Chapter 1
Introduction to Machinery Principles
Edit by Chi-Shan Yu
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Instructor
• 俞齊山 (Chi-Shan Yu),
• E-mail: chsyu@tea.ntue.edu.tw
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Text book and supplementary materials
of this course
• Stephen J. Chapman
• , PH PTR , 5th edition (Feb.
18, 2011), 東華書局代理
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Reference book
• A. E. Fitzgerald, Electric
Machinery, McGraw-Hill
, 6th edition (July 25,
2002)
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Electric Machinery
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Introduction to Electric machinery
Fundamental
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Introduction to Electric machinery
Fundamental
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What to learn in this course ?
• Energy Conversion schemes are the key ideas
introduced in this course
• Which types of energy conversion are concerned?
• Electric energy to electric energy
– Transformer
• Electric energy to mechanical energy
– Motor
• Mechanical energy to electric energy
– Generator
• Magnetic energy is essential !
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Course Outlines - Overview of relative
electromagnetic theories (3wks)
• Magnetic field: Ampere’s law
• Magnetic flux: magnetic material, hysteresis characteristics
• Transformer: Faraday’s law, Len’s law
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Course Outlines - Overview of relative
electromagnetic theories (conti)
• Magnetic circuit
• Motor/generator: Induced voltage, induced force
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Course Outlines - Transformer (3wks)
• Ideal/non-ideal transformer
• Equivalent transformer circuit
• Voltage regulation, efficiency
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Course Outlines - Basic electric machine
(motor/generator) theories (3wks)
• AC machine : induction machine, synchronous
machine
• DC machine : separated excited, shunt excited, series
excited, compound excited
• How the motor rotates ?
– Torque/speed
• How the generator to build output voltage ?
– Voltage/current
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Course Outline - induction
(asynchronous) machine (3wks)
• Induction motor (IM) – the most widely used ac
motor in the world
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Structure and operation theories of IM
Equivalent circuit of IM
Torque/speed characteristics
Basic motor control
• Induction generator (seldom used)
– Output voltage control
– Voltage/current characteristics
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Course Outline - synchronous machine
(3wks)
• Synchronous generator (SG) – the most widely used
generator in the world
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Structure and operation theories of SG
Equivalent circuit of SG
Voltage/current characteristics
Parallel operation
• Synchronous motor
– Operation principles
– Starting of synchronous motor
– Torque/speed characteristics
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History of Electric Machinery
DC generator, driven
by steam engines
Waterwheel-driven DC
generator installed in
Appleton, Wisconsin
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1882
Thomas A. Edison opens
Pearl St. Station, NYC
History of Electric Machinery
1884
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Frank J. Sprague
produces DC motor for
Edison systems
History of Electric Machinery
1885
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William Stanley
develops commercially
practical transformer
History of Electric Machinery
Nikola Tesla presents
paper on two-phase ac
induction and
1888
synchronous motors
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Today’s development
• DC Machine
– Motor
– Generator
• Transformer
– Single phase
– Three phases
• AC Machine
– Synchronous machine – motor, generator
– Asynchronous machine (induction machine) – motor,
generator
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Today’s development and future trends
• Micro-step stepping motor
• Permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM)
– Brushless dc motor (BLDCM)
• Linear motor
• Reluctance motor
– Synchronous reluctance
– Switched reluctance
• Ultrasonic motor
• Bionic robotics
• MEMS motor
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Course relation
• 碩/博班入學與高考科目
• It is the fundamental course of the electrical
engineering
• Future courses
–
–
–
–
–
–
Power electronics
Motor control
Electric motor drive
Power systems
Renewable energy
Electrical vehicle
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Chapter 1. Introduction to machinery
principles
1. Rotation motion, Newton’s law and power
relationships
2. The magnetic field
3. Faraday’s law
4. Produce an induced force on a wire
5. Produce an induced voltage on a conductor
6. Linear dc machine examples
7. Real, reactive and apparatus power in AC circuits
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Rotation motion, Newton’s law and
power relationships
• Clockwise (CW) and Counterclockwise (CCW)
– CCW is assumed as the positive direction, CW is assumed as
the negative direction.
• Linear and rotation motion
– Position and angular
(meter) (degree or radian)
– Speed and angular speed
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Rotation motion, Newton’s law and
power relationships
– relationships
– Acceleration and angular acceleration
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Torque
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Torque
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Newton’s law of rotation
1. Force
2. Torque
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Torque and Work
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Power (rate of doing work)
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Conversion between watts and
horsepower
1. Watts and horsepower
2. Conversion between two units
5252 / 7.04 = 746.02
1hp = 746W = 0.746kW
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The magnetic field
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Produce a magnetic field – Ampere’s law
1. The magnetic field is produced by ampere’s law
2. The core is a ferromagnetic material
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From the magnetic field to magnetic flux
density
1. When the magnetic field is applied on a
ferromagnetic material, the magnetic flux density B
will be produced
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Magnetic flux density and magnetic flux
1. Magnetic flux density
2. Magnetic flux
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Magnetic Circuit – magnetomotive force
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Magnetic circuit
1. Magnetic circuit
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Electric circuit and magnetic circuit
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Reluctance in magnetic circuit
1. Series connection
2. Parallel connection
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The errors in magnetic circuit
computation
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The errors in magnetic circuit
computation
4. Air gap “fringing effect”
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Example 1-1
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Magnetic circuit
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MATLAB Programs
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Example 1-2
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Example 1-2
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Example 1-3
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Magnetic behavior of ferromagnetic
material - Saturation
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Magnetic curve for a typical steel
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A plot of relative permeability mr
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Example 1-4
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Example 1-5
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Energy loss in ferromagnetic core –
hysteresis loss
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Hysteresis loop – residual flux
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The effect of magnetomotive force on the
hysteresis loop
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Magnetization curve
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Hysteresis loss
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Hysteresis loss
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Faraday’s law – induce voltage from a
time-varying magnetic field
1. Induced voltage magnitude and polarity
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The induced voltage polarity – Lenz’s law
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Flux and flux linkage
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Example 1-6
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Produce an induced force on a wire
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Example 1-7
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Example 1-7
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Relationship between electric-magnetic
variables
• Magnetic field: Ampere’s law
• Magnetic flux: magnetic material, hysteresis characteristics
• Transformer: Faraday’s law, Len’s law
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Induced voltage on a conductor
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Example 1-8
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Example 1-9
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The linear DC machine – a simple
example
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Starting a linear DC machine
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Starting a linear DC machine
1. Current
2. Induced force
3. Induced voltage
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Starting a linear DC machine
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Summarize of a dc machine starting
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DC linear machine operates at no-load
condition
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Linear dc motor
• While the load is applied
• The conversion power between mechanical and
electrical
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Summarize of a dc motor operation
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Linear dc generator
• While the external force is applied on the moving
direction
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Summarize of a dc generator operation
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Starting problem of dc linear machine
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Example 1-10
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Example 1-10
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Matlab/Simulink simulation
• Equations:
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F = ilB
e = vBl
i = (Vb-e) / R
dv/dt = (F-Fload)/m
• Simulation parameters:
– Vb=120V, R=0.3W, l = 1m
– B=0.6T, m=0.1kg
– Fload=10(u-1)-20(u-2) nt
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Matlab/Simulink simulation
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Real, reactive and apparatus power in AC
circuits
• Power in DC circuit
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Real, reactive and apparatus power in AC
circuits
• AC source applies power to an impedance Z
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Instantaneous power
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Instantaneous power
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Average power and reactive power
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Reactive power Q and apparatus power S
1. Reactive power Q (var) is defined from
instantaneous power
2. Apparatus power S (VA) is defined to represent the
product of voltage and current magnitudes
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Complex power representation
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Complex power representation
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Power direction
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Power factor
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Example 1-11
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Three phase concepts
• The three phase concepts are also introduced in
Appendix
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