in diagnostics for common
hardware problems and memory problems
– Restart Manager – has the ability to determine which running
processes are affected by an update or patch and can restart
an affected service without rebooting the computer
– Service Failure Recovery – OS can detect when a service has
failed and attempt to restart it
Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.
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Windows Vista
• Security Features:
– A more comprehensive firewall – group policies can be used to
ensure that all users have enabled the firewall and are using
the exact same security settings within the firewall
– User Account Protection (UAP) – intended to make user
accounts more secure by controlling permissions and limiting
the applications that can be run from an account
– Built-in security software to find and eliminate malicious
software – includes Windows Server Hardening which limits the
effect a service can have in Windows Vista (attacks are limited
or thwarted)
– Status information – to show whether recent patches and
updates have been installed
Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.
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Windows Vista
• Vista Management Options – Windows Vista
comes with more group policy settings which
means computers can be standardized for easier
use
– Windows Resource Protection (WRP) – used to make it more
difficult to change system settings and files, such as the registry
– Vista brings back the Administrative Tools menu first
introduced in Windows NT. Some of the tools include:
•
•
•
•
Computer Management
Reliability and Performance Monitor
Task Scheduler
Event Viewer
Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.
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Windows Server 2008
• Windows Server 2008 was released in Feb. ‘08
– Shares the same code base and same new features as
Windows Vista
• The following additional features of Windows Server
2008 will be covered on the following slides:
–
–
–
–
–
–
Active Directory
Failover Clustering
Hyper-V
Self-Healing NTFS
Server Core
Server Manager
Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.
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Windows Server 2008
• Active Directory – Read-only domain controller
(RODC) was implemented so that hackers cannot
make changes at remote locations to be replicated
to the main domain controller at corporate
headquarters
• Failover Clustering – Windows Server 2008
Enterprise and Datacenter editions have a cluster
validation wizard that runs validation tests on the
servers to be clustered
• Hyper-V – allows the server to run multiple
independent operating systems at the same time
Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.
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Windows Server 2008
• Self-Healing NTFS – Chkdsk.exe utility runs in the
background to correct hard disk problems
– In the past, the volume (system) had to be taken down in order
to run chkdsk.exe
• Server Core – bare-bones installation that is meant
to reduce hacker attacks to the OS
• Server Manager – combines and replaces the
Manage Your Server, Configure Your Server, and
the Security Configuration Wizard tools found in
Windows Server 2003
Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.
39
Windows Server 2008 R2
• Windows Server 2008 R2 – released in Oct ‘09
along with Windows 7 (desktop OS)
– Released only in a 64-bit version
– Microsoft announced that support for Itanium architecture
would end with Server 2008 R2
• Enhancements include:
–
–
–
–
–
Release of IIS 7.5
New virtualization capabilities
Updates to Active Directory
Additional management tools
Performance improvements such as shortening boot time and
improved access time to storage devices
Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.
40
Windows Server 2008 R2
• Available in seven versions:
– Windows Server 2008 R2 Standard
– Windows Server 2008 R2 Foundation – entry-level operating
system for small businesses
– Windows Server 2008 R2 Enterprise – designed for missioncritical setups and allows easy access for mobile workers
– Windows Server 2008 R2 Datacenter – provides unlimited
virtualization licensing to reduce infrastructure costs
– Windows Web Server 2008 R2 – ships with IIS 7.5, Web
Server, and DNS Server roles
– Windows HPC Server 2008 R2 – high-performance computing
(HPC) provides a management console
– Windows Server 2008 R2 for Itanium-Based Systems
Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.
41
Windows Server 2008 R2
• Integration with Windows 7 (for client computers
running Windows 7 OS)
– Microsoft introduced DirectAccess to provide the functionality of
a VPN
– BranchCache – feature that allows the remote network to cache
frequently accessed applications and information to reduce the
traffic over the network link
• File Services Management
– Windows File Classification Infrastructure (FCI) provides
the information needed to manage data
• If data contains sensitive information, FCI may move this
information to a more secure server and even encrypt it
Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.
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Windows Server 2008 R2
• Scalability – includes components to help reduce
the number of physical servers
• Reliability – Windows Hardware Error Architecture
(WHEA) now supports memory and cache error
recovery
– Administrators can add additional memory, processors, and I/O
resources to a server without taking the server down
• Virtualization – provides Hyper-V for server
virtualization
– Hyper-V Management Console and System Center Virtual
Machine Manager 2008 are two new enhancements
Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.
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Windows Server 2008 R2
• Web Platform Updates
– IIS 7.5 provides centralized Web management, more reliability,
and improved security
– New administration console called IIS 7.5 Manager – allows for
both local and remote administration
– IIS 7.5 has a modular architecture so that the server
administrator can load just the modules needed for the specific
type of Web services being offered
Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.
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Windows 7
• Windows 7 is an enhanced version of Windows
Vista and not a complete rewrite
• Six version of Windows 7:
–
–
–
–
–
–
Windows 7 Starter
Windows 7 Home Basic
Windows 7 Home Premium
Windows 7 Professional
Windows 7 Ultimate
Windows 7 Enterprise
• The new features and enhancements of Windows 7
will be listed on the following slides
Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.
45
Windows 7
• Windows Taskbar – Icons are larger and you can
rearrange them in any order (click and drag)
• HomeGroups – Multiple computers running
Windows 7 can be connected to a home network to
share resources
• Windows Media Center – Watch TV and turn your
PC into a digital video recorder
• Windows Touch – supports touch-screen monitors
with multitouch technology
Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.
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Windows 7
• Performance Improvements – Designed to use less
memory and to run background services only when
needed
– Uses ReadyBoost to speed up your computer if run low on
memory
• Allows the use of USB flash drives and memory cards as an
extension of operating system memory
• Windows Live Essentials – includes Messenger
(chat), Photo Gallery Mail, Writer, Movie Maker,
Windows Live Mesh, and Family Safety
• Microsoft Security Essentials – includes antivirus
software that can be downloaded for free
Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.
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Windows 7
• Play To – easy and efficient way to listen to music,
watch videos, and review pictures on your TV or
other computer on your home network
• Jump Lists – associated with the programs you use
each day
• Peek, Shake, and Snap:
– Peek allows you to view through open windows to the desktop
– Shake minimizes all Windows except the one being viewed
– Snap allows you to resize or reposition a window by dragging it
to the edge of your screen
Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.
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Windows 7
• Libraries – A Windows 7 library is a convenient way
to access different folders in different locations
from one central location
– Windows 7 installs four libraries by default: Documents, Music,
Pictures, and Videos
• Windows XP Mode – allows you to run older
applications that aren’t compatible with Windows 7
Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.
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UNIX System V Release 4
• The UNIX operating system comes in many
different formats
– Of all OSs covered in this book, it is the oldest, most diverse,
and most complicated
• AT&T developed UNIX but never licensed the
kernel
– This is why there are many versions with many diverse utilities
• Two main design standards:
– Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD)
– System V Release 4 (SVR4) – Linux is an example
• This book uses Linux for its UNIX examples
Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.
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UNIX System V Release 4
• Runs on almost any hardware
• UNIX is a true multitasking, multiuser operating
system
• Most UNIX versions come with different “shells” or
user interfaces and it is up to the user to pick the
shell they wish to use
– Most shells function in the same way
• Some UNIX versions provide you with a GUI
– X Window is the most popular
Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.
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UNIX System V Release 4
Linux (Fedora) GUI desktop
Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.
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UNIX System V Release 4
• Standard UNIX operating system does not provide
many network functions
– Most of these functions are provided by add-ons
• UNIX security model made it the early system of
choice for Internet server and firewall services
• UNIX computers are often used as database or
applications servers and for industrial control
applications
• Most versions come with a line editor that is used
to create text one line at a time
– A text editor enables you to edit text in a full-screen mode
Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.
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Mac OS
• Macintosh computers revolutionized the world of
OSs with an all-graphical user interface and shell
• Mac OS X is built on Darwin UNIX, which is a
distribution of the BSD UNIX version
• Mac OS X comes bundled with Mac OS 9 in order
to support older applications
• The hardware architecture needed to run Mac OS
is very dependent on the version of the OS
– If you are running the newest generation of hardware, you are
required to run Mac OS X
Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.
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Mac OS
• Peer-to-peer networking has always been a
standard feature of MAC OS
– Uses the AppleTalk protocol
• MAC OS was always meant to be a desktop
operating system
– No extended security features to keep users from getting
access to files on local computers
• MAC OS has been known for its support of
graphics, video, and sound capabilities
– Graphical artists prefer MAC font management and Color Sync
color matching technologies
Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.
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Mac OS
• Mac OS X (version 10) – introduced the “Aqua”
interface
– Some previous programs and utilities were replaced
– Many windows in Mac OS X now can be customized so their
contents appear in columns
– Internet connectivity is enhanced in Mac OS X through the
Internet Connect tool
• Mac OS X Version 10.3 Panther – includes a new
Finder, new mail application, and faster user
switching
– Safari is the default Web browser
Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.
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Mac OS
• Mac OS X Version 10.4 Tiger – longest available
version of the Mac OS X operating system
– Features the Dashboard which contains desktop accessories
referred to as “widgets”
– Enhanced 64-bit addressing
– New search engine called Spotlight and a new version of the
Safari Web browser
• Mac OS X Version 10.5 Leopard
– offered a greatly enhanced desktop, a new backup utility called
Time Machine, an updated Finder, and a virtual desktop called
Spaces
– Boot Camp – allows for other OSs to be installed on a separate
partition
Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.
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Mac OS
• Mac OS X Version 10.6 Snow Leopard
– Works only on Intel-based computers
– Required less memory usage and improved performance
– Included mail and calendar support for Microsoft Exchange
2007
• Mac OS X Version 10.7 Lion
– Release is anticipated in summer of 2011
– Apple is likely to implement some iPad features
Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.
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Mac OS X
Snow Leopard desktop with Safari Web browser
Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.
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Chapter Summary
• Early computer operating systems were primitive compared to
current computer operating systems but were significant during
their time and moved us toward a desktop computing environment
• The Windows, Macintosh, and UNIX operating systems are
popular current operating systems, with new releases being
announced on a regular basis
• Server operating systems have evolved to allow clustering, virtual
servers, self-healing NTFS, storage manager for SANS, single
sign-on, network management, and security features
• Mac OS X is built on Darwin UNIX, which is a distribution of the
BSD UNIX version. With the release of Snow Leopard, the
operating system runs only on Intel-based chips.
Guide to Operating Systems, 4th ed.
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