OGEECHEE TECHNICAL COLLEGE
DMS 202-Sonographic Physics II
Course Syllabus
Tina Welch,RDMS,RVT,RT, ( R )
Full-time
Office Location: 313
Phone Number: 912-688-6019
twelch@ogeecheetech.edu
Office Hours: By appointment
Room 312(Kennedy Building)
.
COURSE DESCRIPTION: Introduces concepts for the factors involved with
diagnostic ultrasound principles and instruments. Competency areas include
Doppler instruments, performance and safety, artifacts, and artifact reduction.
COMPETENCY AREAS:
1. Doppler instruments
2. Performance and Safety
3. Artifacts
4. Reduction of artifacts
COURSE OBJECTIVES:
1) Analyze the following dynamic factors in the role of Hemodynamics
a) Energy gradient
b) Effects of viscosity, friction, inertia
c) Pressure/flow relationships Velocity
d) Steady flow vs pulsatile flow
e) Laminar versus turbulent flow
f) Effects of stenosis on flow characteristics
g) Venous resistance
h) Hydrostatic pressure
i) Pressure/volume relationship
j) Effects of respiration (phasicity)
2) Discuss the Doppler Effect as it relates to the sampling of red blood cell movement
3) Analyze the Doppler equation and the factors influencing the magnitude of the Doppler shift
frequency
4) List the Range of the Doppler shift frequency
5) Discuss the effects of beam angle, transmitted frequency, flow velocity, and flow direction on
Doppler velocities
6) Compare and contrast Continuous wave and pulsed wave Dopplers listing the advantages
and disadvantages of each
7) Discuss Aliasing and the Nyquist criteria including Range ambiguity
8) Identify and diagram Doppler Instrumentation including
a) Receiver
b) Demodulater
c) Wall filter for clutter rejection
d) Directional devices
9) Define the basic principles and instrumentation associated with Duplex ultrasound and
Spectral analysis
10) Discuss the effect of
a) Direction
b) Velocity
c) Duration
d) Character
e) Magnitude
f) Fast Fourier transform (FFT)
11) Discuss the usefulness of pulsatility and resistive indices
12) Describe the Basic Principles of Color Flow Imaging including:
a) Sampling methods
b) Display of Doppler information
c) Reflector direction
d) Average velocity
e) Velocity variance
f) Advantages and limitations
13) Diagram and define Instrumentation issues including
a) Autocorrelation
b) Time domain processing
c) Color field size and frame rate
i) Ensemble length (packet size, pulse packet)
ii) Line density
iii) Maximum depth
d) Color maps, assignment, or coding
i) Hue
ii) Saturation
iii) Luminance (significance, brightness, intensity)
14) Define and analyze Doppler Artifacts
Compare and contrast the properties, advantages and limitations of Color Power (Energy) Mode
1) Demonstrate the general concepts regarding the need for and nature of a quality assurance
program
2) Compare and contrast the Methods for Evaluating Instrument Performance including
a) Test objects
i) Phantoms (tissue, Doppler, flow)
ii) Parameters to Be Evaluated
iii) Test object
iv) Dead zone
v) Axial resolution and lateral resolution (beam width)
vi) Depth calibration accuracy
vii) TGC characteristics
viii) Uniformity
ix) system sensitivity
b) Tissue equivalent (mimicking) phantom
i) Dead zone
ii) Depth calibration accuracy
iii) Lateral (horizontal) distance measurement accuracy
iv) Axial, lateral, and section thickness (elevational) resolution
v) GC characteristics
vi) System sensitivity
vii) Dynamic range
viii) Contrast resolution
ix) Lesion detection
c) Doppler flow, string, or belt phantoms
i) Maximum depth
ii) Pulsed Doppler sample volume alignment (gate position accuracy)
iii) Velocity accuracy
iv) Color flow penetration
v) Image congruency test
3) Organize and plan a Preventive Maintenance program including
4) Practice standard precautions in regards to equipment cleaning including
a) Cleaning
b) Disinfecting
c) Sterilization
5) Summarize the details record keeping
6) Calculate Statistical Indices including:
a) Sensitivity/specificity
b) Negative/positive predictive value
1) Accuracy Define Acoustic Output Quantities including :
a) Pressure
i) Units (MPa, mmHg)
ii) Peak pressures (compression, rarefaction)
b) Power
i) Units (mW)
ii) Units (mW/cm2, W/cm2)
iii) Spatial and temporal considerations
iv) Average and peak intensities
2) Compare and Contrast the Common intensities
a) SATA
b) SPTA
c) SPPA
d) SPTP
3) Compare and Contrast the methods for determining intensity, power, pressure
a) Hydrophones
b) Radiation Force
4) Compare the Intensity and power values for different operating modes
5) Discuss Acoustic Output Labeling Standards including
a) Thermal Index
i) TIS
ii) TIB
iii) TIC
b) Mechanical index
6) Define the concepts of prudent use (ALARA) in reducing acoustic exposure
7) Discuss the primary Mechanisms of Biologic Effect Production
a) Cavitation mechanisms: Intensity relevant acoustic parameters
b) Thermal mechanisms: relevant acoustic parameters
8) Distinguish the details of the various Experimental Biological Effect Studies including:
a) Animal studies
b) In vitro studies
c) Epidemiologic studies
9) Recite the key points of the following Guidelines and Regulations regarding ultrasound safety
a) American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine (AIUM) statements (e.g., mammalian,
epidemiology, in vitro)
b) National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA)
c) Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
10) Discuss the Electrical and Mechanical Hazards of ultrasound examinations
a) Patient susceptibility to electrical hazard
b) Equipment components which could present a hazard
11) Define Ultrasound Artifacts
12) Recognize artifacts while performing and interpreting examinations including
a) echoes not representing actual interfaces including
b) Missing echoes
c) Misrepresented interface location
d) Misrepresented interface amplitude
13) Define and Recognize artifacts associated with Resolution and Propagation
a) Axial Resolution
b) Lateral Resolution
c) Section Thickness
d) Acoustic Speckle
14) Discuss the Mechanisms of resolution artifacts production
15) Define and recognize artifacts associated with Propagation
a) Reverberation
b) Comet-tail
c) Ring-down
d) Mirror Image
e) Multipath
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
f) Side Lobes
g) Grating Lobes
a) Refraction
b) Speed Error
c) Range Ambiguity
Discuss the Mechanisms of propagation artifacts production
Define and recognize artifacts Associated with Attenuation
a) Shadowing
b) Enhancement
c) Focal Enhancement or Focal Banding
Discuss the Mechanisms of attenuation artifacts production
Define and recognize artifacts associated with Doppler and Color Flow Instrumentation
a) Aliasing
b) Slice Thickness
c) Reverberation
d) Mirror Imaging
e) Ghosting or Flash
f) Registration
g) Incident Beam Angle
h) Clutter
i) Describe methods of reducing artifacts
Discuss the Mechanisms of Doppler and Color Flow artifacts production
Define and recognize artifacts caused by Electronic Noise and Equipment Malfunction
Define and recognize artifact Effects on Measurements including
a) velocity or speed error
b) range ambiguity
PREREQUISITES/COREQUISITES:
Program Admission
DMS 136
CONTACT HOURS: 2
CREDIT HOURS: 2
REQUIREDTEXT: DiagnosticUltrasoundPrinciples&Instrumentation, 7, Kremkau,
ISBN: 0-7216-3192
Understanding Ultrasound Physics, 3, Edelman, ISBN: 0-9626444-4-7
MATERIALS AND SUPPLIES:
Required: 10 scantrons
Suggested: calculator
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CLASSROOM POLICIES AND PROCEDURES: This course requires class
participation of at least 5 hours per week and outside reading. Keeping current on
homework assignments and problem solving is essential in this type of class.
Assigned reading should be done prior to class so as to make proper use of classtime and assigned activities to be completed as directed by the instructor.
Complete assignments on time. Incomplete assignments will NOT be accepted.
Late assignments will NOT be accepted. Due dates are on your calendar and will
be adhered to!
To protect the integrity of the course, online quizzes / tests may be password
protected and can be accessed as designated by the instructor.
Every student is expected to be present on test day. If a student is absent for a
scheduled test, you must wait until after your final exam is complete before the
make-up test will be given. Only one make-up test will be allowed following
the final. If you miss two or more tests during the quarter, the grade for the tests
missed will be zero (“0”)! No exceptions!! No make-up quizzes will be given.
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There will be no cell phone usage during class time. All cell phones will be
either turned off or put on vibrate. If you need to make a call or check messages,
this will be done at the assigned break time. If there is an emergency that requires
you to make a phone call, please ask instructor for permission. We realize that
there are extenuating circumstances and we will take those into consideration.
SAFETY: Please refer to the Diagnostic Medical Sonography Program Handbook and
Clinical Manual.
OTC Safety Plan: Go to the OTC website ( www.ogeecheetech.edu),scroll down to
Campus Safety, and you will find the link to the plan.
DISTRIBUTION OF GRADES:
Lecture Test- 50%
Homework, Quizzes-10%
Project- 15 %
Final- 25%
Tests will be scheduled throughout the quarter. . A grade of “C “or better is required to
proceed in the Diagnostic Medical Sonography program.
GRADING SCALE
A
B
C
D
F
90-100
80-89
70-79
60-69
59 and below
DISABILITY STATEMENT
Students with disabilities who believe that they may need accommodations in this class
based on the impact of the disability are encouraged to contact Penny Hendrix in the
Special Services Office, Room 332C, Kennedy Bldg., 912-486-7211, to coordinate
reasonable accommodations.
WORK ETHICS
Students will receive a work ethics grade each quarter for each fundamental and specific
course in which they enroll. The work ethics grade of 3, 2, 1, or 0 will not affect the
student’s academic grade point average (GPA). Work ethics grades will appear on the
student’s quarterly Student Grade Reports and Transcripts. Performance factors and
indicators include, but are not limited to, quality of work, ability to follow instructions,
productivity, dependability, honesty, reliability, attendance and punctuality, attitude, integrity,
enthusiasm, interpersonal skills, and initiative. The work ethics grade descriptions are
Exceeds expectations: 3
Meets expectations: 2
Needs improvement: 1
Unacceptable:
0
WARRANTY STATEMENT
The Department of Technical and Adult Education guarantees employers that graduates
of State Technical Colleges shall possess skills and knowledge as prescribed by State
Curriculum Standards. Should any graduate employee within two years of graduation be
deemed lacking in said skills, that student shall be retrained in any State Technical
College at no charge for instructional costs to either the student or the employer.
DISCLAIMER
The instructor reserves the right to amend or correct this course syllabus as necessary. If
the instructor amends or corrects this syllabus, students will be given a revised syllabus
or corrections.
Code of Conduct
Academic Policies:
“The term "cheating" includes, but is not limited to: (1) use of any unauthorized
assistance in taking quizzes, tests, or examinations; (2) dependence upon the aid of
sources beyond those authorized by the instructor in writing papers, preparing reports,
solving problems, or carrying out other assignments; or (3) the acquisition, without
permission, of tests or other academic material belonging to a member of the Technical
College faculty or staff.
The term "plagiarism" includes, but is not limited, to, the use, by paraphrase or direct
quotation, of the published or unpublished work of another person without full and clear
acknowledgment. It also includes the unacknowledged use of materials prepared by
another person or agency engaged in the selling of term papers or other academic
materials.”
For further explanations of the above information, please refer to the Ogeechee Technical
College Student Handbook and Planner.
“Academic misconduct is any act that does or could improperly distort students’ grades
or other student academic records. A student enrolls at Ogeechee Technical College to
gain technical skills to lead to greater employability. Academic misconduct is not only
“cheating” the student of learning the needed skills; it is an offense to the academic
integrity of the learning environment. All forms of academic dishonesty will call for
discipline.”
Ogeechee Technical College Student Handbook and Planner.
Alteration of any grade sheets through changing scores or filling in of blank spaces
after being graded is considered cheating. A student dismissed for cheating or
plagiarism will not be eligible for re-entry.