‫‪Ultrasound in Medicine‬‬
‫عنوان درس‪ :‬اولتراسوند در پزشکی‬
References:
 Physical Principles of Medical Ultrasonics
C.R.Hill, J.C.Bamber, G. R. ter Haar John Wiley &Sons,
2004
 Diagnostic Ultrasound Imaging and Blood Flow
Measurements
K. Kirk Shung Taylor & Francis 2006
 Ultrasound in Medicine
Edited by: F.A. Duck,
A.C. Baker, H.C.Starritt Institute of Physics
Publishing 1997
 Principles of Medical Imaging K.K.Shung,
M.B.Smith, B.M.W. Tsui Academic Press 1992
References:
 Biomedical Ultrasonics
P.N.T. Wells
Academic Press 1977 Ultrasonic Instrumentation D.A.
Christensen John Wiley 1988
 Doppler Ultrasound: Principles and
Instruments
F.W. Kremkau 1995
CHAPTER 1 Introduction
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1.1 Historical Background
1.2 Physical Nature of Acoustic Wave Motion
1.3 Properties of Isotropic Media
1.4 Equations Governing Wave Propagation in
Fluids
1.5 Propagation in Liquid and Solid Media
1.6 Impedance, Energy Density, Intensity and
Radiation Pressure
1.7 Reflection and Refraction
1.8 Elements of Diffraction
1.9 Attenuation, Absorption, Scattering and
Dispersion
CHAPTER 2
Theoretical Basis for Field Calculations
 2.1 The Rayleigh-Sommerfeld Diffraction
Equations
 2.2 The Rayleigh Integral
 2.3 Angular Spectrum Method
CHAPTER 3
Field Profile Analysis
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3.1 Angular Spectrum Method
3.2 Integral Methods
3.3 Impulse Response Method
3.4 Approximate Methods
3.5 Concave and Convex Transducers
3.6 Annular Ring, Annulus and Conical Transducers
3.7 Line, Strip, Triangular and Rectangular Elements
3.8 Transducer Apodization
3.9 Effects of Attenuation
CHAPTER 4
Nonlinear Ultrasonics
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4.1 Introduction
4.2 Lagrange and Eulerain Coordinate Systems
4.3 High Amplitude 1-D Waves in an Inviscid Medium
4.4 Speed of Sound for Adiabatic Conditions
4.5 Reduced Equations
4.6 Sinusoidal Excitation
4.7 Harmonic Content
4.8 Shock Wave Formation
4.9 Effects of Nonlinearity, Diffraction and Attenuation
4.10 Numerical Methods and Results
CHAPTER 5
Scattering of Ultrasound
 5.1 Spherical and Cylindrical Representations of a
Plane Wave
 5.2 Scattering Cross-Sections
 5.3 Exact Analysis: Boundary Value Method
 5.4 Integral Equation Methods
 5.5 Matrix Methods
 5.6 Time Domain Scattering Equations
 5.7 Pulse-Echo Response
 5.8 One-Dimensional Scattering
 5.9 Scattering by Distributions
CHAPTER 6
Ultrasound Transducers
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6.1 The Direct and Inverse Piezoelectric Effect
6.2 Characteristic Piezoelectric Equations
6.3 Ceramic and Polymer Materials
6.4 Methods for Enhancing the Performance
6.5 One-Dimensional Transducer Models
6.6 Application of the KLM Model
6.7 Transient Response
6.8 Protection Circuits
6.9 Noise Considerations
CHAPTER 7
Ultrasound Imaging I
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7.1 Historical Background
7.2 Properties of Imaging Arrays
7.3 Arrays for 2- and 3-D Imaging
7.4 Summary of Design Factors
7.5 Array Field Synthesis
CHAPTER 8
Ultrasound Imaging II
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8.1 Theory of B-Mode Imaging
8.2 Image Speckle
8.3 Resolution, Contrast and SNR in Imaging Systems
8.4 Coded Transmission Systems
8.5 Synthetic Aperture Systems
8.6 Nonlinear Imaging
8.7 Ultrasound Computed Tomography
8.8 Ultrasound Elastography
8.9 Ultrasound Microscopy and Biomicroscopy
CHAPTER 9
Principles of Doppler Ultrasound
 9.1 Historical Background
 9.2 Ultrasonic Transit-Time and Phase-Delay
Method
 9.3 Doppler Equation for Moving Scatterers
 9.4 CW Doppler Systems
 9.5 CW Doppler Spectrum and its Relation to Flow
Profile
 9.6 Characteristics of the Doppler Signal
 9.7 CW Spectral Broadening
CHAPTER 10
Pulsed Methods for Flow Velocity
Estimation and Imaging
 10.1 Historical Background
 10.2 Ultrasonic Transit-Time and Phase-Delay
Method
 10.3 Simplified Theory
 10.4 Cross-Correlation Time-Shift Methods
 10.5 Multigate Pulsed Methods
 10.6 CW and Pulsed Wave Flow Imaging
 10.7 Pulsed Wave Color Flow Imaging
 10.8 Volumetric Flow Measurement Methods
 10.9 Vector Velocity Methods
CHAPTER 11
High Power Ultrasound
Some Related Journals:
 IEEE Transaction on Ultrasound,
Ferroelectric and Frequency control
 Ultrasonics
 Journal of Acoustic Society of America
 Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology
 Ultrasonic Imaging
 European Journal of Ultrasound
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