CHAPTER 11 - HUMAN DEVELOPMENT - EXAM
Multiple Choice
Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
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____
1. The ____ stage of prenatal development lasts from two months after conception through birth.
a. fetal
b. germinal
c. embryonic
d. zygote
2. The approximately nine months of prenatal development occurs in three phases in the following sequence:
a. embryonic, germinal, fetal
b. fertilization, germinal, fetal
c. germinal, embryonic, fetal
d. germinal, fetal, embryonic
3. The third stage of prenatal development, which lasts from two months through birth, is referred to as the
a. postgerminal stage
b. embryonic stage
c. fetal stage
d. postnatal stage
4. In learning to crawl, children initially depend on their arms to propel them and later shift to using their legs.
This motor development sequence is an example of
a. the cephalocaudal trend
b. the proximodistal trend
c. the cephalopedal trend
d. encephalitis
5. The germinal stage of prenatal development is
a. the first two weeks after conception
b. from two weeks until the end of the second month after conception
c. from two months after conception through birth
d. the first three months after conception
6. If a child is born with a small head, heart defects, irritability, hyperactivity, and retarded mental and motor
development, the mother most likely ____ during her pregnancy.
a. consumed excessive amounts of alcohol
b. smoked excessively
c. was severely malnourished
d. had a disease such as rubella, syphilis or mumps
7. The age of viability, referring to the age at which the fetus ____, is reached ____.
a. can first respond to stimulation; at about 9 weeks
b. can survive if born prematurely; between 22 and 26 weeks
c. first has a heartbeat; at about 16 weeks
d. experiences no further cell division in the brain; between 36 and 38 weeks
8. According to the ____ trend, you would expect your newborn niece to be able to raise her head when on her
stomach before she can sit.
a. maturational
b. developmental
c. cephalocaudal
d. proximodistal
____
____
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9. What is the major conclusion from Thomas and Chess' longitudinal study of temperament?
a. Children's temperaments tend to go through predictable stages.
b. The temperament of the child is not a good predictor of the temperament of the adult.
c. Opposites attract.
d. Children's temperaments tend to be consistent over the years.
10. Which of the following is not one of the three basic styles of temperament described by Thomas and Chess?
a. slow-to-warm-up
b. anxious
c. difficult
d. easy
11. Thomas and Chess refer to a child who tends to be glum, erratic in sleep and eating, and resistant to change as
a. an easy child
b. a slow-to-warm-up child
c. a mixed temperament child
d. a difficult child
12. Harlow’s research with monkeys raised with two types of artificial mothers found that when frightened, infant
monkeys went to the artifical mother that
a. provided food
b. did not provide food
c. was made of cloth
d. was made of wire
13. One-year-old Beth will explore a room when her mother is present. She becomes upset when her mother
leaves the room and is quickly calmed when her mother returns. Beth exhibits
a. an avoidant attachment
b. an anxious-ambivalent attachment
c. a disorganized-disoriented attachment
d. a secure attachment
14. Erikson divided the life span into ____ stages associated with ____.
a. four; cognitive development
b. six; moral development
c. eight; psychosocial crises
d. eight; physical development
15. If an infant's basic biological needs are met by others and sound attachments are formed during the first year
of life, the infant will, most likely, successfully resolve the crisis associated with the ____ stage.
a. industry versus inferiority
b. trust versus mistrust
c. autonomy versus shame and doubt
d. initiative versus guilt
16. According to Erikson's theory, an elementary school-age child who does poorly in school, and does not get
along well with classmates, is most likely to develop a sense of
a. shame and doubt
b. industry
c. mistrust
d. inferiority
17. Stage theories of development assume that
a. individuals progress through specified stages in a particular order because each stage
builds on the previous stage
b. environmental circumstances can sometimes cause individuals to skip stages early on and
return to them later
____ 18.
____ 19.
____ 20.
____ 21.
____ 22.
____ 23.
____ 24.
____ 25.
____ 26.
c. progress through the sequence of stages is not related to age
d. there are few, if any, discontinuities in development
According to Piaget, assimilation involves
a. the tendency to focus on just one feature of a problem, neglecting other important aspects
b. the gap between what a learner can accomplish alone and what the learner can achieve
with guidance from more skilled partners
c. interpreting new experiences in terms of existing mental structures without changing them
d. changing existing mental structures to explain new experiences
The inability of a child to mentally "undo" something is referred to as
a. assimilation
b. object permanence
c. egocentrism
d. irreversibility
If a ball that a five-month-old infant is playing with rolls under a chair (and out of sight), the infant will not
look for it. Piaget believed that this occurs because the infant
a. does not understand the concept of roll
b. has a short attention span
c. has not developed conservation
d. has not developed object permanence
The tendency to focus on just one feature of a problem while neglecting other important aspects is referred to
as
a. assimilation
b. centration
c. object impermanence
d. reification
The correct order or sequence of Piaget's stages is
a. preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational, sensorimotor
b. sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
c. sensorimotor, concrete operational, preoperational, formal operational
d. preoperational, sensorimotor, concrete operational, formal operational
The preoperational stage of cognitive development lasts from approximately
a. birth to age 2
b. ages 2 to 7
c. ages 7 to 11
d. age 11 onward
The principle of ____ suggests that physical properties of substances, such as volume, number, and mass,
remain constant in spite of changes in their shape or appearance.
a. object permanence
b. centration
c. egocentrism
d. conservation
If a child says that the sun shines to keep him warm, the child is exhibiting
a. animism
b. centration
c. egocentrism
d. conservation
The concrete operational stage of cognitive development lasts from approximately
a. birth to age 2
b. age 2 to 7
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____ 28.
____ 29.
____ 30.
____ 31.
____ 32.
____ 33.
____ 34.
c. age 7 to 11
d. age 11 onward
When Sam's mother made him a grilled cheese sandwich for lunch, Sam complained that he wanted two
sandwiches because he was super-hungry. After his mother cut his sandwich in half, Sam was satisfied that he
would have enough to eat. Sam's behavior indicates that he does not understand ____ and is probably in the
____ stage of cognitive development.
a. object permanence; sensorimotor
b. object permanence; preoperational
c. conservation; preoperational
d. conservation; concrete operational
Children can first perform operations on images of tangible objects and actual events during the ____ stage of
cognitive development.
a. sensorimotor
b. preoperational
c. concrete operational
d. formal operational
Jade is a graduate student who is studying the way in which selective attention develops during the
preadolescent years. She selects a group of 10-year-olds, and she assesses their selective attention every six
months over a two-year period. In this example, Jade is using
a. a longitudinal research design
b. a cross-sectional research design
c. a multi-factorial research design
d. a nested condition research design
The period of cognitive development that lasts from approximately age 11 onward is the ____ stage.
a. sensorimotor
b. formal operational
c. preoperational
d. concrete operational
Piaget believed that children first become capable of hypothetical thinking during the
a. concrete operational stage
b. sensorimotor stage
c. formal operational stage
d. preoperational stage
According to Kohlberg, a person who believes that Heinz should steal the drug so his wife can live and cook
him dinner is reasoning at the ____ level of moral development.
a. preconventional
b. conventional
c. concrete
d. postconventional
Erik Erikson's developmental stages are organized around potential turning points called
a. fixation points
b. psychosocial crises
c. developmental tasks
d. psychosexual crises
According to Erikson's theory, individuals are faced with the psychosocial crisis of identity versus confusion
during
a. elementary-school age
b. adolescence
c. early adulthood
____ 35.
____ 36.
____ 37.
____ 38.
____ 39.
____ 40.
____ 41.
____ 42.
____ 43.
d. middle adulthood
Individuals at the ____ level of moral development tend to use a personal code of ethics to guide their moral
reasoning and behavior.
a. postconventional
b. concrete
c. conventional
d. preconventional
The gap between what a learner can accomplish alone and what a child can achieve with guidance from more
skilled learners is known as
a. scaffolding
b. conservation
c. zone of proximal development
d. assimlation
Boys who mature ____ and girls who mature ____ are more likely than other adolescents to feel subjective
distress and emotional difficulties with the transition to adolescence.
a. late; late
b. early; late
c. late; early
d. early; late
A college student who is exploring different subjects and potential majors to help decide on a suitable career
can be best considered to be in the identity status of
a. identity achievement
b. identity diffusion
c. identity foreclosure
d. identity moratorium
Erikson's crisis of integrity versus despair is associated with
a. adolescence
b. early adulthood
c. middle adulthood
d. late adulthood
The stage of concrete operations is said to be "concrete" because
a. the child attributes human qualities to concrete objects
b. facts are taken to be set in stone, not to be given up easily
c. an object must be present for the child to recognize its existence
d. children can perform operations only on tangible objects and actual events
Ten-year-old Sherry watches as you flatten one of two equal-sized balls of clay into a pancake. Sherry says
they both still have the same amount of clay, demonstrating that she understands
a. seriation
b. conservation
c. inductive reasoning
d. hierarchical classification
Conventional thinking in moral development bases morality (right or wrong) on
a. the risk of punishment
b. society's laws
c. personal principles
d. the potential rewards
The person who objects to war on the basis of higher moral principles and a personal code of ethics would be
said to be at which of the following levels of moral development?
a. postconventional
____ 44.
____ 45.
____ 46.
____ 47.
____ 48.
____ 49.
____ 50.
b. preconventional
c. conventional
d. unconventional
Fifteen-year-old Marta has had a relatively smooth adolescent period and, at the urging of her parents, has
already decided on a college and a career. If Marta is simply playing a passive role in relationship to her
parents, she may well be in a state of identity
a. moratorium
b. foreclosure
c. diffusion
d. achievement
Edwin has just started his third year in University, and he is still exploring the options for his major. He has
taken a number of courses with the intention of obtaining a law degree, but last semester he also discovered
he was very interested in geology. He feels it is important to reach a final decision before the end of the
semester, and he has started investigating both career options in great detail. According to James Marcia,
Edwin would be considered to be in a state of identity
a. diffusion
b. foreclosure
c. postponement
d. moratorium
Warrick was posing for his girlfriend while she painted a picture for her art class. She had asked him to hold
his mouth in a frown because she was trying to depict someone who was sad and dejected. Now that he has
finished posing, Warrick finds that he is feeling somewhat unhappy, but he is not really sure why. This type
of reaction is consistent with which of the following?
a. the two-factor theory of emotion
b. the James-Lange theory of emotion
c. the facial feedback hypothesis
d. the common-sense view of emotion
According to the James-Lange theory, the conscious experience of emotion ____ physiological arousal;
according to the Cannon-Bard theory, the conscious experience of emotion ____ physiological arousal.
a. precedes; follows
b. coincides with; precedes
c. follows; coincides with
d. follows; precedes
According to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion,
a. the experience of emotion depends on autonomic arousal and your cognitive interpretation
of that arousal
b. different patterns of autonomic activation lead to the experience of different emotions
c. emotion occurs when the thalamus sends signals simultaneously to the cortex and to the
autonomic nervous system
d. emotions develop because of their adaptive value
Max has the need to master difficult challenges, to outperform others, and to meet high standards for
excellence. According to researchers such as McClelland and Atkinson, Max most likely
a. has high affiliation needs
b. is high in achievement motivation
c. is low in achievement motivation
d. has a high fear of failure
Recent evidence suggests that the ____ plays a particularly central role in the modulation of emotion.
a. amygdala
b. thalamus
c. temporal lobe
d. pineal gland
CHAPTER 11 - HUMAN DEVELOPMENT - EXAM
Answer Section
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. ANS: A
PTS:
2. ANS: C
PTS:
3. ANS: C
PTS:
REF: p. 419
OBJ:
4. ANS: A
PTS:
REF: p. 423
OBJ:
5. ANS: A
PTS:
6. ANS: A
PTS:
7. ANS: B
PTS:
REF: p. 420
OBJ:
8. ANS: C
PTS:
9. ANS: D
PTS:
TOP: Study Guide KEY:
10. ANS: B
PTS:
11. ANS: D
PTS:
REF: p. 426
OBJ:
12. ANS: C
PTS:
13. ANS: D
PTS:
14. ANS: C
PTS:
15. ANS: B
PTS:
16. ANS: D
PTS:
17. ANS: A
PTS:
REF: p. 431
OBJ:
18. ANS: C
PTS:
19. ANS: D
PTS:
REF: p. 434
OBJ:
20. ANS: D
PTS:
21. ANS: B
PTS:
REF: p. 434
OBJ:
22. ANS: B
PTS:
23. ANS: B
PTS:
24. ANS: D
PTS:
25. ANS: C
PTS:
26. ANS: C
PTS:
27. ANS: C
PTS:
28. ANS: C
PTS:
29. ANS: A
PTS:
KEY: Concept/Applied
30. ANS: B
PTS:
31. ANS: C
PTS:
32. ANS: A
PTS:
33. ANS: B
PTS:
1
1
1
11-1
1
11-3
1
1
1
11-1
1
1
Factual
1
1
11-4
1
1
1
1
1
1
11-8
1
1
11-9
1
1
11-9
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
REF:
REF:
DIF:
KEY:
DIF:
KEY:
REF:
REF:
DIF:
KEY:
REF:
REF:
419
OBJ:
418
OBJ:
Correct = 91%
Factual
Correct = 51%
Concept/Applied
418
OBJ:
421
OBJ:
Correct = 85%
Factual
423
OBJ:
p. 425
OBJ:
11-1 TYPE: Factual
11-1 TYPE: Factual
REF:
DIF:
KEY:
REF:
REF:
REF:
REF:
REF:
DIF:
KEY:
REF:
DIF:
KEY:
REF:
DIF:
KEY:
REF:
REF:
REF:
REF:
REF:
REF:
REF:
REF:
426
OBJ:
Correct = 78%
Factual
428
OBJ:
429
OBJ:
431
OBJ:
431
OBJ:
432
OBJ:
Correct = 91%
Concept/Applied
433
OBJ:
Correct = 89%
Factual
433
OBJ:
Correct = 83%
Factual
433
OBJ:
434
OBJ:
434
OBJ:
434
OBJ:
434
OBJ:
434
OBJ:
434
OBJ:
p. 425
OBJ:
11-4 TYPE: Factual
1
1
1
1
REF:
REF:
REF:
REF:
435
435
440
p. 431
11-9 TYPE: Factual
11-9 TYPE: Factual
11-12 TYPE: Critical Thinking
11-8
OBJ:
OBJ:
OBJ:
OBJ:
11-1 TYPE: Factual
11-2 TYPE: Concept/Applied
11-3 TYPE: Concept/Applied
11-4
11-5 TYPE: Factual
11-6 TYPE: Concept/Applied
11-8 TYPE: Factual
11-8 TYPE: Factual
11-8 TYPE: Concept/Applied
11-9 TYPE: Factual
11-9 TYPE: Concept/Applied
11-9 TYPE: Factual
11-9 TYPE: Factual
11-9 TYPE: Factual
11-9 TYPE: Concept/Applied
11-9 TYPE: Factual
11-9 TYPE: Critical Thinking
11-9 TYPE: Factual
11-4
KEY: Factual
34. ANS: B
PTS:
35. ANS: A
PTS:
36. ANS: D
PTS:
KEY: Factual
MSC:
37. ANS: C
PTS:
38. ANS: D
PTS:
39. ANS: D
PTS:
40. ANS: D
PTS:
REF: p. 434
OBJ:
41. ANS: B
PTS:
REF: p. 434
OBJ:
42. ANS: B
PTS:
REF: p. 440
OBJ:
43. ANS: A
PTS:
KEY: Concept/Applied
44. ANS: B
PTS:
REF: p. 446
OBJ:
45. ANS: D
PTS:
KEY: Concept/Applied
46. ANS: C
PTS:
KEY: Concept/Applied
47. ANS: C
PTS:
REF: p. 405-406
OBJ:
48. ANS: C
PTS:
TOP: WWW
KEY:
49. ANS: B
PTS:
KEY: Concept/Applied
50. ANS: A
PTS:
KEY: Factual
1
REF:
1
REF:
1
REF:
** (new or revised)
1
REF:
1
REF:
1
REF:
1
DIF:
11-9
KEY:
1
DIF:
11-9
KEY:
1
DIF:
11-12
KEY:
1
REF:
446
440
p. 437
OBJ: 11-15 TYPE: Factual
OBJ: 11-12 TYPE: Factual
OBJ: 11-10
433
OBJ:
446
OBJ:
449
OBJ:
Correct = 66%
Concept/Applied
Correct = 90%
Concept/Applied
Correct = 72%
Concept/Applied
p. 440
OBJ:
11-13 TYPE: Factual
11-15 TYPE: Concept/Applied
11-17 TYPE: Factual
11-12
1
11-15
1
DIF: Correct = 33%
KEY: Concept/Applied
REF: p. 446
OBJ: 11-15
1
REF: p. 402
1
10-20
1
Factual
1
DIF: Correct = 31%
KEY: Factual
REF: p. 406
OBJ: 10-20
REF: p. 396
OBJ: 10-13
1
REF: p. 401
OBJ: 10-17
OBJ: 10-18