ACTIVE DESIGN: OPPORTUNITIES IN ZONING
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CONTENTS
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Urban Design Guidelines
Section I: Introduction
Section II: Urban Design Guidelines Audit
Chapter 3: Building Design Guidelines
Section I: Introduction
Section II: Building Design Guidelines Audit
References
Acknowledgements
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Chapter I
Introduction
If you are reading this primer, you have most likely read the Active Design Guidelines (ADG)
published in 2010, and you care about the way that your neighborhood fabric can affect the
health of the people living in your city. We hope to build upon that document and take it one
step further.
A guideline can guide change, but a policy can permit, or even induce change.
The intent of this primer is to identify opportunities where guidelines can be translated into
policy. It builds on the Urban Design and Building Design strategies identified in the Active
Design Guidelines, and illustrates how those can be easily translated into zoning codes. The
work has been completed by the NYC Department of City Planning, utilizing the collective
expertise of the Zoning and Urban Design divisions. The list of strategies in the ADG
document is appropriately broad, covering many aspects of the manner in which people engage
with their built environment. We acknowledge that while city planning through zoning is wellpositioned to regulate the strategies of built form, there are multiple agencies, governing parks,
buildings, and transportation whose guidelines and policies also determine what is built. In this
document, in addition to zoning language, we have identified those strategies that are outside
the purview of a zoning ordinance and listed the lead agencies that could regulate them.
By drawing on zoning codes from multiple cities around the country, we have created a toolkit
of model policy language that facilitates implementation of ADG for local municipalities to
mimic, adapt and apply to their zoning ordinances. When we do not have examples of those
strategies, we have created some model language that could be used as a starting point.
In this primer we have drawn examples of regulations from the zoning ordinances of eleven
urban areas which were selected to represent cities of different sizes measured by geographic
acreage, or urban scale or population density.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Boston
Chicago
Indianapolis
Los Angeles
Louisville
Minneapolis
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Nashville
New York
Philadelphia
Portland
Seattle
This toolkit is divided into two sections: (1) Urban Design and (2) Building Design. The Active
Design Guidelines identified thirteen goals for Urban Design and ten goals for Building Design.
Each goal is a subsection in this primer, which lists the exact strategy statements from the
Active Design Guidelines. Each subsection includes a discussion of the common barriers and
opportunities in a zoning ordinance towards achieving the specific goal.
The subsections have examples of the relevant zoning ordinances from the eleven case studies
that illustrate how a specific strategy can be incorporated as a regulation. The intent statement
before each example ordinance summarizes the ordinance for quick reference. The ordinances
are organized according to one of the following three categories:
(1) Allow/Permit: What is allowed and permitted in a zoning ordinance forms the
fundamental building block in shaping the urban fabric. Regulations may lay down a
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template of uses or envelopes for built form. Some examples include allowing retail uses
on the ground floor, recesses on street walls, and unenclosed stairways. The permits
often go hand in hand with a mandate or an incentive. For example, if a retail store
provides an awning that is not mandated, it must comply with minimum requirements
such as projections on street and signage, which are mandated. Regulations that offer
greater flexibility often contain best practices that can be emulated in a development
proposal.
(2) Incentivize: Incentives can be used to encourage certain practices when they are not
currently required. One can think of this as a sort of trade-off; what you are willing to
give in order to achieve larger, loftier goals. For example, some cities incentivize fresh
food supermarkets in neighborhoods of need1; while others give density bonuses for
public plazas2, amusement or arts uses in certain districts; affordable housing or
sustainable buildings.3 They often come with inherent requirements or conditions that
must be followed, ensuring for example that if a public plaza is provided that it is of a
certain design standard, that a supermarket has a certain amount of fresh produce, or
that a certain level of sustainability is reached.
(3) Mandates: Mandates are requirements. A proposed development must comply or else it
cannot be built. Some examples include minimum planting standards, levels of
transparency, locating a building at the lot-line or at the sidewalk, providing minimum
recreational areas within a building and bike parking. Most cities mandate minimum
design and spatial standards to create usable functional spaces within the built
environment.
Although in this toolkit we have identified existing zoning ordinances from the eleven urban
areas referenced earlier, there are some goals and strategies where no current ordinances exist
or have not yet been formally adopted as a regulatory tool. For those goals and strategies, we
have recommended model regulations that embody the salient principles of the goal. These
model regulations are also organized under one of the three headings -Allow/Permit,
Incentivize, or Mandates-as described above. However, these recommendations must be tailored
to meet the specific need of your city.
Sometimes zoning ordinances have regulations adopted in the past which may be outdated.
Modifying these regulations in order to allow current best practices can sometimes have the
most visible and effective impact on the urban planning and built form. An important example is
allowing a mix of land uses to occur in a neighborhood, so that local stores can be developed
within walking distance of where people live. Because historically zoning codes often
segregated land uses into rigid categories (residential, commercial, industrial, etc.), achieving
this mix requires either allowing the uses to be overlaid, or removing the impediment in the
current zoning code. Other examples of impediments include requiring minimum car parking
spaces near public transit and restricting buildings to lower heights near public transit where
higher density developments might be appropriate. Identifying impediments in the laws and
regulations is a laborious process, but it is a process entirely necessary in order to maintain the
usefulness of zoning as a tool for achieving the goals of your community.
FRESH in NYC
Privately Ownded Public Plazas (POPs) in NYC
3 Nashville incentives LEED developments
1
2
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Chapter 2
Urban Design Guidelines
Section I
Introduction
Urban design guidelines work at many scales. This is a sample of the tools currently used to
translate those guidelines into zoning language, and to improve the quality of the public realm.
These rules can influence the layout of infrastructure in a city, the uses of a building, even the
transparency of its façade. Ideally, urban design tools can coordinate changes at many scales in
order to bring vitality to the experience of the city at the most important scale of all: you, the
pedestrian.
The Urban Design chapter looks at tools of zoning that pertain to the Active Design Guidelines
sections on land use mix; transit and parking; parks, open spaces and recreational facilities;
children’s play areas; public plazas; grocery stores and fresh produce; street connectivity;
designing pedestrian pathways; and programming streetscapes.
Each section examines opportunities to support active design as well as common impediments
that might be expected, and then we review excerpts from various cities’ zoning codes that
allow/permit, incentivize or mandate relevant regulations. In some cases we add model
regulations.
We acknowledge that while a majority of urban design strategies can be legislated by a zoning
ordinance, strategies listed in the sections on traffic calming; bicycle networks and connectivity;
bikeways; and bicycle infrastructure cannot be effectively regulated by a zoning ordinance.
Other city agencies such as a transportation agency play a more significant role in planning and
implementing these goals.
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Section II
Urban Design Guidelines Audit
2.1: LAND USE MIX
Common Barriers
Zoning ordinances or general plans of cities sometimes do not permit land uses from different
use categories to locate in the same neighborhood or within the same building. For example,
allowing retail or community facility uses in residential neighborhoods or within a residential
building may be prohibited. These regulations restrict providing amenities such as grocery
stores or parks within a convenient walking distance to residences.
Opportunities
Zoning overlays that allow commercial and community facility uses in residential districts is a
good strategy to promote a land use mix. While it may be necessary to maintain a
neighborhood’s character and integrity, for instance, as a historic residential district or a central
business district, a well devised land use mix in other neighborhoods can create synergies that
result in more vibrant and active areas.
Other opportunities exist around major public transit corridors, which could be designated as
mixed-use districts to take advantage of existing transportation infrastructure and allow greater
intensity of use. In considering redensification opportunities, neighborhoods that are in
proximity to civic amenities such as parks and waterfront, or areas where thriving commercial
districts occur should be prioritized. For example, residential use can be permitted in
downtowns and commercial areas. Floor area bonus and parking waivers to locate supermarkets
in underserved neighborhoods could spur development and reduce the burden on private
developers.
Strategy 2.1.a:
When planning urban-scale developments, provide for a mix of uses—for
example, residences, offices, schools, retail stores, cultural and community
spaces, and recreational facilities.
Strategy 2.1.b:
Locate places of residence and work near destinations such as parks, walking
paths, trails, and waterfront recreation areas.
Strategy 2.1.c:
Develop supermarkets and full-service grocery stores near places of work and
residence.
EXAMPLES OF ZONING ORDINANCES
Allow/Permit
Intent: Create new special district to promote smart growth strategies
Boston ZR Section 87-1. “...The purposes of an SGOD [ Smart Growth Overlay Districts] are
to (a) promote the public health, safety, and welfare by encouraging diversity of housing
opportunities; (b) increase the availability of affordable housing by creating a range of housing
choices for households of all incomes, ages, and sizes, and in order to meet existing and
anticipated housing needs; (c) promote compact design; (d) emphasize mixing land uses and
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preserve open space; (e) foster distinctive and attractive neighborhoods; (f) strengthen existing
neighborhoods and provide a variety of transportation choices; ...”
Intent: Preserve residential character of neighborhood while allowing compatible nonresidential uses.
Chicago Zoning Ordinance, Chapter 17-2. “17-2-0101 Generally. The “R”, residential
districts are intended to create, maintain and promote a variety of housing opportunities for
individual households and to maintain the desired physical character of the city’s existing
neighborhoods. While the districts primarily accommodate residential use types, nonresidential
uses that are compatible with residential neighborhoods are also allowed. ”
Intent: Allow flexibility to locate residential uses on the ground floor in mixed-use districts.
Chicago Zoning Ordinance, Chapter 17-3. “ 17-3-0103 B2, Neighborhood Mixed-Use
District. 17-3-0103-A The purpose of the B2, Neighborhood Mixed-Use district is the same as
the B1 district, but with the added objective of providing a greater range of development
options for those streets where the market demand for retail and service uses is relatively low.
By allowing ground-floor residential uses by-right, the B2 district is intended to help stimulate
development along under-developed streets.”
Intent: Establish Mixed-Use district
Los Angeles, Municipal Code, Chapter I, Article 3, Section 13-09. “A. Purpose. The
purpose of the Mixed Use District is to implement the General Plan by encouraging land uses
that combine Commercial Uses and dwelling units in order to reduce vehicle trips and vehicle
miles traveled by locating residents, jobs, and services near each other; ...”
Intent: Designate areas eligible for special waterfront regulations and incentives
New York City Zoning Resolution. Article 6, Chapter 2. Section 62-911. “Establishment of
Waterfront Access Plans. The City Planning Commission and City Council may adopt a
Waterfront Access Plan as an amendment to this Resolution pursuant...”
Incentivize
Intent: Designate areas eligible for fresh produce regulations and incentives
New York City Zoning Resolution. Article 6, Chapter 3- Special Regulations Applying to
FRESH Food Stores. Section 63-02. "... (a) The provisions of this Chapter shall apply to all
Commercial and Manufacturing Districts in the following FRESH food store designated
areas...”
Mandate
Intent: Require non-residential uses on the ground floor
New York City Zoning Resolution, Article 11, Chapter 6. “Section 116-12: Mandatory
Ground Floor Use and Frontage Requirements-Uses located on the ground floor level, or
within two feet of the as-built level of the adjoining sidewalk, shall be limited to the nonresidential uses permitted by the underlying district regulations...”
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2.2: TRANSIT AND PARKING
Common Barriers
Zoning ordinances sometimes require minimum parking for developments implicitly promoting
automobile dependence. Public transit stations are often not prominent on a streetscape
compared to parking lots. In addition, absence of way-finding tools such as signage and
amenities such as benches create unappealing pedestrian environment along access routes.
Opportunities:
Many opportunities exist in the built environment to increase the appeal of public transit for
commuters. Improvements to access routes that serve a variety of users including persons with
disabilities, children, and elderly population can increase the popularity of public transit.
Sidewalk amenities such as benches, street trees and signage can be multi-purpose and serve the
needs of not only the commuters but also the residents or people working in the neighborhood.
Zoning ordinance can incentivize new developments along transit corridors and give incentives
to locate accessibility elements like entrances and stairwells to public transit within buildings.
Parking requirements can be reduced in transit-rich areas to induce development on vacant
properties.
Strategy 2.2.a:
Locate buildings and building entrances near public transit stops and along
transit corridors.
Strategy 2.2.b:
Place public transit stops along well-connected streets.
Strategy 2.2.c:
Provide signage at buildings, transit stops, and major intersections showing a
map and the distance, time, route, and calories burned to the nearest or next
transit stop.
Strategy 2.2.d:
Encourage transit use by furnishing transit stops with pedestrian conveniences.
"Make sidewalks wide enough to comfortably accommodate pedestrians,
including those with disabilities."
Provide additional space for passengers to wait by adding bus bulbs.
Create bus stop shelters that protect users from sun, wind, and rain.
Furnish bus stop shelters with seating or places to lean.
Strategy 2.2.e:
When designing sites that include parking, consider how the provision of parking
can affect the use of more active modes of travel such as walking, bicycling, and
public transit.
Strategy 2.2.f:
Provide parking for people with disabilities.
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EXAMPLES OF ZONING ORDINANCES
Allow/Permit
Intent: Establish transit development districts
Louisville Development Code Chapter 2 Part 7. Planned Development Districts-Planned
Transit Development District “D. Development Guidelines 1. PTD District Pattern. A PTD
District will encompass all property in the area surrounding an advanced transit facility, within
a boundary defined by the PTD Master Plan. The PTD will consist of one or two
components...”
Intent: Allow relocation of public transit staircases within buildings
New York City Zoning Resolution. Article 11, Chapter 8, Section 118-30. "Street wall
recesses are permitted below the level of the second story ceiling for subway stair entrances
required under Section 118-60 (OFF STREET RELOCATION OF A SUBWAY STAIR
WITHIN THE SPECIAL UNION SQUARE DISTRICT). Such recesses shall be no longer
than 15 feet and no deeper than 8 feet or the width or length of the relocated subway stair,
whichever is greater. Street wall recesses are also permitted below the level of the second story
ceiling for building or store entrances only."
Incentivize
Intent: Reduce parking requirements for developments in transit rich districts
Los Angeles, Municipal Code, Chapter I, Article 3, Section 13-09. “E. Development
Incentives. Notwithstanding any other provisions of this chapter to the contrary, the following
development incentives shall apply in Mixed Use Districts: ...3. Parking. If a proposed Mixed
Use District includes lots within 1,500 feet of a Mass Transit Station or Major Bus Center, or
lots within 750 feet of a Central Parking Structure, then the individual ordinance establishing
the Mixed Use District shall include a parking incentive which specifies a reduction in the
number of parking spaces ...”
Intent: Floor area bonus for transit
Minneapolis, Minnesota, Code of Ordinances. Chapter 549. Article II. – 549.220. “5)
Transit facility, subject to the following standards: a. The transit facility shall be located at a
transit stop location approved by the planning director in consultation with the city engineer.
The maximum transit facility premium shall be increased by one (1) where the transit facility
is located at an approved light rail transit stop ...”
New York City Zoning Resolution. Article 7, Chapter 4. Section 74-634. “The City
Planning Commission may grant, by special permit, a floor area bonus not to exceed 20 percent
of the basic maximum floor area ratio permitted by the underlying district regulations,... for
developments or enlargements located on zoning lots where major improvements to adjacent
subway stations are provided in accordance with the provisions of this Section."
Intent: Green Building Credits to enhance transit access
Boston Zoning Code, Article 37, Appendix A. “...Any Proposed Project subject to the
provisions of this article may obtain a maximum of four (4) of the required points from the
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Boston Green Building Credits which will be included in the calculation toward achieving a
LEED Certifiable project under this article. One point may be awarded for each of the following
four categories: Modern Grid; Historic Preservation; Groundwater Recharge; and Modern
Mobility...4. Modern Mobility b. TDM Options (1) For residential projects (meet at least three):
... (c) Provide shuttle service to public transit stations (applicable to projects located more than
¼ mile from a public bus or rail station).”
Intent: Floor area bonus for screening parking structures
Chicago Municipal Ordinance, Chapter 17-4. “17-4-1017 Above-Ground Parking Concealed
by Occupiable Floor Space. 17-4-1017-A Eligibility and Standards. Parking structures that are
separated from the street by occupiable floor space – such as residential dwelling units, office
space, or retail space – are eligible for floor area bonuses, provided they meet the following
minimum standards: 1. The site for which the floor area bonus is requested must be located in a
dash 12 or dash 16 “D” district. 2. To be eligible for floor area bonus, concealed parking
structures must meet the City’s landscaping and design guidelines for parking garages. 3.
Parking structures must be separated from a public street or public open space by residential,
office or retail floor space. ...”
Intent: Reduce minimum parking requirements for providing public transit.
Indianapolis Zoning Ordinance Chapter 732. Sec. 732-211. “... (m) Parking reduction
provision. The Administrator may authorize reductions, beyond those available in section 732211(c), up to ten (10) percent of the maximum number of parking spaces required for (a) use(s)
which require four hundred (400) or more parking spaces, if access is provided to public
transportation.”
Mandate
Intent: Require minimum transparency on ground floor street frontage
New York City Zoning Resolution. Article 9, Chapter 7. Section 97-23. "...glazed area shall
occupy at least 70 percent of the area of each such ground floor street wall, measured to a height
of 12 feet above the level of the adjoining sidewalk or public access area."
Intent: Orient building entries along main streets
Philadelphia Zoning Code, Chapter 14-500. Section 14-513. TOD, Transit-Oriented
Development Overlay District “... (5) TOD Form and Design Standards (a) Site and Building
Design. The following standards apply to buildings abutting a TOD Primary Street in any
/TOD district: (.1) The main building entry must face and be located along the TOD Primary
Street...”
Intent: Increase sidewalk widths along major transit corridors
New York City Zoning Resolution. Article 3. Chapter 7. Section 37-38. "...In the district
indicated, and in C1 or C2 Districts mapped within an R9D District, for developments or
enlargements on zoning lots fronting upon wide streets, or fronting upon narrow streets that
include an elevated rail line, sidewalks, with a minimum depth of 20 feet measured perpendicular
to the curb of the street, shall be provided along such entire street frontages of the zoning lot...”
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Intent: Provide enclosed bicycle parking spaces
New York City Zoning Resolution. Article 2, Chapter 5. Section 25-811. "...enclosed
accessory bicycle parking spaces shall be provided for at least that amount specified for the
applicable use set forth in the table in this Section..."
Intent: Require minimum planting standards in parking lots
Indianapolis Zoning Ordinance Chapter 732. Sec. 732-214 Special Regulations. “(g)
Landscaping, screening, and grounds maintenance: ... (3) Additional landscaping requirements interior of parking lots: The purpose of interior landscaping is to help reduce glare and heat
buildup; to promote interior islands for pedestrian safety and traffic separation; to visually break
up large expanses of pavement; and to reduce surface runoff. The interior of any parking lot
shall be landscaped based on the following minimum standards: ...”
Intent: Require minimum landscaping standards for parking lots
Philadelphia Zoning Code, Chapter 14-700. 14-705: Landscape and Trees. “(1) On-Site
Landscape and Tree Requirements (a) Applicability... (.2) Parking lots and garages. Parking lots
and garages shall comply with the landscape standards of §14-803(5) (Parking Landscape and
Screening).”
Intent: Require parking lot design to adapt to needs of people with disabilities
Chicago Municipal Ordinance Chapter 17-10. “17-10-0900 Accessible parking (for people
with disabilities). 17-10-0901 Applicability. The accessible parking standards of this section
apply to all new parking lots and to changes, improvements and maintenance of existing
parking lots, including but not limited to sealcoating, resurfacing, remarking, fencing, curbs,
walks and landscaping...”
Intent: Minimum design standards for transit facility
Minneapolis, Minnesota, Code of Ordinances. Chapter 549. Article II. – 549.220. “5)
Transit facility, subject to the following standards: ...c. The transit facility shall be similar to
the principal structure in design and materials, shall be weather protected, heated and lighted,
and shall contain at least two (2) entries. d. The transit facility shall be clearly visible from the
street and sidewalk, and transit users shall be able to see oncoming transit vehicles from the
facility. e. The transit facility shall contain a combination of leaning rails and seating for at
least thirty (30) percent of projected peak demand, trash receptacles and connections for
transit schedule monitors ...”
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2.3: PARKS, OPEN SPACES, AND RECREATIONAL FACILITIES
Common Barriers
The utilization of parks and open spaces is extremely sensitive to the location, access, and
maintenance of such spaces. Open spaces and recreational facilities that are provided as an
afterthought and not integrated into the initial design process of a development often lack
functional elements and therefore, remain underutilized. Some common oversights in designing
parks include orienting open space without attention to shade and shadow patterns during the
day; lack of adequate size; and lack of amenities.
Opportunities
A zoning ordinance could require minimum spatial standards for parks and open spaces
proportional to the scale of a development or number of residents within a given area. Parks and
open spaces could designate active and passive recreational spaces to serve multiple users.
Active and passive recreational amenities such as children’s play equipment, walking tracks,
adult outdoor gym equipment and benches create a multifunctional environment and are
attractive to a diverse population group. Provision of recreational facilities must be set in the
context of the neighborhood and the needs of the community. Peripheral infrastructure such as
bike parking and public transit routes must be planned to increase visibility and access to these
community facilities.
Strategy 2.3.a:
Design open spaces as part of large-scale developments, or locate buildings
near open, public spaces.
Strategy 2.3.b:
Make bicycle and pedestrian routes to parks and public spaces safe and visible.
Strategy 2.3.c:
When planning a new development, aggregate open space in one large area
rather than dispersing into smaller pieces. Where possible, provide residents with
access to open space within a ten-minute walk.
Strategy 2.3.d:
In the design of parks or open spaces, provide paths, running tracks,
playgrounds, sports courts, and drinking fountains.
Strategy 2.3.e:
Locate new projects near existing public and private recreational facilities and
encourage development of new facilities, including indoor activity spaces.
Strategy 2.3.f:
When designing offices and commercial spaces, provide exercise facilities or
walking paths nearby.
Strategy 2.3.g:
Design parks, open spaces, and recreational facilities to complement the cultural
preferences of the local population, and to accommodate a range of age groups.
Strategy 2.3.h:
Create partnerships with organizations to sponsor and maintain green spaces
and gardens.
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EXAMPLES OF ZONING ORDINANCES
Allow/Permit
Intent: Create Parks and Open Space districts
Chicago Municipal Ordinance, Chapter 17-6. “17-6-0200 POS, Parks and Open Space
District. 17-6-0201 Purpose and Applicability. The “POS”, Parks and Open Space zoning
district is intended to preserve, protect and enhance lands set aside for public open space, public
parks and public beaches. Such areas and facilities provide many benefits to city residents and
visitors. They provide cultural and recreation opportunities; preserve natural and scenic areas;
protect sensitive natural resource areas; and offer refuge from the built, urban environment. The
POS district is also intended to be applied to cemetery lands. Other than cemeteries, the POS
district is intended to be applied exclusively to public-owned lands...”
Intent: Establish pedestrian districts to create walking paths near commercial uses
Los Angeles, Municipal Code, Chapter I, Article 3, Section 13-07. “A. Purpose. This
section sets forth procedures, guidelines and standards for establishment of Pedestrian Oriented
Districts within commercially zoned areas throughout the City. The purpose of the Pedestrian
Oriented District is to preserve and enhance existing areas or create new areas where pedestrian
activities are common, to encourage people to walk and shop in areas near their workplaces
and/or residences thereby reducing multiple automobile trips, to reinforce and stimulate high
quality future development compatible with pedestrian uses, to reflect the characteristics of a
particular area and to encourage pedestrian use during evenings and weekends, as well as
weekdays.”
Intent: Create a zoning overlay district around major parks and recreational facilities to increase residential
and non-residential density.
Model Regulation. “An Active Use District will encompass areas within 500 feet of regional
parks, open spaces, and recreational centers. New developments and enlargements in these
districts may sponsor maintenance of such regional facilities in lieu of providing minimum open
space on the development site.”
Intent: Allow active outdoor recreational facilities
Model Regulation. “Active outdoor recreational activities may be permitted in the rear yards
pursuant to …”
Incentivize
Intent: Provide monetary credits in lieu of fees for development of active recreational uses
Los Angeles, Municipal Code, Chapter I, Article 17, Section 17-12. “F. Exemptions and
Credits. (Amended by Ord. No. 155,458, Eff. 6/22/81.) 1. Where private facilities for park and
recreational purposes are provided in a proposed subdivision and such facilities ... a. Credits...
(2) High intensity development recreational areas are defined as: (a) Swimming pools and
spas (when the spas are an integral part of a pool complex), ... (b) Tennis, paddle tennis, shuffle
board, and volleyball and one–half or full basketball courts which are in substantial conformity
with standards of the Department of Recreation and Parks for such facilities...”
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Intent: Incentivize ownership and maintenance of recreational facilities by waiving open space development
fees
Los Angeles, Municipal Code, Chapter I, Article 17, Section 17-12. “F. Exemptions and
Credits. (Amended by Ord. No. 155,458, Eff. 6/22/81.) 1. Where private facilities for park and
recreational purposes are provided in a proposed subdivision and such facilities are to be
privately owned and maintained by the future residents of the subdivision, the areas occupied by
such facilities shall be credited against the requirement of dedication of land for park and
recreational purposes of the payment of fees in lieu thereof...”
Intent: Incentivize active outdoor recreational facilities
Model Regulation. “…for zoning lots in …districts, for each square foot of active outdoor
recreational facilities provided pursuant to …, the total floor area permitted on that zoning lot
may be increased as set forth…”
Mandate
Intent: Establish standards for minimum amount and dimensions of open space
Chicago Municipal Code, Chapter 17-4. “17-4-0410 On-Site Open Space. 17-4-0410-A
Amount and Dimensions. Except as expressly allowed under the townhouse development
standards of Sec. 17-2-0500, all development containing dwelling units located in D districts
must provide at least 36 square feet of useable on-site open space per dwelling unit. Required
open space must have minimum dimension of at least 5 feet on any side if private or 15 feet on
any side if provided as common open space.”
Intent: Regulate location and use of open space
Chicago Municipal Code Chapter 17-4. “17-4-0410-B Additional Standards.
1. Required open space must be located on the same lot as the dwelling units it serves.
2. Required open space must be outdoors and designed for outdoor living, recreation or
landscaping, including areas located on the ground and areas on decks, balconies, porches or
roofs.
3. The required open space area is not required to be contiguous, but each open space area,
whether common or private, must comply with minimum dimensional standards. Common open
space areas must be accessible to all residents of the subject development.”
Intent: Require developments to either dedicate land for park or recreational use, or pay a development fee
Los Angeles, Municipal Code, Chapter I, Article 17, Section 17-12. “A. Dedication of
Land or Payment of Fee. 1. No final subdivision map shall be approved nor shall it be recorded
unless in connection therewith land within the subdivision has been dedicated to the City of Los
Angeles for park or recreational purposes...B. Land to be Dedicated. The area of land within a
subdivision required to be dedicated for park and recreation purposes shall be established in
accordance with the following, table: ...”
Intent: Require minimum open space standards
New York City Zoning Resolution. Article 2, Chapter 3. Section 23-14. "...for any zoning
lot, the minimum required open space or open space ratio shall not be less than set forth in this
Section..."
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Intent: Require minimum spatial standards for open space
New York City Zoning Resolution. Article 2, Chapter 3. Section 23-851. "...In all districts,
as indicated, the area of an inner court shall not be less than 1,200 square feet, and the minimum
dimension of such inner court shall not be less than 30 feet..."
Intent: Require outdoor recreational spaces of minimum size and dimensions.
New York City Zoning Resolution. Article 2, Chapter 8, Section 28-32. “…(b) The
minimum dimension of any recreation space shall be 15 feet. The minimum size of any outdoor
recreation space shall be 225 square feet, and the minimum size of any indoor recreation space
shall be 300 square feet. (c) Outdoor recreation space shall be open to the sky except that
building projections, not to exceed seven feet in depth, may cover up to ten percent of the
outdoor recreation space, provided that the lowest level of the projection is at least ten feet
above the level of the outdoor recreation space…”
Intent: Require open space along the waterfront
New York City Zoning Resolution. Article 6, Chapter 2, Section 62-53. “(a) All waterfront
zoning lots meeting the criteria set forth in Section 62-52… Such shore public walkway shall
have a minimum width of 30 feet for zoning lots developed with predominantly community
facility or commercial uses in R3, R4, R5 and C3 Districts, and such uses in C1 and C2 Districts
mapped within R1 through R5 Districts. The minimum width for a shore public walkway
provided for a zoning lot developed with any use in all other districts, other than R1 and R2
Districts, shall be 40 feet.…”
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2.4: CHILDREN'S PLAY AREAS
Common Barriers
Inadequate emphasis on provision of children’s play areas in the zoning ordinance leads to under
development of such facilities. Most commonly, zoning ordinances and development objectives
do not include minimum standards and design criteria for providing spaces for children.
Maintenance and supervision of these play areas may act as a disincentive to include them as a
mainstream regulation.
Opportunities
Children’s play areas require careful planning and design relative to other parks due to the
sensitivity of their users. Minimum spatial and design standards modeled after school
requirements can be incorporated in zoning ordinance based on size of the proposed
development. Unconventional locations such as courtyards, terraces, and roofs can be
programmed to serve children where space on ground is limited.
Strategy 2.4.a:
Design courtyards, gardens, terraces, and roofs that can serve as outdoor
spaces for children’s play.
"When designing playgrounds, include ground markings indicating dedicated
areas for sports and multiple use."
"When designing playgrounds, include ground markings indicating dedicated
areas for sports and multiple use."
Strategy 2.4.b:
Preserve or create natural terrain in children’s outdoor play areas.
Strategy 2.4.c:
Provide lights on sidewalks and active play areas to extend opportunities for
physical activity into the evening.
Strategy 2.4.d:
In the design of parks and playgrounds, create a variety of climate environments
to facilitate activity in different seasons and weather conditions.
Strategy 2.4.e:
Provide physical activity facilities for children and youth in schools.
Strategy 2.4.f:
Design new school physical activity facilities to potentially allow for public use
outside of school hours.
EXAMPLES OF ZONING ORDINANCES
Incentivize
Intent: Give credits for incorporating children’s play areas in developments
Los Angeles, Municipal Code, Chapter I, Article 7, Section 17-12. “ F. Exemptions and
Credits. (Amended by Ord. No. 155,458, Eff. 6/22/81.) 1. Where private facilities for park and
recreational purposes are provided in a proposed subdivision and such facilities ... a. Credits...
(2) High intensity development recreational areas are defined as: ... (c) Child’s play areas with
playground equipment where said areas and equipment are of a type and quality comparable to
those in public parks of the City of Los Angeles...”
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2.5: PUBLIC PLAZAS
Common Barriers
Public plazas are important elements in an urban landscape to promote community interaction
and engagement. A lack of vision and integrated plan can be a hindrance in the development of
public plazas by private developers. A community’s utilization of public plazas is hinged upon
the aesthetic perception and provision of necessary amenities in plazas without which public
plazas often remain as vacant spaces. Absence of design guidelines that require minimum
standards and establish some uniform features across plazas can be a barrier in development of
meaningful public spaces that are valuable to a community.
Opportunities
Public plazas are important spaces in a downtown, neighborhood, special districts, and
waterfronts to establish a sense of community and social interaction. Design of the public plaza
must capitalize on the urban context, scale and proportionality of the adjacent built form, and
visual vistas if located along waterfront. Rezoning neighborhoods and amendments to the
zoning ordinance can either mandate or guide public plazas in appropriate locations such as
those heavily utilized by pedestrians. Zoning ordinance can be an important tool to incorporate
location requirements, minimum standards, and incentives for development of public plazas in a
city.
Strategy 2.5.a:
Create attractive plaza spaces that are well-maintained.
Strategy 2.5.b:
Locate public plazas along popular pedestrian streets.
Strategy 2.5.c:
Locate plazas near transit stops.
Strategy 2.5.d:
Make plazas accessible to bicyclists.
Strategy 2.5.e:
Create plazas that are level with the sidewalk.
Strategy 2.5.f:
Design plazas that allow for diverse functions.
Strategy 2.5.g:
Design plazas to accommodate use in a variety of weather conditions.
Strategy 2.5.h:
Seek partnerships with community groups to maintain and program plazas.
EXAMPLES OF ZONING ORDINANCES
Allow/Permit
Intent: Define purpose and need of public plazas and public spaces
New York City Zoning Resolution. Appendix E. E 27-00 “General Purposes. The purpose of
this Chapter is to promote the development of an improved quality of residential plaza for the
public...”
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Incentivize
Intent: Give floor area incentive for plazas that meet minimum design standards
New York City Zoning Resolution. Article 2, Chapter 4. Section 24-14 "...In the districts
indicated, for each square foot of a public plaza, subject to the provisions of Section 37-70,
provided on a zoning lot, the total floor area permitted on that zoning lot under the provisions
of Section 24-11 (Maximum Floor Area Ratio and Percentage of Lot Coverage) may be
increased by six square feet..."
Intent: Floor area bonus for plazas and pocket parks conditioned upon meeting minimum design standards
Chicago Municipal Code Chapter 17-4. “ 17-4-1005 Public Plazas and Pocket Parks.17-41005-A Eligibility and Standards. Plazas and pocket parks are eligible for floor area bonuses,
provided they meet the following minimum standards: 1. The site for which the floor area bonus
is requested must be located in a dash 12 or dash 16 “D” district. 2. Plazas and parks must be
open to the sky, except for arbors, trellises, or small structures such as kiosks...”
Intent: Require parks and plazas to connect to public sidewalks.
Chicago Municipal Code Chapter 17-4. “17-4-1005 Public Plazas and Pocket Parks. 17-41005-A Eligibility and Standards. Plazas and pocket parks are eligible for floor area bonuses,
provided they meet the following minimum standards: ...9. All parks or plazas must be visible
from and connected to a sidewalk. A minimum of 25% of the perimeter of the park or plaza must
abut a street.”
Intent: Give floor area bonus to facilitate enclosed public spaces such as winter gardens.
Chicago Municipal Code Chapter 17-4. “17-4-1007 Winter Gardens. 17-4-1007-A Eligibility
and Standards. Enclosed winter gardens offer opportunities for public gathering, rest, and
warmth. They are eligible for floor area bonuses, provided they meet the following minimum
standards: 1. The site for which the floor area bonus is requested must be located in a dash 12 or
dash 16 “D” district. 2. Winter gardens must be located on the first floor level of the building...”
Mandate
Intent: Establish minimum standards for placement and enhance adjacencies to the public plaza
Minneapolis, Minnesota, Code of Ordinances. Chapter 535. Article XI. – 535.810. “All
plazas with at least two thousand (2,000) square feet shall be subject to the following standards:
(1) Placement. a. The placement of plazas shall not detract from and shall enhance natural
surveillance and visibility of adjacent spaces and public sidewalks and facilitate pedestrian access
and circulation. b. Plazas shall be designed to enhance interaction with occupants of adjacent
buildings and uses.”
Intent: Establish minimum maintenance standards for public plazas.
Minneapolis, Minnesota, Code of Ordinances. Chapter 535. Article XI. – 535.810.
“...Maintenance required. All plazas shall be maintained in good order by the property owner for
the life of the plaza. Proper maintenance shall include, but not be limited to, snow and ice
removal, annual maintenance of vegetation and green space and annual inspection and repair
and/or replacement of furnishings. Minimum landscaping and seating requirements shall be
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maintained for the life of the plaza. All adjacent streets, sidewalks and pathways shall be
inspected regularly for purposes of removing any litter found thereon...”
Intent: Require public plazas to be accessible to bicyclists, people with disabilities
Minneapolis, Minnesota, Code of Ordinances. Chapter 535. Article XI. – 535.810. “All
plazas with at least two thousand (2,000) square feet shall be subject to the following standards:
... (2) Access. a. All plazas shall be designed to allow for pedestrian and bicycle access through
and/or around the plaza. b. Multiple access points shall be provided for each plaza, with one (1)
access point being connected to a public street, public sidewalk or public pathway. c. All plazas
shall be designed in accordance with the accessibility requirements of the Americans with
Disabilities Act.”
Intent: Require public plaza to incorporate adjacent transit stops in design
Minneapolis, Minnesota, Code of Ordinances. Chapter 535. Article XI. – 535.810. “All
plazas with at least two thousand (2,000) square feet shall be subject to the following standards:
... (2) Access. ... d. Unobstructed walkways a minimum of four (4) feet in width shall connect the
plaza to an entrance of any building on the same zoning lot. e. When adjacent to a transit stop,
said transit stop shall be integrated into the design of the plaza.
Intent: Establish minimum spatial standards for public plazas
New York City Zoning Resolution. Article 3, Chapter 7. Section 37-712. “Area dimensions.
A public plaza shall contain an area of not less than 2,000 square feet. In no case shall spaces
between existing buildings remaining on the zoning lot qualify as public plazas. In addition, in
order to preserve the provisions relating to the boundaries, proportions and obstructions of
public plazas, on any one zoning lot, an open area which does not qualify for bonus floor area
may not be located between two public plazas, or between a public plaza and a building wall or
arcade...”
Intent: Require accessible connections between plazas and public sidewalks
New York City Zoning Resolution. Article 3, Chapter 7. Section 37-723 "...Circulation
paths within public plazas shall provide for unobstructed pedestrian circulation throughout the
minor and major portions of the public plaza and shall, at a minimum, connect all streets on
which the public plaza fronts and all major elements of the public plaza..."
Intent: Design public plaza for unobstructed access to public sidewalks and transit
New York City Zoning Resolution. Article 3, Chapter 7. Section 37-324 "...Where an entry
to a subway station exists in the sidewalk area of a street on which a public plaza fronts and
such entry is not replaced within the public plaza itself, the public plaza shall be at the same
elevation as the adjacent sidewalk for a distance of at least 15 feet in all directions from the
entry superstructure..."
Intent: Require minimum standards for amenities such as seating and landscaping in plazas
New York City Zoning Resolution. Article 3, Chapter 7. Section 37-726 "...Public plazas
shall be open to the sky and unobstructed except for the following features, equipment and
appurtenances normally found in public parks and playgrounds: water features, including
fountains, reflecting pools, and waterfalls; sculptures and other works of art; seating, including
benches, seats and moveable chairs; trees, planters, planting beds, lawns and other landscape..."
Page 19 of 55
2.6: GROCERY STORES AND FRESH PRODUCE
Common Barriers
Grocery stores are often limited by lower profit margins and high operating costs relative to
other retail uses that offer a developer greater profits. A study in New York City4 found that
high business costs associated with selling fresh produce and meat creates shortages in supply of
grocery stores. For example, refrigeration equipment is costly to purchase and operate, and
butcher or fish monger’s skill set usually command higher salaries. This dissuades grocery store
operators from selling fresh produce, especially in low and moderate-income neighborhoods. In
addition, unique requirements of a grocery store such as larger floor area, blank walls to place
refrigeration units, access to street for frequent loading and unloading add to the burden of
finding appropriate site. Zoning ordinance citing minimum parking, where required, contribute
towards high development costs.
Opportunities
Interagency collaboration between planning and zoning departments, economic development
departments, health departments, and utility companies can promote grocery stores by
providing zoning incentives, tax incentives, financing, rebates on equipment and utility bills.
Zoning ordinance can identify underserved areas in the city, incorporate flexible façade
regulations, reduce parking requirements in areas close to mass-transit and create incentives
such as floor area bonuses that promote development of grocery stores.
Strategy 2.6.a:
Develop full-service grocery stores within walking distance in all residential
neighborhoods.
Strategy 2.6.b:
Introduce farmers’ markets as a complement to grocery stores.
Strategy 2.6.c:
Provide safe walking and bicycle paths between densely populated areas and
grocery stores and farmers’ market sites.
Strategy 2.6.d:
Design grocery store layouts and parking to accommodate pedestrians, cyclists,
automobiles, and loading trucks safely and conveniently. Provide infrastructure
such as bicycle parking and drinking fountains.
EXAMPLES OF ZONING ORDINANCES
Allow/Permit
Intent: Establish special zones for areas underserved by grocery stores and fresh produce
New York City Zoning Resolution. Article 6, Chapter 3. Section 63-00 “General Purposes.
The provisions of this Chapter establish special regulations that guide the development of
FRESH food stores to promote and protect public health, safety and general welfare...”
4
Going to Market: New York City's Neighborhood Grocery Store and Supermarket Shortage
Page 20 of 55
Intent: Incorporate a precise definition of farmers market
Philadelphia Zoning Code, Chapter 14-500.14-502 “...(.2) Farmer’s Market. A designated
area where farmers sell food crops and non-food crops (e.g., flowers) directly to consumers.”
Incentivize
Intent: Give floor are bonus for grocery stores complying with minimum design standards
New York City Zoning Resolution. Article 6, Chapter 3. Section 63-211 "...the total floor
area permitted for such zoning lot may be increased by one square foot of residential floor area
for each square foot of FRESH food store floor area, up to 20,000 square feet…"
Intent: Allow waivers to building height provided grocery store meets minimum criteria
New York City Zoning Resolution. Article 6, Chapter 3. Section 63-22 "...For buildings
containing a FRESH food store, the City Planning Commission may authorize modifications to
Sections 35-24 (Special Street Wall Location and Height and Setback Regulations in Certain
Districts) and 123-66 (Height and Setback Regulations) to allow the applicable maximum
building height to be increased by up to 15 feet, provided that the first story occupied by a
FRESH food store has a minimum finished floor to finished ceiling height of 14 feet, and
provided that such finished ceiling height is at least 14 feet above the base plane or curb level, as
applicable. ...”
Intent: Waive minimum parking requirements if grocery store meets minimum criteria
New York City Zoning Resolution. Article 6, Chapter 3. Section 63-50 "The City Planning
Commission may, by authorization, permit modifications to the bulk and accessory off-street
parking requirements of the applicable zoning districts when a change of use of a FRESH food
store for which a certification has been issued, pursuant to Section 63-30, ...”
Intent: Give floor are bonus for grocery stores complying with minimum design standards
Philadelphia Zoning Code, Chapter 14-500. 14-503: Use-Specific Standards. “(7) Fresh Food
Market (a) Incentives. The incentives of this section are applicable to all new fresh food markets
and all expansions of existing fresh food markets. (b) Exemption from District Floor Area
Limits. In zoning districts with maximum floor area limits for retail uses, fresh food markets
may exceed such floor area limits by up to 50% of lot area...”
Mandate
Intent: Impose minimum area requirements for grocery stores including quality and type of products
Minneapolis Code of Ordinances. Chapter 203. “203.20. - Requirements. Grocery stores and
specialty foods stores are both subject to the requirements of chapter 188. A grocery store that
does not possess a grocery license as of February 9, 1996 must meet the requirements of
subsections (a) and (b). All grocery stores licensed under this chapter except those exempted
pursuant to section 203.30 must meet the requirements of subsection (c). (a) The grocery store
shall provide and maintain a minimum sales floor area of two thousand (2,000) square feet. ... (c)
All grocery stores licensed under this chapter must offer for sale food for home preparation and
consumption, on a continuous basis, at least three (3) varieties of qualifying, non-expired or
spoiled, food in each of the following four (4) staple food groups, with at least five (5) varieties of
Page 21 of 55
perishable food in the first category and at least two (2) varieties of perishable food in all
subsequent categories: ...”
Intent: Regulate farmers markets for minimum quantity of agricultural produce sold
Minneapolis Code of Ordinances. Chapter 201. Section 201.30. Farmers market
requirements. “The holder of a farmers market license issued pursuant to this chapter shall
comply with the following requirements: (1) A minimum of sixty (60) percent of market vendors
at farmers markets held between the eligibility dates set by the Farmers Market Nutrition
Program must be agricultural producers... (6) Farmers markets shall take place outdoors, with
the exception of up to six (6) indoor events per year, as designated on the license application and
approved by the appropriate departments in advance of the indoor event or events. (2011-Or095, § 3, 11-4-11)”
Intent: Clearly define special area requirements of a fresh food store
New York City Zoning Resolution. Article 6, Chapter 3. Section 63-01 “Definitions.
FRESH food store A “FRESH food store” is a food store use as listed in Section 32-15 (Use
Group 6), where at least 6,000 square feet of floor area, or cellar space utilized for retailing, is
utilized for the sale of a general line of food and non-food grocery products, such as dairy,
canned and frozen foods, fresh fruits and vegetables, fresh and prepared meats, fish and poultry,
intended for home preparation, consumption and utilization. Such retail space utilized for the
sale of a general line of food and non-food grocery products shall be distributed as follows: ...”
Intent: Clearly define minimum standards for different elements of a fresh food store
Philadelphia Zoning Code, Chapter 14-500.14-502 “Use Categories.... (7) Retail Sales Use
Categories ... (d) Food, Beverages, and Groceries Uses that sell or otherwise provide food or
beverages for off-premise consumption. (.1) Fresh Food Market. A store whose primary
business is the sale of grocery products and provides: (.a) at least 5,000 square feet of customeraccessible floor area used for display and sales of a general line of food and nonfood grocery
products such as dairy, canned and frozen foods, fresh fruits and vegetables, and fresh and
prepared meats, fish, and poultry, intended for home preparation, consumption and use; (.b) at
least 50% of such customer-accessible sales and display area is used for the sale of a general line
of food products intended for home preparation and consumption; (.c) at least 25% of such
customer-accessible sales and display area is used for the sale of perishable goods, which must
include dairy, fresh fruits and vegetables, and frozen foods and that may include fresh meats,
poultry, and fish; and (.d) at least 750 square feet of such customer-accessible sales and display
area is used for the sale of fresh fruits and vegetables...”
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2.7: STREET CONNECTIVITY
Common Barriers:
Streets that do not maintain continuous sidewalks or clear paths discourage pedestrian use.
Sidewalks that have grade changes, poor lighting, and lack of interesting activity along the
streets remain underutilized. Too many curb cuts on sidewalks create conflict zones between
pedestrians and vehicles. Perception of safety is also crucial to encouraging sidewalk use.
Pedestrian crossings on wide streets that do not include adequately sized pedestrian refuge
areas are burdensome for elderly and disabled population. Overpass and underpass to cross
streets are many times inaccessible by persons with disabilities.
Opportunities:
Public streets and associated infrastructure is commonly within the jurisdiction of a city’s
transportation department. However, zoning ordinance has several opportunities to design well
connected streets. Zoning and general plan documents can regulate the maximum size of a block
to correspond to a comfortable walking distance for the pedestrians. Site planning elements that
increase pedestrian safety and comfort such as limitations on curb cuts and maximum grade of
sidewalks can be included in the zoning regulations.
Strategy 2.7.a:
In large-scale developments, design well-connected streets with sidewalks and
keep block sizes relatively small.
Strategy 2.7.b:
Where current connectivity of the sidewalks and streets on a building site is poor,
provide pedestrian paths through existing blocks.
Strategy 2.7.c:
Avoid creating pedestrian over- and underpasses that force walkers to change
levels.
Strategy 2.7.d:
Maintain dedicated pedestrian and bicycle paths on dead-end streets to provide
access even where cars cannot pass.
Strategy 2.7.e:
Minimize addition of mid-block vehicular curb cuts on streets with heavy foot
traffic.
Strategy 2.7.f:
Design vehicular driveways and ramps to minimize contact between cars and
pedestrians.
EXAMPLES OF ZONING ORDINANCES
Allow/Permit
Intent: Require mid-block pedestrian connections where necessary.
Los Angeles, Municipal Code, Chapter I, Article 7, Section 17-05. “F. Pedestrian Walks. If
it is determined by the Advisory Agency that inner-block pedestrian walks are necessary for the
public health, safety or welfare, they shall be dedicated to a width of not less than 10 feet.”
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Intent: Encourage driveways on side streets.
Los Angeles, Municipal Code, Chapter I, Article 3, Section 13-09. “G. Pedestrian
Orientation. ... 5. Openings in Building Frontages for Vehicular Access. Vehicular access shall
be provided from side streets or alleys if available. Where side street or alley access is not
available, not more than one 20-foot wide driveway shall be provided per 100 feet of Building
Frontage, and not more than two driveways shall be permitted per building...”
Incentivize
Intent: Give floor area bonus for through block connections conditioned upon minimum design standards
Chicago Municipal Ordinance Chapter 17-4. “17-4-1009 Outdoor Through-Block
Connections. 17-4-1009-A Eligibility and Standards. Through-block connections facilitate
pedestrian circulation and create a pedestrian scale for larger development blocks. Outdoor
though-block connections are eligible for floor area bonuses, provided they meet the following
minimum standards: 1. The site for which the floor area bonus is requested must be located in a
dash 12 or dash 16 “D” district. 2. Outdoor through-block connections must create a continuous,
mid-block corridor at least 20 feet in width that connects two streets. 3. The connection must be
unobstructed and open to the sky. The installation of seating, trees, and other pedestrian or
landscape features will not be considered obstructions...”
Mandate
Intent: Require new sidewalks where public streets are unimproved
Indianapolis Zoning Ordinance Chapter 732. Section 732-214. “(4) Sidewalk Requirements
in the C-1, C-2, C-3, C-3C, C-4, C-5, C-6, C-7, and C-ID Districts. On any freestanding lot or
integrated center that is not served by either an existing public sidewalk or a public sidewalk
alternative authorized by the City of Indianapolis, sidewalks shall be provided in compliance
with the following regulations. (a.) Placement. 1. Sidewalks shall be provided along all abutting
eligible public streets, ...”
Intent: Connect pedestrian walkways within a development with public sidewalks
Indianapolis Zoning Ordinance Chapter 732. Section 732-214. “(4) Sidewalk Requirements
in the C-1, C-2, C-3, C-3C, C-4, C-5, C-6, C-7, and C-ID Districts... (f.) Internal accessibility for
new development. Within a freestanding lot or integrated center, walkways shall be provided in
accordance with a pedestrian plan that shall include a walkway system that functionally
connects all of the building’s main front entrances with the sidewalk located in the public rightof-way of each of the freestanding lot or integrated center’s eligible public streets...”
Intent: Establish minimum dimensions for block lengths
Los Angeles, Municipal Code, Chapter I, Article 7, Section 17-05. “G. Blocks. Blocks shall
not exceed 1,700 feet in length, except in hilly areas. The number of intersections of local streets
with major and secondary highways shall be kept at a minimum.”
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Intent: Require sidewalks improvements to meet minimum design criteria and adjacency requirements
New York City Zoning Resolution. Article 12, Chapter 5. Section 125-41. "...All sidewalk
widenings shall be improved to Department of Transportation standards for sidewalks, shall be
at the same level as the adjoining public sidewalk, and shall be accessible to the public at all
times..."
Intent: Prohibit curb cuts to maintain continuity of sidewalks
New York City Zoning Resolution. Article 2, Chapter 5. Section 25-631. "...For zoning lots
with less than 40 feet of street frontage and existing on the effective date of establishing such
districts on the zoning maps, curb cuts shall be prohibited..."
Intent: Prohibit curb cuts to access parking spaces on major retail corridors
New York City Zoning Resolution. Article 1, Chapter 3, Section 13-142. Location of access
to the street: "... In Manhattan Community Districts 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8, the entrances and
exits to all permitted accessory off-street parking spaces shall not be located on a wide street
except by authorization of the City Planning Commission pursuant to Sections 13-53
(Departmental Reports) and 13-553 (Curb cuts)."
Intent: Require sidewalks and curb cuts to meet ADA standards
Louisville Development Code Chapter 5 Part 8. "5.8.1 Streets and Sidewalk Standards…2.
Where the sidewalk along a public street is interrupted by a curbcut, the walkway across the
driveway shall be delineated, to enhance pedestrian safety. The walkway may be delineated by
striping or by use of contrasting pavement materials that meet ADA standards."
Intent: Require minimum spacing between curb cuts and driveways
Nashville Zoning Code. Title 17, Chapter 20, Section 17.20.160. “ Access from nonarterial
streets." 3. A driveway other than for a single-family or two family dwelling shall be located at
least thirty feet from another driveway..."
New York City Zoning Resolution. Article 2, Chapter 5. Section 25-631. "(b) (2) ...a
minimum distance of 16 feet of uninterrupted curb space shall be maintained between all curb
cuts ...all driveways shall be located at least 13 feet from any other driveway on the same or
adjoining zoning lots."
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2.8: TRAFFIC CALMING
Zoning ordinances have limited jurisdiction to regulate traffic calming measures which are
implemented within public right-of-ways. The zoning and general plan regulations can facilitate
implementation of these measures by planning for street widening that would accommodate
traffic calming measures such as medians, curb extensions, etc.
Strategy 2.8.a:
Design roads to be the minimum width and to have the minimum number of
lanes practical.
Strategy 2.8.b:
Incorporate traffic calming street additions such as curb extensions, medians,
and raised speed reducers.
Strategy 2.8.c:
Consider other physical design measures where appropriate, for example:
Horizontal deflections such as curved roadway alignments
Vertical deflections such as raised intersections or crossings
Traffic diverters, roundabouts, and mini-traffic circles
Signal phasing plan with a protected left-turn lag phase
“Yield to Pedestrian” signs
Avoidance of slip lanes and wide curb radii
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2.9: DESIGNING PEDESTRIAN PATHWAYS
Common Barriers
Most common barrier to pedestrian pathways is lack of a unifying design that draws in
commuters. Inconsistency in provision of visual and other amenities for comfort at regular
intervals such as trees, signs, seating, and lighting deter use of these pathways.
Opportunities
Zoning ordinances can promote active pedestrian pathways by requiring minimum design
standards and amenities. Design elements must be sensitive to the urban context in which such
pathways exist or planned. A dedicated amenity strip which accommodates infrastructure like
fire hydrants, trash receptacles, street lights, etc must be required within sidewalk right-of-way.
Sidewalks along busy commercial corridors require wider clear paths and more density of
amenities such as benches and trash receptacles. Sidewalks along streets can include street trees
and planted areas between vehicular and pedestrian paths. Signage regulations can incorporate
wayfinding tools to direct pedestrians towards civic amenities, waterfront or vistas.
Strategy 2.9.a:
Create a buffer to separate pedestrians from moving vehicles using street
furniture, trees, and other sidewalk infrastructure.
Strategy 2.9.b:
Provide seating, drinking fountains, restrooms, and other infrastructure that
support increased frequency and duration of walking.
Strategy 2.9.c:
Provide exterior lighting along streets and outdoor paths.
Strategy 2.9.d:
Include trees and objects of visual interest on streets and sidewalks.
Strategy 2.9.e:
Make sidewalk widths consistent with their use.
Strategy 2.9.f:
Provide for enhanced pedestrian crossings both at mid-block and at
intersections.
Strategy 2.9.g:
Construct curb extensions along sections of the sidewalk that tend to attract
greater pedestrian congestion.
Strategy 2.9.h:
When designing large urban-scale developments, create on-site pathways as
extensions to public sidewalks.
Strategy 2.9.i:
Create or orient paths and sidewalks toward interesting views
Strategy 2.9.j:
Provide marked, measured walking paths on sites as part of a wayfinding system
targeted to pedestrians and bicyclists.
Strategy 2.9.k:
Make streets and paths universally accessible. Create:
Paths that are smooth, sufficiently wide, and that have curb cuts and turning radii
adequate for a wheelchair or walker.
Paths with auditory crossing signals, adequate crossing times, clear signage,
visible access ramps, and connections to walking, cycling, and public transit
routes.
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EXAMPLES OF ZONING ORDINANCES
Allow/Permit
Intent: Establish special purpose districts to define a framework for pedestrian oriented development
Louisville Development Code Chapter 2 Part 7. Planned Development Districts-Planned
Transit Development District. “E. Development Standards. The following standards are
intended for use in preparing a Master Plan for consideration under the PTD District… 8.
Pedestrian and Transit Amenities a. Clearly defined, safe pedestrian access shall be provided
that link parking areas and adjacent public rights-of-way to building entrances and the
advanced transit facility. Walkways leading to the transit facility shall be at least 6’ wide.
Walkways crossing parking lot drive aisles shall be separated from vehicles by a change in
grade (4" minimum), curbing, bollards, wheel stops or landscaping...”
Intent: Clearly define the intended characteristics and design guidelines for pedestrian pathways
Louisville Development Code Chapter 2 Part 7. Planned Development Districts-Planned
Transit Development District. “D. Development Guidelines... 2. PTD District Pattern
Characteristics... e. Pleasant Pedestrian Environment. A PTD will improve the pedestrian
environment with amenities, such as pedestrian lamps, awnings, canopies, benches, trees, and
shrubbery, and protect the pedestrian and cyclists from traffic using clearly designated
crosswalks, buffering, shelters, lighting, and grade separations...”
Intent: Regulate sidewalks elements such as fences, benches, and landscaping to enhance pedestrian
experience
Louisville Development Code Chapter 2 Part 7. "APPENDIX 3B-Downtown Overlay
District 11. Open space should reinforce the sense of building frontage along the street. As a
general rule, any newly developed or improved open space should: ... d. Use fences, trees,
benches or other landscaping as a way to continue the sense of building frontage along the
sidewalk."
Intent: Allow buildings to setback from the property line to accommodate sidewalk amenities
Los Angeles, Municipal Code, Chapter I, Article 3, Section 13-09. “G. Pedestrian
Orientation... 3. Pedestrian Amenities. Notwithstanding the Building Frontage requirements
in 2 above, if a Pedestrian Amenity is provided, the required Building Frontage may be set back
up to 15 feet along the portion of that amenity...”
Incentivize
Intent: Give floor area bonus for sidewalk widening
Chicago Municipal Ordinance Chapter 17-4. “17-4-1010 Sidewalk Widening. 17-4-1010-A
Eligibility and Standards. Buildings that are set back to create a wider sidewalk for pedestrians
and for the planting of trees, landscaping, the installation of outdoor seating, bus shelters or
other amenities are eligible for floor area bonuses, provided they meet the following minimum
standards: 1. The site for which the floor area bonus is requested must be located in a dash 12 or
dash 16 “D” district. 2. The open area of the qualifying setback must be unobstructed and
extend from the ground to the sky, except for landscaping improvements described in this
section. 3. In order to qualify for a floor area bonus, the total width of the sidewalk, including
the building setback, must be at least 14 feet...”
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Mandate
Intent: Require minimum design standards for sidewalk improvements
New York City Zoning Resolution. Article 12, Chapter 5, Section 125-41. "...All sidewalk
widenings shall be improved to Department of Transportation standards for sidewalks, shall be
at the same level as the adjoining public sidewalk, and shall be accessible to the public at all
times..."
Intent: Require sidewalk widening based on size of development or enlargement
New York City Zoning Resolution. Article 10, Chapter 1, Section 101-42. " Mandatory
Sidewalk Widenings. Map 4 (Street Wall Continuity and Mandatory Sidewalk Widenings) in
Appendix E of this Chapter specifies locations where the sidewalk widening regulations of this
Section apply. Such regulations shall apply to all developments and to those horizontal
enlargements where the enlarged portion of the building contains a floor area ratio of 3.0 or
more."
Intent: Establish minimum seating requirements
New York City Zoning Resolution. Article 6, Chapter 2. Section 62-62. "...One linear foot
of seating shall be provided for every 75 square feet of shore public walkway and supplemental
public access area..."
Intent: Require minimum clear paths for sidewalks along private streets
Nashville Zoning Code. Title 17, Chapter 17.16, Section17.16.030. "Residential uses. ...h.
Sidewalk. A sidewalk with a minimum width of four feet shall be provided along one side of all
private drives within the MHP."
Intent: Require minimum lighting and signage standards
New York City Zoning Resolution. Article 2, Chapter 6. Section 26-34. "...All private roads
shall provide street lighting, street signage and crosswalks to minimum Department of
Transportation standards for public streets..."
Intent: Require new developments or enlargements to provide street trees based on linear frontage along a
street
New York City Zoning Resolution. Article 2, Chapter 6. Section 26-41. "...one street tree,
pre-existing or newly planted, shall be provided for every 25 feet of street frontage of the
zoning lot..."
Indianapolis Chapter 735, Section 735-605. “... (c) Landscaping within the right-of-way. At
least one overstory tree with associated grating or protection system shall be provided and
maintained in the right-of-way for each forty (40) feet of linear frontage along the following
streets within the Mile Square: ...”
Chicago Municipal Ordinance Chapter 17-11. “17-11-0100 Parkway trees... 17-11-0103
Standards. 17-11-0103-A Anyone undertaking or allowing the construction upon, improvement
to, or use of any property that is subject to this section, must install and maintain parkway trees
within that portion of the public parkway contiguous to the zoning lot in accordance with the
provisions of Chapter 10-32 of the Municipal Code and the following requirements: 1. One
parkway tree is required per 25 linear feet of street frontage...”
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Intent: Allow street trees to be planted within public right-of-way
Louisville Development Code Chapter 10 Part 2. “10.2.8 Street Trees A. Mandatory: Street
trees are required for residentially zoned property along collector and arterial level roadways, as
specified in the applicable form district. Street trees shall be provided in the public right-of-way,
with permission of the agency having jurisdiction over the right-of-way.”
Intent: Require visual connections to interesting views from publicly accessible vantage points
New York City Zoning Resolution. Article 6, Chapter 2. Section 62-11. “Definitions. Visual
corridor A "visual corridor" is a public street or open area within one or more zoning lots that
provides a direct and unobstructed view to the water from a vantage point within a public
street, public park or other public place.”
Intent: Establish minimum widths for visual corridor
New York City Zoning Resolution. Article 6, Chapter 2. Section 62-512. ” Dimensions of
visual corridors. The width of a visual corridor shall be determined by the width of the street of
which it is the prolongation but in no event less than 50 feet. Visual corridors that are not the
prolongations of streets shall be at least 50 feet wide. For the purposes of establishing the width,
vehicular turnarounds at the terminations of such streets, including curved or flanged
treatments at intersections, shall be omitted.”
Intent: Require planting strips along public sidewalks
New York City Zoning Resolution. Article 2, Chapter 3, Section 23-04. "In the districts
indicated, the following shall provide and maintain a planting strip in accordance with Section
26-42: (a) developments, or enlargements that increase the floor area on a zoning lot by 20
percent or more. However, planting strips shall not be required for enlargements of single- or
two-family residences, except as provided in paragraph (b) of this Section; (b) enlargements of
single- or two-family residences by 20 percent or more within the following special purpose
districts: ..."
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2.10: PROGRAMMING STREETSCAPES
Common Barriers
Underutilization of streetscape adjacencies such as retail use spillover can constrain the vitality
of streetscapes. Zoning ordinance may prevent spillovers from adjacent uses such as grocery
store, restaurant seating, or merchandise on the sidewalk. However, a Zoning ordinance may
have limited control over public right-of-ways.
Opportunities
In downtowns, streetscapes can be revitalized by allowing seating for restaurants on sidewalks
where the width of the sidewalk is conducive to such spillover. Zoning regulations can include
provisions to allow a set of pre-determined uses to locate merchandize within a specified
sidewalk zone.
Many cities adopt streetscape design guidelines and master plans to identify the needs of
neighborhoods, prioritize design objectives, and make specific recommendations pertaining to
best development practices that must be emulated by new construction projects. Some examples
of these documents are: New York City Street Design Manual and Boston Complete Street
Guidelines.
Strategy 2.10.a: Incorporate temporary and permanent public art installations into the
streetscape.
Strategy 2.10.b: Organize pedestrian-oriented programs, such as charity walks and vehicular
street closures, that make wide avenues available for walking and bicycling.
Strategy 2.10.c: Increase the number of outdoor cafes to enhance street activity
EXAMPLES OF ZONING ORDINANCES
Allow/Permit
Intent: Allow outdoor retail activities on public sidewalks and public spaces
Indianapolis Zoning Ordinance Chapter 732. “Sec. 732-200 (a) ... (7) Outdoor retail sales of
beverages, flowers and food from carts on sidewalks and public areas. The outdoor retail sales of
beverages, flowers and food from carts on sidewalks and public areas shall be subject to the
provisions of, and approved by the city controller in accordance with Chapter 961 of this Code,
and shall not be subject to the provisions of this chapter.”
Intent: Allow public art on building facades
Portland Zoning Code. Title 33, Chapter 33.130 “Commercial Zones 33.130.230 Ground
Floor Windows A. Purpose. In the C zones, blank walls on the ground level of buildings are
limited in order to: Provide a pleasant, rich, and diverse pedestrian experience by connecting
activities occurring within a structure to adjacent sidewalk areas; Encourage continuity of retail
and service uses; Encourage surveillance opportunities by restricting fortress-like facades at
street level; and Avoid a monotonous pedestrian environment. ... D. Adjustments. Public art
may be considered for adjustments to the ground floor window provision."
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Intent: Allow spillover of café seating into public sidewalks
New York City Zoning Resolution. Article 1, Chapter 4. Section 14-011. “Sidewalk cafe
locations Sidewalk cafes may be located in all R10H Districts, in all Commercial Districts other
than C3 Districts and in all Manufacturing Districts other than M1-5A or M1-5B Districts
south of Houston Street, except in those areas where sidewalk cafes are specifically prohibited or
permitted, as provided in Section 14-40 (AREA ELIGIBILITY FOR SIDEWALK CAFES).”
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The following goals pertain to bicycle networks and bicycling infrastructure. The strategies
listed under these goals can be facilitated by preparing bicycle network plans, design and
construction guidelines, and creative methods to encourage bicycle use such as bike-share
programs. These regulations are generally outside the purview of the zoning regulations.
2.11: BICYCLE NETWORKS AND CONNECTIVITY
Strategy 2.11.a: Design interconnected bikeways and establish a backbone network of unbroken
through routes across all five boroughs of New York.
Strategy 2.11.b: Make links between bicycling and transit.
Strategy 2.11.c: On bikeways, include signposts providing bicyclists with directions, distances,
and times to various destinations.
2.12: BIKEWAYS
Strategy 2.12.a: Use on-street markings or signage to visually reinforce the separation of areas
for bicyclists and motorists.
Strategy 2.12.b: Where conditions warrant, separate bikeways and vehicular traffic lanes with
physical demarcations.
Strategy 2.12.c: Expand existing bikeways where use has exceeded capacity.
Strategy 2.12.d: Pay special attention to the treatment of bikeways at intersections and other
points where the street form changes, in order to mitigate potential visibility
issues and turning conflicts.
Strategy 2.12.e: Avoid potential conflicts between cyclists and opening car doors—for example,
by widening parking lanes where appropriate.
Strategy 2.12.f: Further develop Greenways—alternative routes that are integrated into the
regional park system.
Strategy 2.12.g: Consider shared-use paths in areas with viewing attractions.
2.13: BICYCLING INFRASTRUCTURE
Strategy 2.13.a: Provide adequate facilities for bicyclists to park along their route or at a final
destination.
Strategy 2.13.b: Designate bicycle-specific crossings and signals to organize the movements of
pedestrians, cyclists, and motorists at busy intersections.
Strategy 2.13.c: Construct bicycle rails along outdoor stairways, such as those on “step streets.”
Strategy 2.13.d: Explore bicycle share programs to increase access to bicycles for both city
residents and visitors.
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Chapter 3
Building Design Guidelines
Section I
Introduction
Building design guidelines work specifically at the scale of the individual building. Yet because
individual buildings, when taken together, form the edge of the public realm, their design is
extremely important to the vitality of the sidewalk and the quality of a city’s active design.
Within the building, fine-grained regulations determine the extent to which the daily life of the
inhabitants is improved and made healthier.
The Building Design Chapter looks at tools of zoning that pertain to the Active Design
Guidelines sections on designing stairs for everyday use; stair location and visibility; stair
dimensions; stair prompts; elevators and escalators; building facilities that support exercise; and
building exteriors and massing.
Each section examines opportunities to support active design as well as common impediments
that might be expected, and then we review excerpts from various cities’ zoning codes that
permit, incentivize or mandate relevant regulations. In some cases we add model regulations.
The sections on building programming; and appealing and supportive walking routes within
buildings do not contain an example of an existing ordinance or a model regulation. The
strategies listed to support these goals are embedded with the internal design and layout of the
building. We recommend that the regulations governing these strategies are better placed
inside a building code or as a design guideline.
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Section II
Building Design Guidelines Audit
3.1: DESIGNING STAIRS FOR EVERYDAY USE
Common Barriers
Location of stairs could be constrained because of inadequate lot size and building programming
to optimize the efficiency of floor plates. Safety standards imposed by city agencies such as
requiring stairways be locked to meet fire code, firewalls to separate stairwells from corridors
impede flexibility in design of stairwells.
Opportunities
Underutilized stairs are a missed opportunity in encouraging a physically active lifestyle. Every
building requires stairwells for fire access and every unit in a residential building or commercial
space must be within accessible distance of a stairwell. This requirement can be used as a tool to
increase the visibility of stairwells in a building by integrating stairs as a prominent accessibility
feature in the building design. Ordinance can be modified to allow doors leading to stairwells to
remain open if building installs magnetic equipment that automatically closes the door in case of
emergency.
Strategy 3.1.a:
Provide one or all stairs in a building for everyday use, whether in the form of a
grand staircase or fire stairs that also serve as a principal means of travel.
Strategy 3.1.b:
Focus on stairs rather than elevators as the principal means of vertical travel for
those who are able to climb the stairs.
Strategy 3.1.c:
In high-rise buildings, provide an integrated vertical circulation system that
incorporates stair use for travel between adjacent floors, so that elevators are
used primarily for vertical travel of four floors or more.
Strategy 3.1.d:
Integrate the stair with the principal areas of orientation and travel within the
building.
Make the stairs accessible to the public areas of the building and, where
possible, eliminate locks between staircases and floor areas.
EXAMPLES OF ZONING ORDINANCES
Allow/Permit
Intent: Allow flexibility in designating public stairways
Model Regulation. “Stairways that are permitted to be unenclosed from an entry level shall be
permitted to serve as a portion of a public access stairway, provided that the top of such
stairway has direct access to a public access stairway to the upper levels.”
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Mandate
Intent: Require all floors to access at least one public stairway.
Model Regulation. “Stairway, Public Access. A continuous interior stairway that enables
building occupants to utilize stairs to travel between the building entrance level and other
levels. All levels within a building or structure shall have access to at least one public access
stairway.”
Intent: Require public stairway to connect with accessible roofs.
Model Regulation. “In a building where access to the roof is provided by an elevator, such roof
shall also be served by a public access stairway.”
Intent: Allow flexibility in designing public stairways.
Model Regulation. “Where multiple tenant spaces are not served by a common elevator, such
tenant spaces shall be permitted to be served by separate public access stairways, provided that
each such stair has access at the building entrance level.”
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3.2: STAIR LOCATION AND VISABILITY
Common Barriers
Stairways are often inconspicuous from the building lobbies. While elevators and escalators are
prominently placed in the building lobbies, stairwells are relegated to the rear of the building.
Doors leading to the stairwell commonly remain closed preventing direct visual contact into a
stairwell from a building lobby or corridor. These regulations create uninviting environment
and deter building occupants from frequently using the stairs as a means of primary access.
Opportunities
Retrofitting existing building elements can increase visibility of stairwells without too much
expenditure. The zoning ordinance or building code can require existing buildings and
enlargements of certain size to maintain minimum transparency on doors leading into a
stairwell. New developments can be required to provide a stairwell within a certain distance
from the main entrance of the building.
Strategy 3.2.a.: Locate stairs near the building’s entrance.
Strategy 3.2.b.: Locate a stair targeted for everyday use near the elevator.
Strategy 3.2.c.:
Locate an appealing, visible stair directly on the building’s principal paths of
travel.
Strategy 3.2.d.: Design stairs to be more visible. Use one or more of the following:
Fire-rated glass enclosures instead of traditional opaque enclosures
Open stairs between two or more floors with either the same or associated
tenancies
EXAMPLES OF ZONING ORDINANCES
Incentivize
Intent: Allow floor area waiver if the stairway provided meets minimum design criteria such as visibility, day
lighting, location, and fire safety standards.
Model Regulation. “Floor Area” ... However the “floor area” of a building shall not include: Up
to 50% of the stair area on any floor where the stairs meet the following criteria: (i) On the main
floor: located within 25 ft of and visible from the entrance, or located and visible before
elevator(s) from entrance, or adjacent to and visible from at least the main elevator waiting area
serving the lowest bank of the building; and (ii) On all other floors: more prominent than
elevator from main path of travel, or adjacent to and visible from at least the main elevator
waiting area, or visible and accessible from tenant areas; and iii) Is 48 inches or wider; and iv)
Provides daylighting (e.g. extension of the Housing Quality bonus for daylighting in corridors)
on each floor if the stair is located at the perimeter of a building and where the perimeter is not
along a lot line; and v) either a) is an open interconnecting stair additional to required fire stairs,
or b) is an open interconnecting stair serving as a fire stair using allowable fire safety systems
such as a deluge sprinkler system, or c) is an enclosed fire stair made visible and accessible by all
of the requirements proposed for Building Code inclusion (see proposals with Health and
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Physical Activity Committee Ranking 1-3), except that minimum fire-rated transparent glazing
used to provide visibility must be at least 50% of the door rather than 1/3 of the door, or d) any
combination of a, b, and c on different floors.”
Mandate
Intent: Require entrances to public stairway from common area within building
Model Regulation. “Entry location. At the building entrance level, entry to each public access
stairway shall be through a common entry area. Such common entry area shall be connected to
an elevator where elevator access is provided.”
Intent: Transparency requirements for doors leading into a public stairway
Model Regulation. “Glazing in Doors. All doors in a public access stairway shall have fireprotection rated glazing in accordance with ... Such glazing shall be at minimum between 4’-0”
and 6’-0” above the floor landing, and shall be at least 7 square feet in area and at least 10 square
feet in area for such doors at the building entrance level.”
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3.3: STAIR DIMENSIONS
Common Barriers
The most common barrier to increasing the size of stairways for creating meaningful spaces is
the floor area trade-off. It is in the interest of a developer to provide the minimum stairwell
permitted by the fire code or building code and increase the leasable floor area within a building.
Another aspect of stair design is the dimensions of risers and treads. The height and width of
risers and treads is determined based on the internal floor to floor height of the building and
comfort of the occupants could be undermined.
Opportunities
The standards for minimum dimension of a stairwell must be based on the intensity of use. Civic
buildings such as museums, courts, universities which have high visitor traffic must have wider
stairways and riser and tread dimensions that are suitable to such intensity. Stairwells within
residential and office buildings have different needs and may not require the same dimensions
are civic buildings. Stairways that are wider than the minimum fire code requirements can be
encouraged by giving incentives such as floor area exemptions.
Strategy 3.3.a.: Make stairs wide enough to accommodate travel in groups and in two directions.
Strategy 3.3.b.: Design stair risers and treads that are comfortable and safe.
EXAMPLES OF ZONING ORDINANCES
Mandate
Intent: Exclude stairways from floor area provided design complies with minimum dimensions
New York City Zoning Resolution. Article 1, Chapter 2, Section 12-10. “... the floor area of
a building shall not include: ... (11) floor space within stairwells at each floor of buildings
containing residences developed or enlarged after April 16, 2008, that are greater than 125 feet
in height, provided: (i) such stairwells are located on a story containing residences; (ii) such
stairwells are used as a required means of egress from such residences; (iii)such stairwells have a
minimum width of 44 inches; (iv) such floor space excluded from floor area shall be limited to a
maximum of eight inches of stair and landing width measured along the length of the stairwell
enclosure at each floor; and ...”
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3.4: APPEALING STAIR ENVIRONMENT
Common Barriers
Zoning ordinance and building codes do not adequately address the design elements of
stairwells. Lack of aesthetic appeal does not draw building occupants into these spaces.
Similarly, restriction on maintaining minimum clear paths prevents designing these spaces for
multi-functional use.
Opportunities
Stairwells can be made more appealing by minimal modifications to the existing regulations.
Requiring minimum day lighting standards similar to living areas can transform unlit passages.
Zoning ordinance can provide floor area incentive for wider stairwell if such additional space
encourages activity, for example, by providing seating, displaying art work, or sculptural
elements outside of the clear path.
Strategy 3.4.a:
Use articulated and unique stair compositions:
Grand, sculptural staircases
Exciting stair construction
Strategy 3.4.b:
Provide visually appealing interior finishes.
Strategy 3.4.c:
Design stair environments that appeal to the senses.
Highlight interesting views, such as prospects onto nature or indoor gathering
areas.
Incorporate artwork into the stair environment.
Add music to stairwells.
Incorporate natural ventilation.
Select bright, inviting colors.
Strategy 3.4.d:
Design safe stairs.
"Provide slip-resistant floor finishes."
Provide color or textural contrasts at tread nosings.
Strategy 3.4.e:
Provide well-lit stair environments.
Incorporate natural daylight into the stair environment.
Provide illumination levels of 75 percent to equal that of adjacent corridors.
Strategy 3.4.f:
Design stairs to be easily maintained.
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EXAMPLES OF ZONING ORDINANCES
Incentivize
Intent: Give floor area bonus if specific activities are provided within the stairwell.
Model Regulation. “Floor space within stairwells exceeding 44 inches may be excluded from
floor area calculation provided such space is used for (1) art work displays; (2) non-movable
seating; (3) architectural elements ...”
Mandate
Intent: Require minimum day lighting into stairwell
Model Regulation. “At least one stairwell in a building shall have windows to allow natural
light into such spaces.”
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3.5: STAIR PROMPTS
Common Barriers
If the stairwells remain outside direct line of sight from a building entrance, people may not be
aware of access points to stair wells. Similarly, visitors or occupants may be unmotivated to take
the stairwell if it requires undertaking additional travel relative to an elevator.
Opportunities
Regulations can require placement of stair prompts and signage at strategic locations such as
adjacent to an elevator button or at the building entrance to inform people about location of
stairwells.
Strategy 3.5.a:
Place signage at elevators and escalators to encourage stair use.
Strategy 3.5.b:
Locate stair prompts where they will be most visible.
Strategy 3.5.c:
Design informational and motivational messages to be linguistically and culturally
appropriate to the building’s users.
Use multilingual messages compatible with building users.
Match motivational message with building users’ sensibilities and travel
motivations.
Use age appropriate messages.
EXAMPLES OF ZONING ORDINANCES
Mandate
Intent: Require a standard design of stair prompts and specify location for posting
Model Regulation. “Public access stairway identification sign. A sign designed in accordance
with ..., shall be provided on the occupied side of each door leading to a public access stairway.
Signs shall be mounted on the wall surface directly adjacent to the latch-side of the door, such
that in no case shall there be more than 6” from the door to the edge of the sign. Where the wall
surface directly adjacent to the latch side is too narrow to accommodate the sign, the sign may
be placed on the adjacent perpendicular wall. The top of such sign shall be located no higher
than 5’ above the finished floor.”
Intent: Require stair prompts near elevators
Model Regulation. “Public access stairway prompt. A sign designed in accordance with ..., shall
be posted on each wall where an elevator call button is located. Signs shall be mounted on the
wall surface directly adjacent to the elevator call station. Where there are two or more
elevators, signs shall be centrally mounted on the wall between such elevators. The top of such
sign shall be located no higher than 5’ above the finished floor.”
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3.6: ELEVATORS AND ESCALATORS
Common Barriers
Elevators and escalators have become more prominently placed within new buildings and
therefore, are used more frequently.
Opportunities
Regulations can require placement of stair prompts and signage at strategic locations such as
adjacent to an elevator
Strategy 3.6.a:
Design elevators to be less prominent than the stairs for people who can use the
stairs, while providing elevator access for people with disabilities.
Locate elevators out of direct view from the building’s entrance.
Do not program the elevators to return to the ground floor and rest in the open
position when not in use.
Refrain from visually highlighting and articulating the elevator while visually
emphasizing the stairs provided for everyday use.
In high-rise commercial buildings, consider creating a second-floor lobby
accessible from ground level by a grand or open stair.
Consider limiting the number, size, and capacity of elevators to the minimum
required by code, where appropriate.
Consider reducing the elevator travel speed or the cab door open-and-close
speeds, particularly in low-rise buildings.
Strategy 3.6.b:
Consider installing skip-stop elevators, where appropriate for the building type.
Strategy 3.6.c:
Use signage at the elevator and escalator entry areas to promote nearby stair
use.
Strategy 3.6.d:
Limit the use of escalators in buildings. Also consider one or more of the
following strategies:
Limit escalator use to rush hours.
Slow escalators during non-rush hours.
Retrofit existing escalators with motion sensor activation devices.
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EXAMPLES OF ZONING ORDINANCES
Allow/Permit
Intent: Allow higher building base heights to incorporate lobbies on second floor
Model Regulation. “The maximum base height of the building may be increased by 10 feet if a
lobby is provided on the second floor which is accessible by a staircase from the ground floor
level pursuant to minimum design requirements as listed under ...”
Mandate
Intent: Require stair prompts near elevators
Model Regulation. “Public access stairway prompt. A sign designed in accordance with ..., shall
be posted on each wall where an elevator call button is located. Signs shall be mounted on the
wall surface directly adjacent to the elevator call station. Where there are two or more
elevators, signs shall be centrally mounted on the wall between such elevators. The top of such
sign shall be located no higher than 5’ above the finished floor.”
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The following goals pertain to programming of lobbies and common spaces within a building.
These strategies are typically outside the purview of a zoning ordinance and can be effectively
incorporated as a design guideline. Before requiring a specific regulation, it must be noted that
the design of a building is unique and dependent on the type of the development lot. Adjacency
requirements for common spaces need to be flexible to accommodate the design on a typical lot.
3.7: BUILDING PROGRAMMING
Strategy 3.7.a:
Locate building functions to encourage brief bouts of walking to commonly used
amenities within a building.
In work environments, organize functions such as restrooms, lunchrooms or
cafeteria, photocopy rooms, mailrooms, shared equipment spaces, staff lounges,
and meeting rooms a pleasant walking distance from individual work spaces.
In large-scale multiple-building developments, provide for tenant spaces that can
accommodate newsstands, post offices, places to purchase healthy food, and
other functions.
In mixed-use buildings, locate common functions in the lobby area to promote
walking to routine lunchtime and after-work or after-school activities.
In residential environments, place functions such as community and recreational
spaces, mailrooms, and management offices on an alternative floor or a pleasant
walking distance from individual residences and building entrances.
Strategy 3.7.b:
Consider locating the principal building lobby functions on the second floor
accessible by a prominent grand stair or ramp.
Strategy 3.7.c:
Locate shared functions on alternative floors, adjacent to staircases or ramps.
Strategy 3.7.d:
When arranging a building’s program, consider the capacities and ages of
specific inhabitants.
Strategy 3.7.e:
Encourage personal interaction in addition to electronic communication.
3.8: APPEALING AND SUPPORTIVE WALKING ROUTES
Strategy 3.8.a:
Provide visually appealing environments along paths of travel.
Strategy 3.8.b:
Provide daylighting along paths of travel.
Strategy 3.8.c:
Strategy 3.8.d:
Provide supportive infrastructure along walking routes.
Restrooms
Drinking fountains or water refilling stations
Benches
Provide information about walking routes within and around the building.
Strategy 3.8.e:
Provide incremental distance markers.
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3.9: BUILDING FACILITIES THAT SUPPORT EXERCISE
Common Barriers
Floor space for common amenities competes with floor area that can be used for providing
additional residential or commercial space. Additional, maintenance of recreational spaces may
increase operating costs and liability of the developer.
Opportunities
Zoning regulations could require active recreational areas within buildings that have a certain
number of dwelling units or in large office buildings. These spaces could be prohibited in
basements and may be required on publicly accessible floors. Recreational spaces such as
gymnasiums and activity rooms could be incentivized within buildings using zoning ordinances.
For example, bike parking could be required in buildings.
Strategy 3.9.a:
Include physical activity spaces in commercial workplaces and residential
buildings.
Strategy 3.9.b:
Locate physical activity spaces within centrally visible locations in the building.
Strategy 3.9.c:
Provide views to the outdoors from physical activity rooms.
Strategy 3.9.d:
Provide shower and locker room facilities.
Strategy 3.9.e:
Provide secure, sheltered, and accessible bicycle storage, preferably on the
ground floor.
Strategy 3.9.f:
Provide information boards and signage about facilities, services, and groups
related to physical activities.
Strategy 3.9.g:
Design activity spaces to accommodate a building’s various occupant groups.
Strategy 3.9.h:
Provide easily accessible drinking fountains throughout the building.
EXAMPLES OF ZONING ORDINANCES
Incentivize
Intent: Exclude area under bike parking from floor area calculations
New York City Zoning Resolution. Article 2, Chapter 5, Section 25-85. “In all districts, as
indicated, space provided for enclosed accessory bicycle parking spaces pursuant to the
standards of this Section, shall be excluded from the calculation of floor area, provided that: ...”
Mandate
Intent: Require minimum amount of recreational area on roof of the building.
New York City Zoning Resolution. Article 1, Chapter 5, Section 15-12. “ Open Space
Equivalent. At least 30 percent of the gross roof area of a building containing 15 dwelling units
shall be provided for recreational use. For each additional dwelling unit, 100 square feet of
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additional roof area shall be provided for recreational use, up to a maximum of 50 percent of the
gross roof area. This recreational area shall be accessible to all the occupants of said building
and their guests. No fees shall be charged to the occupants or their guests. The provisions of
this Section may be modified pursuant to Section 15-30.”
Intent: Require minimum number of accessory bike parking within buildings
New York City Zoning Resolution. Article 2, Chapter 5, Section 25-811. “Enclosed bicycle
parking spaces ... In all districts, as indicated, enclosed accessory bicycle parking spaces shall be
provided for at least that amount specified for the applicable use set forth in the table in this
Section.”
Intent: Require minimum unenclosed accessory bike parking based on area of development or number of
automobile parking
New York City Zoning Resolution. Article 2, Chapter 3, Section 25-812. “Unenclosed
bicycle parking spaces ... In all districts, as indicated, for open parking areas accessory to
community facility uses that contain 18 or more spaces or are greater than 6,000 square feet in
area, ... unenclosed accessory bicycle parking spaces shall be provided as follows:
(a) One bicycle parking space shall be provided for every ten automobile parking spaces, up to
200 automobile parking spaces. ... (b) Each bicycle rack shall allow for the bicycle frame and at
least one wheel to be locked to the rack. ... (c) Bicycle racks shall be provided within 50 feet of a
main entrance of a building and a minimum of 24 inches from any wall.”
Intent: Require minimum unenclosed accessory bike parking based on area of development or number of
automobile parking.
New York City Zoning Resolution. Article 2, Chapter 8, Section 28-30. “Required
Recreation Space. All developments, enlargements, extensions or conversions, with nine or
more dwelling units or rooming units, shall provide at least the minimum amount of recreation
space as set forth in the table in this Section....”
Intent: Require indoor and outdoor recreational spaces of minimum size and dimensions.
New York City Zoning Resolution. Article 2, Chapter 8, Section 28-32. “...(b) The
minimum dimension of any recreation space shall be 15 feet. The minimum size of any outdoor
recreation space shall be 225 square feet, and the minimum size of any indoor recreation space
shall be 300 square feet. ... (d) Any indoor recreation room located in a story shall have at least
one exterior wall with windows that measure not less than 9.5 percent of the total floor space of
the room and such windows ...”
Intent: Require showers when active recreation activities are provided inside a building
Model Regulation. “Where active recreation uses pursuant to ... are provided within a building,
a minimum number of shower enclosures shall be provided based on ...”
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3.10: BUILDING EXTERIORS AND MASSING
Common Barriers
Building exterior has a major impact on the public realm especially along the sidewalk. Blank
walls create an unwelcoming pedestrian experience and lack of architectural variety such as
setbacks and entryways result in a monotonous unappealing design.
Opportunities
Zoning regulations can create attractive streetscapes by regulating treatment of building
exterior and massing. Building elements such as dormers, reverse setbacks, cornices, canopies
when allowed in a zoning ordinance add enormously to the variety of the streetscape. Zoning
ordinance can also require specific treatment on the building façade, such as transparency
requirements, show windows, awnings and canopies. To activate the streets, zoning ordinance
may also require minimum number of storefronts on a block.
In addition to the zoning ordinance, design guidelines can delve into more detailed aspects of
the built form. For example, “Hunter’s Point South Design Guidelines” prepared for a
waterfront neighborhood in New York City, stipulated specific urban design standards to create
a unique architectural character for the neighborhood. The building façade was broken down
into three segments: lower base, upper base, and tower guidelines, and detailed design principles
were developed for each building segment.
Strategy 3.10.a: Maximize variety, detail, and continuity on the lower one-to-two floors of the
building exterior.
Strategy 3.10.b: Provide multiple entries and maximum transparency along the street to help
enliven the pedestrian environment.
Strategy 3.10.c: Incorporate canopies and awnings into building facades.
Strategy 3.10.d: Carefully incorporate stairs and ramps as building design features.
Strategy 3.10.e: Design building massing to enhance nearby parks, plazas, and open spaces.
EXAMPLES OF ZONING ORDINANCES
Allow/Permit
Intent: Allow architectural elements like dormers outside permitted building envelope
New York City Zoning Resolution. Article 2, Chapter 3, Section 23-651. "(3) Dormer - For
the purposes of this Section, a dormer shall be a vertical extension of the street wall of a base
allowed as a permitted obstruction within a required front setback area. A dormer may be
located anywhere on a wide street, and on a narrow street within 70 feet of its intersection with
a wide street.
Intent: Allow awnings and canopies as permitted obstructions
New York City Zoning Resolution. Article 2, Chapter 3, Section 23-44. "Permitted
Obstructions in Required Yards or Rear Yard Equivalents ...Awnings or canopies..."
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Intent: Allow architectural elements like stairs outside permitted building envelope
New York City Zoning Resolution. Article 2, Chapter 3, Section 23-461. "...Only chimneys,
eaves, gutters, downspouts, steps, and ramps for access by people with disabilities shall be
permitted obstructions in open areas..."
Intent: Guide fenestration details on street walls along main streets
Boston Zoning Code. Article 47A – CAMBRIDGE STREET NORTH DISTRICT: "(c)
Windows. In Street Walls facing Cambridge Street, large, undifferentiated panes of glass
generally are not appropriate. Accordingly, windows in such Street Walls should be set in from
the face of the building and accented by lintels and sills."
Mandate
Intent: Specify building materials
Boston Zoning Code. Article 47A. "CAMBRIDGE STREET NORTH DISTRICT:…(j)
Building Materials. Primary building materials for Street Walls facing Cambridge Street should
be masonry, including brick, limestone, sandstone, and granite. When used for such Street
Walls, materials such as architectural precast concrete should be empathetic in surface texture
and color with the exterior building materials used on the south side of Cambridge Street."
Intent: Require minimum transparency on ground floor along major streets
New York City Zoning Resolution. Article 3, Chapter 7, Section 37-76. "...All new building
walls fronting on the major and minor portions of the public plaza shall be treated with clear,
untinted transparent material for 50 percent of the surface area below 14 feet above the public
plaza level, or the ceiling level of the ground floor of the building, whichever is lower..."
Intent: Require active non-residential uses on ground floor
New York City Zoning Resolution. Article 11, Chapter 6, Section 116-12. "Uses located on
the ground floor level, or within two feet of the as-built level of the adjoining sidewalk, shall be
limited to the non-residential uses permitted by the underlying district regulations..."
Intent: Specify location of street walls to maintain continuity along a block front
New York City Zoning Resolution. Article 13, Chapter 1, Section 131-421. "(a) Street wall
location: The street wall of a development or enlargement shall be located within five feet of the
street line and extend along the entire frontage of the zoning lot, except that: ..."
Intent: Establish maximum sill height of show windows to maximize transparency.
New York City Zoning Resolution. Article 12, Chapter 5, Section 125-12. “Transparency
Requirements. The ground floor street wall bounding any community facility use other than a
school shall be glazed with transparent materials which may include show windows, glazed
transoms or glazed portions of doors... Furthermore, the maximum sill level of all show
windows shall be two feet, six inches above the adjoining sidewalk or public access area.”
Intent: Establish standards for minimum number of stores on a building block to encourage variety
New York City Zoning Resolution. Article 13, Chapter 2, Section 132-23. "For zoning lots
with a lot width of 50 feet or more, as measured along the street line of the designated
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commercial street, a minimum of two non-residential establishments shall be required for every
50 feet of street frontage."
Intent: Specify maximum length of a building wall to add architectural variety
Louisville Development Code Chapter 5 Part 6. Section 5.6.1 "Non-Residential and Mixed
Use Building Design Standards B. Building Façade Treatment for buildings within the
Suburban Form Districts: No uninterrupted length of any façade shall exceed 100 horizontal
feet."
Intent: Require minimum architectural features on building facade
Louisville Development Code Chapter 5, Part 6, Section 5.6.1 "Non-Residential and Mixed
Use Building Design Standards B. Building Façade Treatment for buildings within the
Suburban Form Districts: There shall be no blank walls facing public streets. Ground floor
facades at these locations shall be articulated to provide visual interest and a human scale that
are representative of the form district. Such facades shall employ the use of windows, columns,
pilasters, piers, variation of material, entrances, storefront windows, and other animating
features along no less than 60 percent of their length. In addition, façades greater than 100 feet
in length, measured horizontally, shall incorporate any combination of the following features:
wall plane projections having a depth of at least 18 inches or recesses having a depth of at least
3 feet, or building entrances/glassed in areas extending at least 20 percent of the length of the
facade."
Intent: Establish design standards for awnings
Louisville Development Code Chapter 5, Part 6, Section 5.6.2 “Downtown Form District
Building Design Standards ...D. Awnings/Canopies 1. Awnings, when used, shall be installed so
that the valance is at least 7’-6” above the sidewalk. 2. The width of a single awning shall extend
the full width of the window and shall not exceed 40 feet 3. Canopies shall be at least 18” from
the face of curb. Awnings shall not extend into the Streetscape Zone.”
Intent: Require street walls along a minimum percentage block frontage
Portland Zoning Code. Title 33, Chapter 33.130. "4/24/10 Commercial Zones C. Maximum
building setbacks. ... b. Standard. The maximum building setback is 10 feet. At least 50 percent
of the length of the ground level street-facing façade of buildings must be within 10 feet of the
street lot line. If the site has three or more block frontages, this standard only applies to two
frontages."
Intent: Require street walls along a minimum percentage block frontage
Seattle Municipal Code. Title 23, Chapter 23-48, SMC 23.48.014. "General facade
requirements…C. All facades on Class 1 Pedestrian Streets, as shown on Map B, shall be built
to the street property line along a minimum of seventy (70) percent of the facade length."
Intent: Place controls on maximum façade width of a single building
Seattle Municipal Code. Title 23, Chapter 23-49, SMC 23.49.164 "Downtown Mixed
Residential, maximum width, depth and separation requirements:… D. Facade Width Limits
and Separation Requirements in South Downtown. On a lot in a DMR/C zone in South
Downtown, the following standards apply: 1. For the portion of a structure 65 feet in height or
less, the maximum width of a street-facing facade is 250 feet."
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Intent: Require minimum number of entrances to a building on mid-block
Seattle Municipal Code. Title 23, Chapter 23-49, SMC 23.49.163 Downtown Mixed
Residential, standards for facades along mid-block corridors "A. The facade shall include at least
one entrance to the predominant use in the structure or an entrance to a use listed in Section
23.49.009 for every 100 lineal feet of building facade facing the corridor. If the facade is less than
100 feet in width, then at least one entrance shall be provided."
Intent: Define minimum heights for street walls based on neighborhood context
Seattle Municipal Code. Title 23, Chapter 23-48, SMC 23.48.014. "General facade
requirements. 1. On Class 1 Pedestrian Streets, as shown on Map B, Pedestrian Street
Classifications, located at the end of this Chapter, all facades shall have a minimum height of
forty-five (45) feet.; 2. On Class 2 Pedestrian Streets, as shown on Map B, all facades shall have a
minimum height of twenty-five (25) feet. 3. On all other streets, all facades shall have a
minimum height of fifteen (15) feet."
Intent: Require windows on blank walls
Chicago Zoning Ordinance, Chapter 17-2. “17-2-0400 Character standards. "Blank Walls:
-A To avoid the appearance of blank walls and ensure “eyes on the street”, windows and/or
main entrance doors must comprise at least 17.5% of the area of each building façade that faces a
street. ... -C Windows used to meet this standard must allow views from the building to the
street. -D Glass block, windows in garages and doors that do not provide pedestrian entrances
to the building do not count toward meeting this standard."
Intent: Allow signs and marquees on building façade
New York City Building Code. Chapter 32 "3202.2.1.4.5 Occupancy restrictions. Marquees
may be erected on: 1. Buildings of an essentially public nature, including but not limited to the
following: 1.1. Public buildings; 1.2. Theatres; 1.3. Hotels; 1.4. Terminals; 1.5. Large department
stores; 1.6. Supermarkets; 1.7. Multiple dwellings. 2. Warehouses or markets in one of the
following established market areas: ..."
Intent: Allow architectural details to encroach into public right-of-way subject to conditions
New York City Building Code. Chapter 32 - Encroachments into the public right-of-way
"3202.2.1.2 Architectural details. Details such as cornices, eaves, bases, sills, headers, band
course, opening frames, sun control devices, rustications, applied ornament or sculpture, grilles,
windows when fully open, air conditioning units, and other similar elements may be
constructed...”
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REFERENCES
Active Design Guidelines: Promoting Physical Activity and Health in Design
www.nyc.gov/adg
Boston Complete Streets Guidelines
bostoncompletestreets.org/
New York City Street Design Manual
http://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/html/about/streetdesignmanual.shtml
Hunter’s Point South Design Guidelines, New York City
http://www.nycedc.com/project/hunters-point-south
Going to Market: New York City's Neighborhood Grocery Store and Supermarket
Shortage, New York City
http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/html/supermarket/index.shtml
ZONING ORDINANCES
Boston, Massachusetts
Boston Zoning Code, Boston Redevelopment Authority
http://www.bostonredevelopmentauthority.org/zoning/zoning.asp1
Chicago, Illinois
Chicago Zoning Ordinance, Department of Housing and Economic Development
http://www.amlegal.com/library/il/chicago.shtml
Indianapolis, Indiana
Indianapolis Zoning Ordinance, Department of Metropolitan Development
http://www.indy.gov/eGov/City/DMD/Planning/Zoning/Pages/municode.aspx
Los Angeles, California
Los Angeles Municipal Code, Department of City Planning
http://cityplanning.lacity.org/
Louisville, Kentucky
Land Development Code, Department of Codes and Regulations, Louisville
http://www.louisvilleky.gov/planningDesign/ldc/
Minneapolis, Minnesota
Minneapolis Code of Ordinances, Community Planning and Economic Development
http://library.municode.com/index.aspx?clientId=11490
Nashville, Tennessee
Nashville Zoning Code, Metro Planning Department
http://www.nashville.gov/images/gifs/mc/code_of_laws/TITLE_17.pdf
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New York, New York
New York City Zoning Resolution, Department of City Planning
http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/html/subcats/zoning.shtml
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Philadelphia Zoning Code, Philadelphia City Planning Commission
http://zoningmatters.org/
Portland, Oregon
Portland Zoning Code, Bureau of Planning and Sustainability
http://www.portlandonline.com/bps/title33_complete_print.pdf
Seattle, Washington
Seattle Municipal Code, Department of Planning and Development
http://clerk.ci.seattle.wa.us/public/toc/t23.htm
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The completion of this project would not have been possible without the participation and contributions of numerous
people from across the country. We would like to acknowledge the successful collaboration of all those individuals who
helped in the meticulous research and review of zoning ordinances of several cities for precedents. We would like to
extend our special thanks to the Center for Disease Control and the Fund for Public Health in New York for funding the
study.
NEW YORK CITY DEPARTMENT OF CITY PLANNING
Amanda M. Burden, FAICP, Commissioner
Alexandros Washburn, AIA, Chief Urban Designer
Thomas Wargo, Director, Zoning Division
NYCDCP ACTIVE DESIGN: OPPORTUNITIES IN ZONING PROJECT TEAM
Team Leader: Parul Agarwala, City Planner
Alexandra Gonzalez, Urban Designer
Belinda Kanpetch, Urban Designer
Gabriela Callejas, Urban Designer
Skye Duncan, Associate Urban Designer
SPECIAL CONTRIBUTORS
NEW YORK CITY DEPARTMENT OF CITY PLANNING CONTRIBUTORS
Beth Lebowitz, Deputy Director, Zoning Division
Chris Hayner, Urban Designer
Chris Holmes, City Planner
Claudia Herasme, Associate Urban Designer
Justin Moore, City Planner
Louisa Craddock, Associate City Planner
OTHER NYC CONTRIBUTORS
David Burney, FAIA, Commissioner, DDC
Eric Boorstyn, DDC
Karen K. Lee, DOH
Wendy Feuer, DOT
Nick Peterson, DOT
Margaret Newman, DOT
Andy Wiley-Schwartz, DOT
Kate Rube, NYAIA
NATIONAL CONTRIBUTORS
Nick Sims, BIRMINGHAM
Jimmy Dills, NASHVILLE
Patricia Conway, NASHVILLE
Gary Gaston, NASHVILLE
Julia Landstreet, NASHVILLE
Michael Briggs, NASHVILLE
Dirk L Gowin , LOUISVILLE
John (Rolf) Eisinger, LOUISVILLE
Michelle Kunec, PORTLAND
Jeff Joslin, PORTLAND
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Ivy Dunlap, PORTLAND
Barry Manning, PORTLAND
Mark Raggett, PORTLAND
Chon Wong, PORTLAND
Lyle Bicknell, SEATTLE
Charlotte Fleetwood, BOSTON
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