LUCKNOW PACT
KHILAFAT MOVEMENT
BACKGROUND
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First World War started in 1914.
Indians sacrificed a lot in terms of lives,
manpower, supplies, finances and
patience with high prices for
wheat,rice,kerosine etc.
The Muslims had reservations about
Turkey and going to dispel their
pro-British reputation
 The
growing mood of determination to
participate in governing the subcontinent
led to the Lucknow Pact between the
Muslim League and the Congress in
1916.
 Quaid-i-Azam joined Muslim League
in1913 which gave a new dimension to
Indian Politics.
 Muslim League had already demanded
self rule for India as had the Congress.
 The
Muslims were demanding for
separate electorates. Both parties were
demanding same privileges.
 Leaders from both sides agreed to cooperate to bring the government around
to accept their demands.
Major points
 Both
parties reached on an agreement in
1916 in Lucknow called “Lucknow Pact”.
 The Congress conceded to electorates for
muslims and acknowledged them as a
separate nation.
 Hindus and Muslims should be guaranteed
a certain number of seats in areas where
they were a minority.
 Muslims
gave up their claims to
majorities in Punjab and Bengal in return
of a promise of extra seats for Muslims in
minority Provinces.
 Muhammad Ali Jinnah was principal
negotiator of this pact and was entitled as
“ Ambassador of Hindu-Muslim unity", by
Mrs. Sairojni Naidu.
 Jinnah
visited Europe along with Gokhle
after this pact
 British recognized the problems,
contributions and determinations of
Indians and announced their intentions of
granting gradual self-government within
the Empire on 20 august 1917.
Khilafat Movement
Background

Muslims of India had an emotional
attachment with Caliphate.
 They considered Ottoman Empire as their
Caliphate.
 Sultan of Turkey was considered as
Ameer-ul-Momneen by Indian Muslims as
they did not have their own identity and
always saw towards Ottoman Caliph
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European powers curtail the Turkish
Empire by occupying Eastern Thrace,
Constantinople and the straits in Balkan
wars in 1912-13.
Turkey joined Germans in 1st World War
to avenge the European Powers.
Sympathies of Indian Muslims were with
Turkey.

Germany Lost the War.
 The British hoped to neutralize the status
of the Caliph and the right of the Turks to
their homeland.
 The Peace settlement and the Treaty of
Severs broke of the Ottoman Empire and
reduced Sultan to the status of Vassal
Prince.
 Muslim Holy Places were placed under the
hold of Allied Forces.

Majlis-i-Khilafat was made by traders in
Bombay in 1919.
 Muslim Conference’s meeting held in
Lucknow and decided to make it mass
scale movement.
 Seth Jaan Muhammad Chhutani was as
elected president.
 Muslims Of India launched this movement
to fight Turkey’s battle from India though
they were thousands of miles from Turkey.
Objectives
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To maintain the Turkish caliphate
 To protect the Holy Places of the Muslims
 To maintain the unity of the Ottoman
Empire
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Riots started in Amritsar in April 1919
followed by Jalianwala Bagh tragedy on
April13,1919 killing 379 people.
 In1920 terms of Treaty of severs were
announced caused deep resentment
among Muslims.
 In June, 90 Muslim leaders wrote to
viceroy about their non-cooperation with
government from August if terms of treaty
were not revised , but that was of no use.

Muslim Conference and Congress both
were demanding the Independence of
India.
 Congress leaders decided to cooperate
with Muslims in the time of need.
 A Meeting held and decided to cooperate
each other un-conditionally and to send a
delegation to viceroy and to England to
explain the matter.
 Non-cooperation movement was started in
1920.
Khilafat Delegation to England
Khilafat delegation visited England under
leadership of Moulana Muhammad Ali
Johar and met Prime Minister Lloyd
George, but he gave a cold shoulder and
delegation met failure.
Hijrat Movement

Jamiyat Ulema-i-Hind proposed that when
a land is not safe for Islam, a Muslim has
two options-Jihad or Hijrat.
 Fatwa was signed by 925 prominent
Ulemas.
 Hundreds of Families sold their properties
and migrated towards Afghanistan, but
were not allowed to enter in the premises
of the state.
 This was a tragic event as thousands of
Muslim Families suffered.
Major Events
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In 1921,Moplah uprising,400 were killed
and tens of thousands were injured.
Moplah train tragedy,66 were killed.
Hindu-Muslim communal riots particularly
in Multan and Bengal.
Arrest of Ali brethren in Sep.1921.
Feb 1922,Chaura Chauri incident, 21
policemen killed.

Gandhi called off the whole movement
making an excuse that the National
Volunteers were responsible for the
murder of policemen.
 A sever blow to Khilafat Movement. When
in 1924 Turks announced an end to
Khilafat and made a new government.
 Khilafat conference and committee died
down in a short time and there was
nothing but the name remained
COMMENTS

Movement failed to achieve its objectives
but carried to political awakening to
Muslims.
 Made clear to Indian Muslims neither to
trust the British nor the Hindus.
 Movement was a sever blow to All India
Muslim League’s popularity