9310041A
9310902A
9310044A
9310015A
Chad
Albee
Nicole
Allen
Use of periods with abbreviations
use periods with
 Initials of names (J. R. Smith)
 Abbreviation for united states as an
adjective (U.S. Navy)
 Latin abbreviations (p.m., cf., e.g., i.e.)
(cf. p. 41, You must avoid taking sweet
foods, e.g. cake, chocolate, and ice cream.
It weighs ten pounds, i.e. 4.5 kg.)
 Reference abbreviations (Vol. 4, 2nd ed.,
p.7)
Don’t use periods with
 Abbreviations of state names (NY, CA,
Washington,DC)
 Capital letter abbreviations and acronyms
(IQ, EQ, APA)
 metric and nonmetric measurement
abbreviations (cm, hr, kg, ml)
There is one exception which is the
abbreviation for inch (in.)
Plurals of abbreviations
 To form the plural of most abbreviations,
just need to add s without an apostrophe
and not italicized (Eds., vols.)
 There is one exception that the plural of
reference abbreviation p. (page) is pp,
don’t add s.
Abbreviations beginning a
sentence
 When abbreviations or acronyms begin a
sentence, they must be capitalized.
 In the case of chemical compounds,
capitalize the first letter of the word which is
connected by the symbol.
in text:
in beginning of sentence:
L-methionine
L-Methionine
N,N’- dimethylurea
N,N’-Dimethylurea
Organizing a manuscript with
headings
 The function of headings is to reveal a
manuscript’s organization
 All equal important topics have the same
level of heading throughout the manuscript
 Each section starts with the highest level
of heading
 Use at least two subsection headings
within a section, that is, dividing a section
into at least two subsections.
Method
Sample and Procedures
Measures
Perceived control.
Autonomy.
Behavior and emotion.
Results
Initial Analysis
Descriptive statistics.
Interconstruct correlation.
Motivational Profiles
Discussion
Limitations of the Study
Implications for intervention
Conclusions
Levels of heading
EXPERIMENT 1: AN INTERVIEW VALIDATION STUDY
CENTERED UPPERCASE HEADING
Level 5
Level 1
External Validation
Centered Uppercase and Lowercase Heading
Method
Level 2
Centered, Italicized, Uppercase and lowercase Heading
Participants
Level 3
Flush Left, Italicized, Uppercase and lowercase Side heading
Sleep-deprived group.
Level 4
Indented, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading ending with
a period.
 One level: for a short articale
centered uppercase and lowercase
heading.
Two levels:
Level 1
Method
Level 3
Procedure
If the subordinate to the Level 1 is short or many
then we can indented, italicized lowercase
paragraph heanding like level 4.
 Three levels:
single-experiment –
Level 1
Method
Level 3
Apparatus and Procedure
Level 4
Pretraining period.
Multiexperiment studyExperiment 2
Method
Level 3
Participants.
Level 4
Level 1
 Four levels: applied in multiexperiment studies,
monographs and literature reviews
Experiment 2
Level 1
Level 2
Method
Level 3
Stimulus Materials
Level 4
Auditory stimuli.
Five levels:
Level 5 as control idea for all four levels.
Centered uppercase heading above the other
four levels.
seriation
 To list elements in a series to prevent
misreading or to clarify the sequence or
relationship between elements.
＊Using letters in paragraph or sentence
＊Using number at the start of each paragraph in
series.
 Within a paragraph or sentenceEX: The participant’s three choices were (a)
working with another participant, (b) working
with a team, and (c) working alone.
Ex: We tested three groups: (a) low scorers, who
scored fewer than 20 points; (b) moderate
scorers, who scored between 20 and 50 points;
and (c) high scorers, who scored more than 50
points.
 Elements of series have a compound sentence
and have colon before items, capitalize the first
word of the first item
 Ex: The experiments on which we report were
designed to address two such findings: (a) Only
a limited class of patterned stimuli, when paired
with color, subsequently contingently elicit aftereffects, and (b) decreasing the correlation
between grid and color does not degrade the
McCollough effect.
Separate paragraphs in a series
 To list the items in conclusions or steps of procedure
 Identified by an arabic numeral followed by a period
but no paratheses.
1. Individuals who … [paragraph continues].
2. Nondepressed persons exposed
to …[paragraph continues].
3. Depressed person exposed to …[paragraph
continues].
4. Depressed and nondepressed participants in
the nonoise groups …[paragraph continues].
﹡each sentence should be syntactically and
conceptually parallel to the other items
3.42Numbers Expressed in Figure
Use figure to express
a.All numbers 10 and above.
EX:
a 25 years young lady
the 50th anniversary
a 11th –grade student
10 items in total
b. All numbers below10 are need to grouped to
compared with numbers 10 and above.
(appear in the same paragraph.)
Ex:
I have 3 children, they are 5 years old, 10
years old and 25years old.
2 and 13 lines
the 6th group and the 12th group
the 1st items and 15th items of all 50 lists
BUT
THIS IS WRONG!!!!!
EX:
15 traits on each of four checklists.
They can not compared, because
they are different categories of
items.
c. Numbers that immediately
precede a unit of measurement.
A 5-mg dose
with 10.54 cm of…
d. Numbers that present
statistical or mathematical functions
multiplied by 5
fractional decimal
0.25 of the…
quantities
3times as many
percentage
more than 6% of all ingredients
ratios
water and oil: 5:1
percentiles and quartiles
the 1st quartiles the 5th percentiles
e. Numbers present
time,date
at 11:00 o’clock ; 19 March,1986
ages
4-year-olds
sample,subsample
8rats
population size
the world population hit 6.5 billion
specific numbers of subject participants in
an experiment
5participants, three are girls 2are boys
score and points on a scale
Score 5 point on a 9-point scale
exact sums of money
Were paid $8 for each case
numerals as numerals
0 v.s 6
f. Numbers denote
a specific place in a numbered serious
line 8 in chapter 5
part of book and table
section 3.43, page 1
each number in a list of four or more
numbers
answer question1,3,5 and 8 with
completely sentence
Numbers Expressed in Words
a. Numbers below 10 that do not represent
precise measurements and that are grouped
for comparison with numbers below 10.
Ex: five trails … the remaining
seven trails
b. The numbers zero and one when the words
would be easier to comprehend than the
figures or when the words do not appear in
context with numbers 10 and above.
Ex: one-way ticket
c. Any numbers that begins a sentence, title,
or text heading.
Ex: Four patients improved, and
4 patients did not improve.
d. Common fractions
Ex: one fifth of the class
two-thirds majority
e. Universally accepted usage
Ex: The Fourth of July
A combination of figures and words
increases the clarity and readability
of the construction.
a. Rounded large numbers.
Ex: almost 5 million dollars
b. Back-to-back modifiers.
Ex: the first 10 items
* the 1st 10 items
However, in this situation, readability may
suffer instead of construction.
Poor:
* 1st two items
Better:
first two items
Write out the words first through ninth; use
numerals for 10th and above.