Group 15 Elements
PREPARED BY
MR. AMULYA KUMAR SAMAL
PGT(CHEMISTRY)
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA NO-2,CRPF,BHUBANESWAR
PHONE NO.07381884606
E-mail-aksamal74@gmail.com
OBJECTIVES:After studying this unit, the students will be able to :
1.appreciate general trends in the chemistry of
elements of groups 15
2.describe the properties of group-15.
3.Give answer the reasoning question.
The p-block elements
The p-block elements are placed in groups 13
to 18 of the periodic table.
Their valence shell electronic configuration
is ns2np1–6 (except He which has 1s2
configuration)
Group 15 Elements
Nitrogen(N)
Non Metals
Phosphorus(P)
Arsenic(As)
Metalloids
Antimony(Sb)
Bismuth(Bi)
Typical
Metal
Trends in properties
Electronic Configuration
The valence shell electronic configuration of
these elements is ns2np3.
The s orbital in these elements is completely
filled and p orbitals are half-filled, making
their electronic configuration extra stable.
Atomic and Ionic Radii
N
considerable
increase
P
As
small increase
Sb
Bi
due to the presence of completely
filled d and/or f orbitals in heavier
members.sss
Ionisation Enthalpy Δi H
N
P
As
Sb
Δi H
Decreases.
Due to
gradual
increase in
atomic size
G-14
Δi H Increases
Because of the extra
stable half-filled p
orbitals electronic
configuration and
smaller size
Bi
ΔiH1 < ΔiH2 < ΔiH3
G-15
Electronegativity
N
P
3.0
E.N Decreases.
2.1
As
2.0
Sb
1.9
Bi
1.9
Due to gradual
increase in
atomic size
Physical Properties
All the elements of this group are polyatomic.
Dinitrogen is a diatomic gas while all others
are solids.
Metallic character increases down the group.
The b.p, in general, increase from top to
bottom in the group but the m.p increases
up to As and then decreases up to Bi.
Except nitrogen, all the elements show
allotropy.
Chemical Properties
Oxidation states and trends in chemical
reactivity
The common o.s of these elements are –3, +3
and +5.
Group-15
Tendency to exhibit
–3 o.s decreases
due to increase in
size and metallic
character.
The stability of +5 o.s
decreases and that of +3
state increases (due to
inert pair effect) down
the group.
 Nitrogen exhibits + 1, + 2, + 4 O.S also when it reacts
with oxygen.
In the case of nitrogen, all O.S from +1 to +4 tend to
disproportionate in acid solution. For example,
3HNO2 → HNO3 + H2O + 2NO
Similarly, in case of phosphorus nearly all intermediate
O.S disproportionate into +5 and –3 both in alkali and acid.
Nitrogen is restricted to a maximum covalency of 4 .
Because only four (one s and three p) orbitals are available for
bonding. The heavier elements have vacant d orbitals in the
outermost shell which can be used for bonding (covalency) and
hence, expand their covalence as in PF6–.
Anomalous properties of nitrogen
Reasons:
1.Its small size
2.high electronegativity
3.high ionisation enthalpy
4.non-availability of d orbitals.
Some anomalous properties of Nitrogen
1.State:
Nitrogen is a gas whereas the others elements
are solids and have allotropic forms.
2.Atomicity:
Dinitrogen is diatomic and involves triply
bonded nitrogen N N . Other members have
tetra-atomic molecules such P4,As4,Sb4 and
complicated arrangements such as red and
black phosphrous.
3.Ability to form pπ -pπ multiple bonds:
Nitrogen has unique ability to form pπ -pπ multiple bonds with
itself and with other elements having small size and high
electronegativity (e.g., C, O). Heavier elements of this group do
not form pπ -pπ bonds as their atomic orbitals are so large and
diffuse that they cannot have effective overlapping.
Thus, nitrogen exists as a diatomic molecule with a triple bond
(one s and two p) between the two atoms. Consequently, its
bond enthalpy (941.4 kJ mol–1) is very high. On the contrary,
phosphorus, arsenic and antimony form single bonds as P–P,
As–As and Sb–Sb while bismuth forms metallic bonds in
elemental state.
4.Catenation:
The single N–N bond is weaker than the single P–P bond
because of high interelectronic repulsion of the nonbonding electrons, owing to the small bond length. As a
result the catenation tendency is weaker in Nitrogen.
5) Reactivity towards hydrogen:
The hydrides are Lewis bases due to
the presence of lone electron pair on
central atom.
The basic strength decreases in the
order:NH3>PH3>AsH3>SbH3>BiH3
The thermal stabilities decrease from NH3
towards BiH3 as the thermal stability is
inversely proportional to the M-H bond
length.
The reducing nature of the hydrides is
expressed in terms hydrogen giving
tendency and it is found to increase from
NH3 to BiH3
The boiling point of ammonia is more
than that of phosphine (and also AsH3)
because of the presence of intermolecular
hydrogen bonding in the molecules.
(6) Reactivity towards oxygen: All these
elements form two types of oxides: E2O3 and
E2O5. The oxide in the higher oxidation state
of the element is more acidic than that of
lower oxidation state.
Their acidic character decreases down the
group. The oxides of the type E2O3 of
nitrogen and phosphorus are purely acidic,that
of arsenic and antimony amphoteric and those
of bismuth predominantly basic.
*Nitrogen does not form pentahalide due
to non-availability of the d orbitals in its
valence shell. Pentahalides are more
covalent than trihalides
*Dinitrogen is rather inert at room
temperature because of the high bond
enthalpy of N ≡ N bond. Reactivity,
however, increases rapidly with rise in
temperature.
Self Assesment
EXAMINATION DECODED
Important question with answer
Give Reason for each of the following :Q.1# NCl5 does not exist but NCl3 exits BUT both PCl3 & PCl5 exists .
Ans:-Due to absence of vacant d-orbitals in N, it cannot extend its covalency.
Q.2# PCl5 is ionic in nature in the solid state. OR, Solid PCl5 exists as an
ionic solid.
Ans:- Due to unequal bond length of equatorial and axial bond . The close
range in solid state makes it stabilized by transferring one Cl- from one PCl5
to other PCl5 and exist as ionic solid, [PCl4] + [PCl6]‫ ־‬.
Q.3# NH3 acts as ligand or good complexing agent.OR, NH3 has higher H+
affinity than PH3.
Ans:-Due to presence of lone pair electrons.
(4)Arrange the following in increasing order of the
property indicated:
NH3, PH3, AsH3, SbH3, BiH3 (Thermal stability)
NH3, PH3, AsH3, SbH3, BiH3 (Bond dissociation
enthalpy)
NH3, PH3, AsH3, SbH3, BiH3 (Reducing character)
NH3, PH3, AsH3, SbH3, BiH3 (Basic character)
Ans:
(a)NH3> PH3 > AsH3 >SbH3 >BiH3
(b) NH3< PH3 < AsH3 <SbH3 <BiH3
(c) NH3< PH3 < AsH3 <SbH3 <BiH3
(d) NH3> PH3 > AsH3 >SbH3 >BiH3