ETHN 14:
Introduction to Asian American Studies
Department of
Ethnic Studies &
Asian American
Studies Program
California State
University,
Sacramento
Week 9 Session 2
Midterm Review
Last Time
• Impact of the Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1965 on the
API community
• Discuss the Southeast Asian American experiences in the
United States
• Introduce midterm essay topics
Today
• Strategies for preparing for the midterm:
– Creating the proper mindset for preparing for and performing in exam
situations.
– Interpreting the prompts
– Developing theses from the evidence
– Creating an outline
– Making an argument
Developing a Positive Exam Mindset
• “Respect and expectation go hand-in-hand”
• FCP success:
–
–
–
–
More students are set to graduate than non-participating CSUS students
Higher GPAs
More students report stronger ties to peers, staff, and faculty
Increased use of campus resources
• Exams are opportunities for feedback and to improve academic
skills. Try not to think of them as judgments of your intelligence
or self-worth.
Developing a Positive Exam Mindset
• Preparation = Confidence
–
–
–
–
“Feel into the stress” and respond to it.
Tend to your health: Eat, sleep, and exercise well.
Working with others can help you to cope and recognize progress.
Having a plan helps to alleviate feeling overwhelmed and defeated.
Mid-Term Format
Monday, 11/2
• Three to four analytical essay topics will be developed from our
class’s cross-group analysis work. You will write on two of them
but will need to be prepared for all four.
Wednesday, 11/4
• Four identification terms. Short essay explanation of their
significance to the API experience and the class.
Suggested Strategy
• Interpret the prompt
• Explore possible evidence
• Synthesize evidence into a thesis
• Check to make sure the thesis and evidence respond to all of
the prompt
• Outline your essay
• Make an argument.
– Do more than summarize.
– Explain how your evidence proves your thesis!
Topic 1: Sociopolitical Context of API
Immigration
Asian American Studies scholars routinely situate the emergence of the
umbrella term “API” within a historical context of national expansion,
colonization, and marketplace dominance. As a result, a central dimension
of the collective Asian and Pacific Islander American experience is strong
similarities in the sociopolitical context of arrival to and settlement in the
United States among different national origin groups. Develop and defend a
thesis that characterizes this shared experience with regard to U.S. national
interest, labor market conditions, and immigration policy.
– The term API came about when the United States expanded, took over other
countries, and grew its economy.
– A commonality shared by different API groups is that each is connected to this
history of expansion, colonization, and globalization (international market
dominance).
– Create a defendable statement about what these groups have in common as
illustrated through the U.S.’s goals, labor needs, and immigration policy.
Evidence
Evidence
3
2
4
Thesis
Evidence
1
Evidence
Statement
- What do these
forms of evidence
have in common?
- Does this statement
address the prompt?
Evidence
5
Crosscutting
Themes
Chinese Americans
Japanese Americans
Filipino Americans
Pacific Islander Americans
Immigrant
Populations
Sojourner immigrants, Chinese
Women
Poor from rural areas and
Ryokyu Islands
First, second, and third waves.
Immigration and Naturalization
Act of 1965
Samoans,
Guamanians/Chamorros,
Tongans, Hawaiians
Settlement
Patterns
Pacific Coast: California
San Francisco
Pacific Coast, Hawaii, California
San Francisco
Second wave, Hawaii, Alaska,
and the Pacific coast (Stockton
– Key migratory hub)
Hawaii – Mormons, economics,
Laie (Country came to them,
they didn’t come to the country)
Factors that
influenced
Immigration
(Push-Pull)
Gold Rush, Fall of Saigon
Exclusion of Chinese,
Agriculture, Railroads, and
domestic work
Spanish American War,
Alaskeros, Immigration and
Naturalization Act of 1965,
World War II, Pensionados
Westernization, World War II,
Department of the Interior, 1950
Organic Act, “Land of
Opportunity” Family
reunification
Labor
Agriculture, WWII economy
Railroads
Domestic Services (Laundries)
Agriculture, Railroads, and
domestic work
Alaskeros, The Great
Depression, Carlos Bulosan,
Agriculture, Domestic service
Faasamoa, Modernization,
Unskilled; semi-skilled labor
(e.g. custodians, cooks, clerks)
Country of
Origin’s
Relationship
with US
Government
Immigration Act of 1965, The
Good Earth, Arrival of Chinese
Women, Ping Pong Diplomacy
Gentlemen’s Agreement, Meiji
Revolution, Attack on Pearl
Harbor
Pensionados, Imperialism,
colonization, PhilippineAmerican War, Tydings
McDuffie Act
American Samoa/Western
Samoa
Dole vs. Cleveland
Exclusion,
Surveillance,
and
Discrimination
Foreign Miner’s Tax
Chinese Exclusion Act
Ordinances on Living and Labor
Conditions, Cold War, Hiram
Fong, FOB/ABC, Dr. Wen Ho
Lee
San Francisco School Board
incident, Anti-miscegenation
laws, restrictive covenants,
Alien Land Act (1913 and
1920), CWIRC/Exec Order
9066
Anti-Miscegenation laws, The
Great Depression, Watsonville
Riot, fight for Affirmative Action
Christian Missionaries
Great Mahele
Community
Institutions
Family Associations, Paper
Sons
Six Companies
Native Sons of the Golden
State, levels of educaiton
Japanese Association of
America, Japanese American
Citizens League (JACL)
Catholicism, Visayan, Tagalog,
and Illocano, Lodges—Men’s
women’s and youth and
churces
Matai, Haole society, plantation
life, and Hawaiian traditional
culture, Hawaiian Homes
Commission, Council of
Hawaiian Organizations
Cultural
representations
of the racialized
“other”
Hatchet men, Yellow Peril,
Model Minorities, Tianaman
Square
The second generation
Japanese Problem, Yellow
Peril, Scientific racism/social
darwinism
“Little Brown Brothers”
Allos in America is in the Heart
Meed-Freeman controversy,
colonization, imperialism,
Comparison between Native
Hawaiians and Americans
Generations and
Acculturation
Native Sons of the Golden
State, FOBs ABCs
Issei, Nisei, Sanseil; redress
Pre- and post-1965; “Bridge
generation”
Refugee processing centers,
Generational role reversal,
Crosscutting Themes
South Asian Americans
Korean Americans
Southeast Asian Americans
Immigrant
Populations
Sojourner immigrants, Punjabi,
Pakistanis, Bangladeshis, Majority men
Whole families, War Brides, First, second
and third waves
Refugees: Vietnamese, Laotians (Hmong
and Lao), Cambodians, and ethnic
Chinese. First and second generation
Settlement Patterns
Mainly Western US, but dispersed
Northern Sacramento Valley, Imperial
Valley, Tech communities
Hawaii, California
Early Waves: urban; Third wave:
suburban LA county; South Central LA;
Dispersed settlement
Resettlement programs; Minneapolis,
Fresno
Factors that
influenced
Immigration (PushPull)
1946 Act
Railroads
Immigration Act of 1965
Japanese Occupation of Korea
Korean War
Immigration and Naturalization Act of
1965
Vietnam War; “Push immigrants” vs. “Pull
Immigrants”, Dienbienphu
Labor
Gujuarato, Dalip Singh Saund, Post1965: skilled, technical, management,
highly educated
Agriculture
Family business model
Agricuture; unskilled labor
Country of Origin’s
Relationship with US
Government
British colonization 9/11
Treaty at Chamulpo
Korean War
Student refugees
Vietnam War, Cold War
Exclusion,
Surveillance, and
Discrimination
Thind Case
Alien Land Act (1920)
Hemet Valley Incident
Language Gap
Familiarity with institutions
Riots of 1992
Few jobs, Goal was to scatter
resettlement, nativist resentment of
assistance, discrimination based on
language status
Community
Institutions
Indian League of America, Gadar
Movement
Family
Christian Church
Presbyterianism
Family business model
Strain on local agencies, Southeast Asian
Mutual Assistance programs, Little
Saigon
Cultural
representations of the
racialized “other”
Terrorists, ”Least Desirable Race”
M*A*S*H*
Movie, Falling Down
Riots of 1992
Child brides, boat people
Generations and
Acculturation
Immigration Act of 1965
Refugee processing centers,
Generational role reversal, language
difficulties, cultural challenges
Topic 2: Cultural Representations,
Discrimination, and Maintaining Privilege
Numerous stereotypes experienced by API groups reflect a history of
orientalism, or an assumption by westerners that easterners are
“cultural others.” Some examples include yellow peril, perpetual
foreigners, and the model minority. Oftentimes, representations like
these justify forms of discrimination. Develop and argue a thesis that
explores how cultural representations of Asian and Pacific Islander
Americans promote and maintain a system of material wealth and
privilege for those of the dominant culture in the United States.
Crosscutting
Themes
Chinese Americans
Japanese Americans
Filipino Americans
Pacific Islander Americans
Immigrant
Populations
Sojourner immigrants, Chinese
Women
Poor from rural areas and
Ryokyu Islands
First, second, and third waves.
Immigration and Naturalization
Act of 1965
Samoans,
Guamanians/Chamorros,
Tongans, Hawaiians
Settlement
Patterns
Pacific Coast: California
San Francisco
Pacific Coast, Hawaii, California
San Francisco
Second wave, Hawaii, Alaska,
and the Pacific coast (Stockton
– Key migratory hub)
Hawaii – Mormons, economics,
Laie (Country came to them,
they didn’t come to the country)
Factors that
influenced
Immigration
(Push-Pull)
Gold Rush, Fall of Saigon
Exclusion of Chinese,
Agriculture, Railroads, and
domestic work
Spanish American War,
Alaskeros, Immigration and
Naturalization Act of 1965,
World War II, Pensionados
Westernization, World War II,
Department of the Interior, 1950
Organic Act, “Land of
Opportunity” Family
reunification
Labor
Agriculture, WWII economy
Railroads
Domestic Services (Laundries)
Agriculture, Railroads, and
domestic work
Alaskeros, The Great
Depression, Carlos Bulosan,
Agriculture, Domestic service
Faasamoa, Modernization,
Unskilled; semi-skilled labor
(e.g. custodians, cooks, clerks)
Country of
Origin’s
Relationship
with US
Government
Immigration Act of 1965, The
Good Earth, Arrival of Chinese
Women, Ping Pong Diplomacy
Gentlemen’s Agreement, Meiji
Revolution, Attack on Pearl
Harbor
Pensionados, Imperialism,
colonization, PhilippineAmerican War, Tydings
McDuffie Act
American Samoa/Western
Samoa
Dole vs. Cleveland
Exclusion,
Surveillance,
and
Discrimination
Foreign Miner’s Tax
Chinese Exclusion Act
Ordinances on Living and Labor
Conditions, Cold War, Hiram
Fong, FOB/ABC, Dr. Wen Ho
Lee
San Francisco School Board
incident, Anti-miscegenation
laws, restrictive covenants,
Alien Land Act (1913 and
1920), CWIRC/Exec Order
9066
Anti-Miscegenation laws, The
Great Depression, Watsonville
Riot, fight for Affirmative Action
Christian Missionaries
Great Mahele
Community
Institutions
Family Associations, Paper
Sons
Six Companies
Native Sons of the Golden
State, levels of educaiton
Japanese Association of
America, Japanese American
Citizens League (JACL)
Catholicism, Visayan, Tagalog,
and Illocano, Lodges—Men’s
women’s and youth and
churces
Matai, Haole society, plantation
life, and Hawaiian traditional
culture, Hawaiian Homes
Commission, Council of
Hawaiian Organizations
Cultural
representations
of the racialized
“other”
Hatchet men, Yellow Peril,
Model Minorities, Tianaman
Square
The second generation
Japanese Problem, Yellow
Peril, Scientific racism/social
darwinism
“Little Brown Brothers”
Allos in America is in the Heart
Meed-Freeman controversy,
colonization, imperialism,
Comparison between Native
Hawaiians and Americans
Generations and
Acculturation
Native Sons of the Golden
State, FOBs ABCs
Issei, Nisei, Sanseil; redress
Pre- and post-1965; “Bridge
generation”
Refugee processing centers,
Generational role reversal,
Crosscutting Themes
South Asian Americans
Korean Americans
Southeast Asian Americans
Immigrant
Populations
Sojourner immigrants, Punjabi,
Pakistanis, Bangladeshis, Majority men
Whole families, War Brides, First, second
and third waves
Refugees: Vietnamese, Laotians (Hmong
and Lao), Cambodians, and ethnic
Chinese. First and second generation
Settlement Patterns
Mainly Western US, but dispersed
Northern Sacramento Valley, Imperial
Valley, Tech communities
Hawaii, California
Early Waves: urban; Third wave:
suburban LA county; South Central LA;
Dispersed settlement
Resettlement programs; Minneapolis,
Fresno
Factors that
influenced
Immigration (PushPull)
1946 Act
Railroads
Immigration Act of 1965
Japanese Occupation of Korea
Korean War
Immigration and Naturalization Act of
1965
Vietnam War; “Push immigrants” vs. “Pull
Immigrants”, Dienbienphu
Labor
Gujuarato, Dalip Singh Saund, Post1965: skilled, technical, management,
highly educated
Agriculture
Family business model
Agricuture; unskilled labor
Country of Origin’s
Relationship with US
Government
British colonization 9/11
Treaty at Chamulpo
Korean War
Student refugees
Vietnam War, Cold War
Exclusion,
Surveillance, and
Discrimination
Thind Case
Alien Land Act (1920)
Hemet Valley Incident
Language Gap
Familiarity with institutions
Riots of 1992
Few jobs, Goal was to scatter
resettlement, nativist resentment of
assistance, discrimination based on
language status
Community
Institutions
Indian League of America, Gadar
Movement
Family
Christian Church
Presbyterianism
Family business model
Strain on local agencies, Southeast Asian
Mutual Assistance programs, Little
Saigon
Cultural
representations of the
racialized “other”
Terrorists, ”Least Desirable Race”
M*A*S*H*
Movie, Falling Down
Riots of 1992
Child brides, boat people
Generations and
Acculturation
Immigration Act of 1965
Refugee processing centers,
Generational role reversal, language
difficulties, cultural challenges
Evidence
Evidence
3
2
4
Thesis
Evidence
1
Evidence
Statement
- What do these
forms of evidence
have in common?
- Does this statement
address the prompt?
Evidence
5
Topic 3: Structural Influences on
Acculturation
Historically, social scientists viewed ethnic group arrival, settlement,
and adaptation through the lens of assimilation. The guiding
assumption of their analyses was that all groups eventually lose their
cultural differences to become part of the dominant group. In more
recent decades, scholars moved away from assimilation theory to
acculturation theory. Acculturation theory rejects the “all or nothing”
and linear view of culture (culture does not “get lost,” it evolves).
Instead, ethnic group arrival, settlement, and adaptation are viewed as
negotiations, or an ongoing process of “picking and choosing”
between cultural rituals, forms, values, and influences. Develop and
argue a thesis that explores how structural factors influenced API
acculturation in the United States.
Crosscutting
Themes
Chinese Americans
Japanese Americans
Filipino Americans
Pacific Islander Americans
Immigrant
Populations
Sojourner immigrants, Chinese
Women
Poor from rural areas and
Ryokyu Islands
First, second, and third waves.
Immigration and Naturalization
Act of 1965
Samoans,
Guamanians/Chamorros,
Tongans, Hawaiians
Settlement
Patterns
Pacific Coast: California
San Francisco
Pacific Coast, Hawaii, California
San Francisco
Second wave, Hawaii, Alaska,
and the Pacific coast (Stockton
– Key migratory hub)
Hawaii – Mormons, economics,
Laie (Country came to them,
they didn’t come to the country)
Factors that
influenced
Immigration
(Push-Pull)
Gold Rush, Fall of Saigon
Exclusion of Chinese,
Agriculture, Railroads, and
domestic work
Spanish American War,
Alaskeros, Immigration and
Naturalization Act of 1965,
World War II, Pensionados
Westernization, World War II,
Department of the Interior, 1950
Organic Act, “Land of
Opportunity” Family
reunification
Labor
Agriculture, WWII economy
Railroads
Domestic Services (Laundries)
Agriculture, Railroads, and
domestic work
Alaskeros, The Great
Depression, Carlos Bulosan,
Agriculture, Domestic service
Faasamoa, Modernization,
Unskilled; semi-skilled labor
(e.g. custodians, cooks, clerks)
Country of
Origin’s
Relationship
with US
Government
Immigration Act of 1965, The
Good Earth, Arrival of Chinese
Women, Ping Pong Diplomacy
Gentlemen’s Agreement, Meiji
Revolution, Attack on Pearl
Harbor
Pensionados, Imperialism,
colonization, PhilippineAmerican War, Tydings
McDuffie Act
American Samoa/Western
Samoa
Dole vs. Cleveland
Exclusion,
Surveillance,
and
Discrimination
Foreign Miner’s Tax
Chinese Exclusion Act
Ordinances on Living and Labor
Conditions, Cold War, Hiram
Fong, FOB/ABC, Dr. Wen Ho
Lee
San Francisco School Board
incident, Anti-miscegenation
laws, restrictive covenants,
Alien Land Act (1913 and
1920), CWIRC/Exec Order
9066
Anti-Miscegenation laws, The
Great Depression, Watsonville
Riot, fight for Affirmative Action
Christian Missionaries
Great Mahele
Community
Institutions
Family Associations, Paper
Sons
Six Companies
Native Sons of the Golden
State, levels of educaiton
Japanese Association of
America, Japanese American
Citizens League (JACL)
Catholicism, Visayan, Tagalog,
and Illocano, Lodges—Men’s
women’s and youth and
churces
Matai, Haole society, plantation
life, and Hawaiian traditional
culture, Hawaiian Homes
Commission, Council of
Hawaiian Organizations
Cultural
representations
of the racialized
“other”
Hatchet men, Yellow Peril,
Model Minorities, Tianaman
Square
The second generation
Japanese Problem, Yellow
Peril, Scientific racism/social
darwinism
“Little Brown Brothers”
Allos in America is in the Heart
Meed-Freeman controversy,
colonization, imperialism,
Comparison between Native
Hawaiians and Americans
Generations and
Acculturation
Native Sons of the Golden
State, FOBs ABCs
Issei, Nisei, Sanseil; redress
Pre- and post-1965; “Bridge
generation”
Refugee processing centers,
Generational role reversal,
Crosscutting Themes
South Asian Americans
Korean Americans
Southeast Asian Americans
Immigrant
Populations
Sojourner immigrants, Punjabi,
Pakistanis, Bangladeshis, Majority men
Whole families, War Brides, First, second
and third waves
Refugees: Vietnamese, Laotians (Hmong
and Lao), Cambodians, and ethnic
Chinese. First and second generation
Settlement Patterns
Mainly Western US, but dispersed
Northern Sacramento Valley, Imperial
Valley, Tech communities
Hawaii, California
Early Waves: urban; Third wave:
suburban LA county; South Central LA;
Dispersed settlement
Resettlement programs; Minneapolis,
Fresno
Factors that
influenced
Immigration (PushPull)
1946 Act
Railroads
Immigration Act of 1965
Japanese Occupation of Korea
Korean War
Immigration and Naturalization Act of
1965
Vietnam War; “Push immigrants” vs. “Pull
Immigrants”, Dienbienphu
Labor
Gujuarato, Dalip Singh Saund, Post1965: skilled, technical, management,
highly educated
Agriculture
Family business model
Agricuture; unskilled labor
Country of Origin’s
Relationship with US
Government
British colonization 9/11
Treaty at Chamulpo
Korean War
Student refugees
Vietnam War, Cold War
Exclusion,
Surveillance, and
Discrimination
Thind Case
Alien Land Act (1920)
Hemet Valley Incident
Language Gap
Familiarity with institutions
Riots of 1992
Few jobs, Goal was to scatter
resettlement, nativist resentment of
assistance, discrimination based on
language status
Community
Institutions
Indian League of America, Gadar
Movement
Family
Christian Church
Presbyterianism
Family business model
Strain on local agencies, Southeast Asian
Mutual Assistance programs, Little
Saigon
Cultural
representations of the
racialized “other”
Terrorists, ”Least Desirable Race”
M*A*S*H*
Movie, Falling Down
Riots of 1992
Child brides, boat people
Generations and
Acculturation
Immigration Act of 1965
Refugee processing centers,
Generational role reversal, language
difficulties, cultural challenges
Evidence
Evidence
3
2
4
Thesis
Evidence
1
Evidence
Statement
- What do these
forms of evidence
have in common?
- Does this statement
address the prompt?
Evidence
5
To Prepare for Next Session
• Review for Midterm Exam
• A list of possible identification terms will be posted to
the course website by Friday evening.