Grunewald’s The Crucifixion
Francesca’s Flagellation (of Christ)
Using these two paintings,
comment on the similarities
and differences between
Italian and Northern
humanism.
The Protestant Reformation
Ch14
• Pope Julius II – warrior-pope – Holy League
• 1517 - Luther posts 95 Theses
• 1534 - Act of Supremacy
– Church of England
Early Reformation
• Frederick II and Ferdinand/Isabella, Babylonian
Captivity, Great Schism, Church patronage and
political power
• Priests neglected rule of celibacy, drank, gambled,
barely literate, and terrible in Mass
• Higher clergy had too many positions – did not
have a home church
• States wanted to treat the clergy like the rest of
the people – taxes and civic responsibilities
• Evangelical or Magisterial Branches
Martin Luther
• Planned to be a lawyer
• Theology teacher at
University of Wittenberg
• “The just shall live by faith.”
Romans (1:17)
– Salvation by faith
• 95 Theses – abuses of the
church - indulgences
• Diet of Worms – Luther is
declared an outlaw and
excommunicated from the
church
95 Theses
Lutheranism
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
“ Sola Fide” - Salvation by faith
“Sola scriptura” – truth lies in the Bible
“Sola gratia” – free gift of God’s grace - sacraments
German Kings created their own church
Services, not mass – reading the Bible, preaching and
hymns – everyone equal – baptism and Eucharist
6. German translation of Bible - Guttenberg
7. Abolished monasteries and celibacy of clergy – Luther
would marry a former nun
Lutheranism
• Peasants’ Revolt – crop failures
– Luther did not support the
peasants
• Holy Roman Emperor Charles V
- Catholic
• Diet of Augsburg – 1530
• War in 1546
• 1555 - Peace of Augsburg
– German prince right to
determine religion of his state
• Lutheran or Roman Catholic
• No recognition of Calvinists or
Anabaptists
– Lutheranism dominant in
northern Germany and
Scandinavia
Calvinism - Swiss
Ch14-4
• John Calvin
• Ulrich Zwingli
– French Protestant
– Exile in Geneva
– Doctors, pastors,
deacons, and elders
– Institutes of the Christian
Religion
– Predestination
– Humanist and Catholic
priest
– Sacraments only
symbolic ceremonies
(Eucharist)
– Rejected celibacy of
• Salvation by election
clergy
– Puritanism
– Emphasized simplicity
• Theocracy
in worship
– Killed by Catholic forces
Spread of Calvinism
• Switzerland
• France
– Huguenots
• John Knox
– Presbyterians
• England
– Puritans
• Netherlands
• Max Weber’s theory of the “Protestant work ethic”
Anabaptism
• Radicals of the PR
• Rejection of infant
baptism
• Active in Peasants’
Revolt
• Woman’s rights
• Menno Simons
– Mennonites
Jan Leiden of Munster
• Cult
• Polygamy, burned all
books (not Bible), end
of the world
• Catholics and Lutherans
hated him - executed
Students will write a thesis paragraph
in response to this prompt:
“Comparing Luther to other Protestant
reform movements, explain whether
he was a conservative or a radical.
Justify your conclusion.”
Henry VIII 1491-1547
• He was big and
handsome and wore
fine clothes
• He loved games,
horse-riding and
hunting
• He spoke four
languages, wrote
poetry and played
music
But most important to him…
• He wanted to be a
strong king, with a
firm hold on the
throne
• He most wanted a son
to succeed him
Catherine of Aragon, Spain
1485-1536
• She was married to Arthur
• Married 1509 – 5 yrs. older
• She had a daughter, Mary,
but no sons
• She was too old for more
children – many
miscarriages
• In 1533, Henry divorced her
- Dies in 1536 – age 51
Church of England
• During this time, Henry was trying desperately
to change England’s religious stance.
• England was affiliated with the Roman
Catholic Church. After Henry tried to divorce
Catherine of Aragon and the church said no,
he decided to form his own church – the
Church of England. This is where we get
protestant churches of today.
Anne Boleyn 1499 - 1536
• Married 1533
• She was young, pretty
and witty
• She had one daughter,
Elizabeth
• Has a miscarriage the day
of Catherine’s funeral son
• She was beheaded for
being unfaithful in 1536
Jane Seymour 1509 -1536
• Married 1536 (11 days after
execution of Anne)
• She had a son, Edward.
• She died during childbirth
• Edward replaced his dad,
but died soon after.
• Henry probably loved her
best of all his wives
Anne of Cleves 1515-1557
• Married 1540
• The marriage made a
link between England
and Germany
• Henry thought she
was ugly
• Divorced 1540 – the
same year!
Catherine Howard 1521 - 1542
• Married 1540
• She was 20, Henry
was 49
• She was unfaithful
• Executed in 1542
Catherine Parr 1512 - 1548
• Married 1543 – her 4th
husband – She was
dating Jane Seymour’s
brother
• She liked family life
and looked after
Henry’s children
• She outlived Henry –
Married Thomas
Seymour
Edward VI
• 1547 Henry VIII dies
• Succeeded by Edward VI (only 10)
• Turmoil swept England.
– Scotland invaded
– peasant violence.
• Edward dominated by devout
Protestants who pushed for Calvinist
reforms.
• Dies from TB
Mary Tudor 1553-1558
• Mary Tudor inherits the throne when
Edward dies in his teens
• Determined to make England Catholic
again.
• Parliament would not support the
return of church lands to the church.
• Called “Bloody Mary”. Why?
• What did she do to her half-sister,
Elizabeth?
Mary and Philip II
• 1554 - Mary(37) married Phillip II of Spain(27), son of
Charles V and future king of Spain.
• This caused an uprising in England. Why?
• Led plot to depose her.
• Opposition to Mary made England more Protestant
than it had been before her reign
• 1558 - Queen Elizabeth takes the throne when Mary
dies. She dies at age 42.
The England of Elizabeth
• Elizabeth I took the throne of
England in 1558 and ruled for 45
years.
• Considered one of the best British
Monarchs.
• Under her reign England went from
a relatively poor, second-tier country
to the leader of Protestant Europe
• Powerful naval power poised to
create a vast empire. Drake
Religious Reforms
• Elizabeth’s first problem was to heal the religious
wounds in her country.
• What is Elizabeth’s approach?
– Repeals the anti-Protestant laws of Mary
– Passed a new Act of Supremacy making the monarch the
only supreme governor of both the Church and State.
– Modified the church service to meet some of the
objections of Catholics—made less “Protestant”
Spanish Netherlands
• Spanish Netherlands were very important to Spain.
Why? Industry
• Phillip’s attempt to strengthen Spain’s control over
the area led to revolt. Why? Protestants
• Violence erupts in 1566 when Calvinists destroy
Catholic Churches.
• Phillip sends in 10,000 troops
• English Aid to Netherlands – War? Spanish Armada
Elizabeth Tweaks France and Spain
• Elizabeth provided clandestine
help to both the Dutch
Calvinists and French
Huguenots.
• Commissioned privateers to
raid Spanish treasure ships
returning from the New World.
Francis Drake
Golden Hinde
Conflict with Spain
• Phillip II ultimately decided to invade England
• Reasons:
– Believed that revolt in Netherlands would never be put
down while England was aiding them.
– Irritated by privateering/pirating
– Wanted to claim England back for the Pope.
– Believed that if Spanish troops appeared in England the
people would rise up in support of Catholic liberators.
– Revenge on Elizabeth.
Spanish Armada - 1588
• Phillip’s Plan
– Create a powerful armada of 150 ships to
destroy and dominate England in the North
Atlantic
– Invade with troops from Netherlands.
• On paper, England appears to be in serious
trouble.
• What advantage does the English have?
What is the key to Spanish naval strategy?
• How does the weather aid England?
Elizabeth and Foreign Policy
• Government in debt – too many parties and gowns - raise
taxes or sell land?
• Conflict between nobles and gentry – power struggle
• Elizabeth was pressed by her advisors to make a political
marriage. She did not want to share power with a foreigner or
Englishman. Why?
• Using this and other diplomatic maneuvers, she kept England
neutral and unencumbered by alliances that would force
England into war.
• “Virgin Queen” – She dies with no heir to the throne – The
Stuart Dynasty starts
James I (1603-1625)
• First of the Stuart Dynasty – Scot –
Mary’s son
• He derives his power from God
• Spends too much money –
Parliament
• Puritans – They want to purify the
church of all Catholic rituals and
symbols – Opponents of James I
• Died of stroke – age 59
Bourbon France
• Hapsburg-Valois Wars – Treaty of CateauCambresis – Spain Won
• St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, 8/24/1572
– Queen Catherine attacks the Huguenots
(French Protestants)
• Civil Wars delayed France’s development as an
international and colonial power
• Wars lasted for 30 years.
House of Bourbon
• Bourbons(Huguenot) become the
ruling family.
• Henry IV (1598-1610) – Had no choice
but to convert to Catholic
• Edict of Nantes (1598)—
– Catholicism is the official religion of
France
– Huguenots guaranteed freedom of
worship and right to all political
privileges.
– Huguenots have the right to fortify their
castles and towns.
Catholic Response
Catholic Reformation
• Revive Catholic Spirituality
Counter Reformation
• Stop spread of Protestantism
Agencies of Catholic Reform
• The chief agencies in carrying
out this work were:
– The papacy
– A group of religious orders,
especially the Society of Jesus or
Jesuits
– The Council of Trent
– The Inquisition
– The Index of Prohibited Books
The Society of Jesus
• The Jesuits were the creation
of St. Ignatius Loyola. He was
a Spanish soldier, injured in
battle, who experienced a
conversion during his
convalescence.
St. Ignatius Loyola
• As a consequence, he felt a
new desire to devote his life
to the service of God and
carried his military ideals with
him. Henceforth, he would be
a Soldier of Christ.
Purposes of the Order
• The original purpose of the
Jesuits was to reach and
convert the masses of people
who had strayed from the
church. Thus preaching was
their fundamental task. They
also stressed the instruction of
children in Christian doctrine
and urged more frequent
confession and communion.
Council of Trent (1545-63)
• Salvation could be achieved by
faith and works
• Only the Church could translate
and interpret the Bible.
• Selling indulgences were forbidden
• Creation of seminaries – training
schools – better education and
training of priests
• Reaffirm celibacy, good works,
authority of the papacy, and
transubstantiation(bread and
wine)
Persecution and Repression
• The states of Europe were asked to facilitate the
work of the Inquisition.
– In France, the request was denied.
– In Spain, however, the activities of the Inquisition, long
vigorous, were stimulated even further.
– Roman inquisition – Galileo incident
Witchcraft Craze
• 1480s-1660s – most
common in 1560s
• Economic and Social
upheaval results in social
tensions that manifest
themselves in witchcraft
craze.
• Causes?
• As many as 100,000200,000 trials
• Who was most frequently
accused? Why?
The Index
• The Roman Index of Prohibited
Books, another means of
suppressing heretical doctrines.
– It included a wide variety of books,
including not only heretical ones but
also obscene books and books on
witchcraft.
– In addition, the pope appointed a
Congregation of the Index, to keep the
Index up to date and to publish
revised editions periodically.
– Lasted to 1966
Results
• The church did correct many of their abuses.
i.e. indulgences
• Europe was religiously divided. The
Protestants controlled the North and the
Catholics controlled the South.
• Religious persecution – Jews, lesser Protestant
groups
• Protestant work ethic/Capitalism
• Future War