Things to know for the APHG exam
You will need to be able to give examples or identify examples of particular concepts. These are on your
classnotes and/or handouts and notecards. If you did not take classnotes, make notecards, or keep your
handouts, perhaps you can find someone to help you with that. Your book has examples of course, and
don’t forget my notes online. Notice that I have removed a few of the terms,etc that I know are not on the
exam.
While exam covers all units, more exam questions come from units 2 and 3.
Unit One (Chapter one)
built landscape
sequent occupance
Carl Sauer’s Cultural Landscape theory
Diffusion: relocation; expansion, hierarchical, contagious, stimulus
hearth
independent invention
distance decay
Direction (absolute; relative)
Epidemic vs. Pandemic
Environmental Determinism Theory
Possibilism Theory
Location (absolute; relative)
Site
Situation
toponym
Region (formal/uniform; functional/nodal; perceptual/vernacular)
Scale
Size
Distortion
Geographic Information System (GIS)
Global Positioning System (GPS)
Maps: types of thematic or statistical (cartogram, dot, choropleth, isoline)
Mental map
Projection (Mercator, Robinson)
Remote sensing
Pay particular attention to:
Be able to define all terms and give examples or differentiate them from another term
Site vs. situation: definition and examples
Maps: types, projections, distortion
Scale: large vs. small
Differentiate between different types of regions
Differentiate between different types of diffusion
Unit Two: Population and Migration (chs. 2 and 3)
Chapter Two: Population
Age distribution
Carrying capacity
Cohort
Demographic equation
Demographic momentum
Demographic Transition model
Dependency ratio
Doubling time
Ecumene
Infant mortality rate
J-curve
Malthus, Thomas
Mortality
Natality
Neo-Malthusian
Overpopulation
Population densities
Population distributions
Population projection
Population pyramid
Rate of natural increase
S-curve
Sex ratio
Standard of living
Sustainability
Zero population growth
Arithmetic density vs Physiologic density
crude birth rate
crude death rate
pro-natalist (expansive) policy
anti-natalist (restrictive) policy
Chapter 3: Migration
asylum
Chain migration
Cyclic movement
Distance decay
Forced migration
Gravity model
guest workers
Internal migration
Intervening opportunity
Migration patterns
• Intercontinental
• Interregional
• Rural-urban
Migratory movement
Periodic movement
Push-pull factors
internal Refugee
international refugee
Ravenstein’s laws of migration
Step migration
Transhumance
Transmigration
Voluntary migration
Xenophobia
remittances
quotas
Pay particular attention to:
Be able to define all terms and give examples or differentiate them from another term
Contrast physiological and arithmetic density; give example of each
Know major population clusters, internationally and here in the US
Population trends in the US, Europe, Africa, and Asia, both current and historical
Migration trends in the US, Europe, Africa
Analyze population pyramids and relate to population trends.
Demographic transition model: know phases, causes of phases (historical and present), relate to current world
population trends and areas.
Know population statistical terms and their significance, esp. TFR, CBR, CDR
Be able to identify Ravenstein’s laws of migration
Push vs. Pull factors: identify examples
Unit Three: Culture (Chapters 4-7)
Chapter Four: Local Culture, Popular Culture, and Cultural Landscapes
Acculturation
Assimilation
Built environment
Commodification/authenticity
Cultural core/periphery pattern
Cultural landscape
Culture
Culture region
• Formal—core, periphery
• Functional—node
• Vernacular (perceptual)—regional self-awareness
Diffusion types
• Expansion—hearth, hierarchical, contagious, stimulus
• Relocation
Distance decay/time-space compression
Ethnic neighborhoods
Folk culture
Global-local continuum
Local Culture
Maladaptive diffusion
Material/nonmaterial culture
Neolocalism
Popular culture
Reterritorialization
Sequent occupance
Chapter Five: Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and Sexuality
Ethnicity Terms
Barrio
Chain migration
Cultural shatterbelt
Ethnic cleansing
Ethnic enclave
Ethnic group
Ethnic homeland
Gender
Dowry death
Enfranchisement
Gender Terms
Gender gap
Infanticide
Longevity gap
Maternal mortality rate
Ethnic landscape
Ethnicity
Ethnocentrism
Ghetto
Plural society
Race
Segregation
Chapter Six: Language
Creole
Dialect
Indo-European languages
Isogloss
Language
Language family/subfamily
Lingua franca
Monolingual/multilingual
Official language
Pidgin
Seven: Religion
Buddhism
Christianity
Confucianism
Ethnic religion
Enclave/Exclave
Fundamentalism
Hinduism
Interfaith boundaries
Islam
Jihad
Judaism
Monotheism/polytheism
Mormonism
Muslim pilgrimage
Religion (groups, places)
Religious architectural styles
Religious conflict
Religious culture hearth
Religious toponym
Sacred space
Secularism
Sharia law
Shintoism
Sikhism
Pay particular attention to:
Be able to define all terms and give examples or differentiate them from another term
Be able to give geographic location of the major religions, both internationally and in the US
Be able to give geographic location of the major ethnic groups in the US
Identify dominant languages
Give examples of linguistic conflicts
Give examples of religious conflict, both among different religions (Northern Ireland) and within the same religion
(Shi’a vs Sunni)
Compare/contrast local and popular cultures, especially in the US
Be able to give examples of gender inequality
Unit IV. Political Organization of Space
Autocracy
Balkanization
Berlin Conference of 1884
Boundary, disputes (definitional, locational, operational, allocational)
Boundary, type (natural/physical, ethnographic/cultural, geometric)
Buffer state
Centrifugal forces
Centripetal forces
City-state
Colony/colonialism
Confederation
Decolonization
Democracy
Democratization/Arab Spring
Devolution
Enclave/Exclave
European Union
Federal system
Gerrymandering
Mackinder’s Heartland Theory (vs. Rimland Theory)
Irredentism
Landlocked states
Mercantilism
Multinational states
Multi-state nations
Nation
Nationalism
Nation-states
NATO
Ratzel’s German School/Organic Theory
Reapportionment
Shatterbelt
Sovereignty
Stateless nations
Supranational organizations
Territorial morphology (compact, fragmented, elongated, prorupted, perforated)
The Law of the Sea/Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)
Territoriality
Unilateralism
Unitary
United Nations
Wallerstein’s World Systems Theory: Core/Periphery/Semi-periphery Processes
Pay particular attention to:
Be able to define all terms and give examples or differentiate them from another term
Identify types of boundaries and give examples of advantages and disadvantages.
Identify national boundary shapes and give examples of advantages and disadvantages.