Analysis of Diction and Syntax
Close reading strategy
What is diction?

In all forms of literature authors choose
particular words to convey effect and
meaning to the reader. Diction is
employed to communicate ideas and
impressions, to evoke emotions, and to
convey an author’s view of the truth to
the reader.
Levels of Diction

High or formal diction usually contains
language that creates an elevated tone.
It is free of slang, idioms, colloquialisms,
and contractions.
Levels of Diction

Neutral diction uses standard language
and vocabulary without elaborate words
and may include contractions.
Levels of Diction

Informal or low diction is the language of
everyday use. It is relaxed and
conversational and most often includes
common and simple words, idioms,
slang, jargon, and contractions.
Types of diction
Slang refers to a group of recently
coined words often used in informal
situations. These words or phrases pass
in and out of use very quickly.
 That is a groovy sweater!

Types of diction
Colloquial expressions are nonstandard,
often regional, ways of using language
appropriate to informal or conversational
speech and writing.
 Are ya’ll going to the movies tonight?

Types of diction
Jargon consists of words and
expressions characteristic of a particular
trade, profession, or pursuit.
 “I descended the poop and paced the
waist.” from The Secret Sharer by
Joseph Conrad

Types of diction

Dialect is a nonstandard subgroup of a
language with it’s own vocabulary and
grammatical features.
 “Sho, there’s ticks a-plenty. I could have a
thousand of ‘em if I wanted to.”
“Well, why don’t you? Becuz you know mighty
well you can’t. This is a pretty early tick, I
reckon. It’s the first one I’ve seen this year.”
from The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark
Twain
Types of diction
Concrete diction consists of specific
words that describe physical qualities or
conditions.
 “The tears came fast, and she held her
face in her hands. When something soft
and furry moved around her ankles, she
jumped, and saw it was the cat. He
wound himself in and about her legs.”
from The Bluest Eye by Toni Morrison

Types of diction
Abstract diction refers to language that
denotes ideas, emotions, conditions, or
concepts that are intangible.
 Freedom is a concept that is
inconceivable to those who are
oppressed, yet those of us who are
fortunate to have lived a life free from
oppression can not fathom life without it.

Types of diction
Monosyllabic words are one syllable in
length.
 Polysyllabic words have two or more
syllables.

Types of diction
Euphonious words are pleasant
sounding.
 Languid, murmur
 Cacophonous words are harsh sounding.
 Raucous, croak

Types of diction

Denotation is the exact, literal definition of a
word independent of any emotional
association or secondary meaning.
 Connotation is the implicit rather than explicit
meaning of a word and consists of the
suggestions, associations, and emotional
overtones attached to the word.
 Consider house and home. Although both
indicate a dwelling in which one resides (the
denotation), home has a much warmer feel or
connotation.
What is syntax?

In much the same way that authors
consider their word choice very carefully
they also consider how the words are
arranged. The construction of the
sentences is referred to as syntax.
Sentence structure
Telegraphic-shorter than five words
 Short-approximately five words on length
 Medium-approximately eighteen words in
length
 Long and involved-thirty or more words
in lentgh

Sentence patterns
A declarative sentence makes a
statement: e.g., “The king is sick.”
 An imperative sentence gives a
command: e.g., “Cure the king!”
 An interrogative sentence asks a
question: e.g., “Is the king sick?”
 An exclamatory sentence expresses
strong emotions: e.g., “The king is dead!
Long live the king!”

Sentence patterns

A simple sentence contains one independent clause:
e.g., “The singer bowed to her adoring audience.”
 A compound sentence contains two independent
clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction or by a
semicolon: e.g., “The singer bowed to the audience,
but she sang no encores.”
 A complex sentence contains an independent clause
and one or more subordinate clauses: e.g., “Because
the singer was tired, she went straight to bed after the
concert.”
 A compound-complex sentence contains two or more
independent clauses and one or more subordinate
clauses: e.g., “The singer bowed while the audience
applauded, but she sang no encores.”
Sentence patterns
A loose or cumulative sentence makes
complete sense if brought to a close
before the actual ending.
 “We reached Edmonton that morning
after a turbulent flight and some exciting
experiences, tired but exhilarated, full of
stories to tell our friends and neighbors.”

Sentence patterns
A periodic sentence makes sense fully
only when the end of the sentences is
reached.
 “That morning, after a turbulent flight and
some exciting experiences, we reached
Edmonton.”

Sentence patterns
In a balanced sentence, the phrases and
clauses balance each other by virtue of
their likeness of structure, meaning, or
length.
 “He maketh me to lie down in green
pastures; he leadeth me beside the still
waters.”

Sentence patterns
Natural order of a sentence involves
constructing a sentence so the subject
comes before the predicate.
 “Oranges grow in California.”

Sentence patterns
Inverted order of a sentence (sentence
inversion) involves constructing a
sentence so the predicate comes before
the subject (this is a device in which
normal sentence patterns are reversed
to create an emphatic or rhythmic effect).
 “In California grow oranges.”

Sentence patterns
Split order of a sentence divides the
predicate into two parts with the subject
coming in the middle.
 “In California oranges grow.”

Sentence patterns
Juxtaposition is a poetic and rhetorical
device in which normally unassociated
ideas, words, or phrases are placed next
to one another, creating an effect of
surprise and wit.
 “The apparition of these faces in the
crowd; / Petals on a wet, black bough.”

Sentence patterns

Parallel structure (parallelism) refers to a
grammatical or structural similarity between
sentences or parts of a sentence; in involves
an arrangement of words, phrases, sentences,
and paragraphs so that elements of equal
importance are equally developed and
similarly phrased
 “He was walking, running and jumping for joy.”
Sentence patterns
Repetition is a device in which words,
sounds, and ideas are used more than
once to enhance rhythm and create
emphasis.
 “…government of the people, by the
people, for the people, shall not perish
from the earth”

Sentence patterns
A rhetorical question is a question that
expects no answer; it is used to draw
attention to a point and is generally
stronger than a direct statement.
 “If Mr. Ferchoff is always fair, as you
have said, why did he refuse to listen to
Mrs. Baldwin’s arguments?”

Sentence patterns
A rhetorical fragment is a sentence
fragment used deliberately for a
persuasive purpose or to create a
desired effect.
 “Something to consider.”

Advanced syntax techniques
Anaphora is the repetition of the same
word or group of words at the beginning
of successive clauses.
 “We shall fight on the beaches, we shall
fight on the landing-grounds, we shall
fight in the fields and in the streets, we
shall fight in the hills.”

Advanced syntax techniques
Asyndeton is the deliberate omission of
conjunctions in a series of related
clauses.
 “I came, I saw, I conquered.”

Advanced syntax techniques
Chiasmus/Antimetabole is a sentence
strategy in which the arrangement of
ideas in the second clause is a reversal
of the first.
 “Ask not what your country can do for
you; ask what you can do for your
country”

Advanced syntax techniques

Polysyndeton is the deliberate use of many
conjunctions for special emphasis to highlight
quantity or mass of detail or to create a
flowing, continuous sentence pattern.
 “The meal was huge – my mother fixed okra
and green beans and ham and apple pie and
green pickled tomatoes and ambrosia salad
and all manner of fine country food – but no
matter how I tried, I could not consume it to
her satisfaction.”
Advanced syntax techniques
Stichomythia is dialogue in which the
endings and beginnings of each line
echo each other, taking on a new
meaning with each new line.
 “Hamlet, thou hast thy father much
offended. / Mother, you have my father
much offended.”

Advanced syntax techniques
Zeugma is the use of the verb that has
two different meanings with objects that
complement both meanings.
 “He stole both her car and her heart that
fateful night.”
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