Presentation Plus! Human Heritage: A World History
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CHAPTER FOCUS
SECTION 1 Revolution in England
SECTION 2 The American Revolution
SECTION 3 The French Revolution
CHAPTER SUMMARY & STUDY GUIDE
CHAPTER ASSESSMENT
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Overview
• Chapter 32 examines the political
revolutions that took place in Europe and
the American colonies during the 1600s and
1700s. 
– Section 1 discusses the reasons why
revolution occurred in England in the
1600s. 
– Section 2 describes causes of the
American Revolution. 
– Section 3 summarizes the causes and
effects of the French Revolution.
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Objectives
After studying this chapter, you will be able to:
• summarize why revolutions erupted in
England. 
• summarize causes of the American
Revolution. 
• list the causes and effects of the French
Revolution.
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Read to Discover
• How revolution in England began during the
1600s 
• What British policies led to the American
Revolution of the late 1700s 
• How the French Revolution came about in
the late 1700s and what its results were
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the information. The Chapter Focus is on page 503 of your textbook.
Terms to Learn
• revolution 
• Oliver Cromwell 
• mercantilism 
• Charles II 
• monopoly 
• John Locke 
• direct tax 
• Voltaire 
• boycott 
Places to Locate
• Concord 
• estates 
People to Know
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People to Know (cont.)
• Lexington 
• James I 
• Yorktown
• Charles I 
• Bastille
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
Why It’s Important
By the 1700s, people in the western world
had new ideas about government. They
were less willing to be ruled without having
a voice in politics. They also wanted equal
justice under the law. They did not believe
that monarchs or the Church had the right
to tell them what to do. Thinkers and writers
began spreading ideas about freedom and
the right of people to change the government
to meet their needs. For these reasons, the
1700s came to be known in Europe and the
Americas as the Age of Enlightenment, or a
time of increased knowledge.
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Revolution in England
• In England, power struggles between the
king and Parliament led to a civil war and a
revolution, or an attempt to overthrow or
change the government. 
• Parliament won, and the monarch ruled in
the name of the people.
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Conflict with Parliament
• In 1603, the last Tudor monarch, Queen
Elizabeth I, died. 
• The Crown, or royal power, passed to a
distant relative, James VI of Scotland,
who became James I of England. 
• James I believed in rule by divine right,
and he dismissed Parliament and ruled
without a legislature for ten years. 
• James I appointed a church committee to
put together the King James version of
the Bible.
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Conflict with Parliament (cont.)
• When James I died in 1625, his son
became King Charles I; he held the same
beliefs about the monarchy as his father. 
• In 1628, Charles I was forced to call a
meeting of Parliament to approve new taxes
to pay for wars with France and Spain. 
• Parliament drew up the Petition of Right,
stating that the king could not declare
martial law, or rule by the army instead of by
law, nor pass tax laws without Parliament's
consent.
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Conflict with Parliament (cont.)
• At first, Charles I agreed, then, in 1629, he
broke the petition and dismissed
Parliament. 
• In 1640, Charles I again needed money to
build a larger army to fight the Scots, so
he called a meeting of Parliament. 
• Parliament passed a law abolishing taxes
collected by the Crown without
Parliament’s consent.
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Civil War
• Once again, Charles I accepted Parliament’s
laws and then disregarded them. 
• Civil war broke out between the Crown
and Parliament. 
– Those who backed the Crown were called
Cavaliers, mostly rich Roman Catholics and
Anglicans. 
– Those who backed Parliament were called
Roundheads, mostly middle- and lower-class
Puritans and other Calvinists.
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Civil War (cont.)
• Oliver Cromwell, a Puritan leader who
backed Parliament, formed a New Model
Army. 
• In 1646, the New Model Army defeated
the king's forces and ended the war. 
• Cromwell and his supporters put Charles I
on trial for treason, the court found him
guilty, and he was beheaded in 1649.
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Oliver Cromwell
• After the king’s death, Cromwell took over
the rule of England and governed as a
military dictator for the Puritan minority. 
• After Cromwell died, his son Richard took
over, but by 1660, Parliament decided that
England again needed a monarch.
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The Return of the Stuarts
• Parliament’s choice for king was Charles I’s
son, who became Charles II. 
• He changed the English court to a center of
gaiety and French fashion. 
• In September 1666 a great fire destroyed
two-thirds of London’s buildings. 
• Charles II put Sir Christopher Wren, an
architect, in charge of rebuilding the city. 
• As king, Charles II refused to consult with
Parliament about foreign policy, or relations
with other countries.
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The Glorious Revolution
• In 1685, Charles II died and his brother
James became king. 
• Openly Roman Catholic, James II named
many Roman Catholics to high posts in
the army and the government, which was
against a Parliament law. 
• James II also tried to have the Act of
Habeas Corpus repealed, or abolished. 
• This act stated that a person could not be
put in jail unless charged with a specific
crime.
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The Glorious Revolution (cont.)
• The leaders of Parliament did not like
James II and moved against him. 
• They offered the throne to Mary, James's
Protestant daughter by his first wife. 
• William landed in England, James II fled
to France, and William and Mary were
named joint rulers. 
• Because the change in monarchs took
place without a shot being fired, it came to
be called the “Glorious Revolution.”
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The Writings of John Locke
• Many of the ideas behind the Glorious
Revolution were explained in a book called
Two Treatises of Government, written in
1690 by an English philosopher named
John Locke. 
• He believed that people are born with
certain natural rights, including the right to
life, liberty, and property. 
• Locke’s ideas became a basis for the
American Revolution and, later, the
French Revolution.
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Section Assessment
Why did civil war finally break
out between the Crown and
Parliament in 1642?
Civil war broke out because Charles
accepted the laws Parliament passed
and then disregarded them.
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the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Why did Parliament remove James II
from the throne?
Parliament removed James II
because it was afraid of control by
the Roman Catholic Church.
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the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Identifying the Central Issue What
was the central issue addressed by
England’s Declaration of Rights?
The central issue was the power of the
king versus the power of Parliament.
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the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Draw the diagram on page 508 of your
textbook, and use it to summarize
the key ideas of John Locke’s
Two Treatises of Government.
Key ideas: people are born with certain
rights; the purpose of government is to
protect those rights; if a government fails
to do so, people can revolt and set up a
new government; the best kind of
government is a representative one.
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The American Revolution
• At first, England and its American colonies
got along well. 
• Eventually colonists became angry over
English controls. 
• This led to revolution and the forming of a
new country.
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the information. Section 2 begins on page 508 of your textbook.
Mercantilism
• In 1660, most European leaders under
Charles II believed in an economic system
called mercantilism. 
• In this system, colonies served as a source
of raw materials and as a market for finished
products. 
• Mercantilism worked well until the 1700s
because the colonists enjoyed a monopoly,
or sole right, on the sale of several major
crops. 
• Soon, however, colonists wanted to make
their own manufactured goods.
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Changes in British Policy
• Although England, now known as Great
Britain, regulated colonial trade, the
colonists handled local affairs. 
• In the middle of the 1700s this changed,
resulting in a dispute that led to the
French and Indian War. 
• At the end of the war, the British were
deeply in debt and wanted the colonies to
pay a large share of the money owed.
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Changes in British Policy (cont.)
• In 1765, Parliament passed the Stamp Act. 
• This was the first direct tax, a tax paid to
the government, not included in the price
of goods, which Parliament placed on the
colonies. 
• People throughout the colonies decided to
boycott, or refuse to buy, British goods. 
• In October 1765 delegates from 9 of the
13 colonies said that Parliament had no
right to tax them because they did not
have representatives in Parliament.
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Changes in British Policy (cont.)
• In March 1766, Parliament finally voted to
repeal the Stamp Act, but passed the
Declaratory Act. 
• This stated that Parliament had the right
to make laws on all matters concerning
the colonies.
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The Road to Revolution
• In 1767, Parliament passed a series of laws
known as the Townshend Acts which placed
a tax many goods. 
• The Boston Massacre occurred in 1770,
when a crowd of colonists antagonized a
group of British soldiers; five people were
killed. 
• Three years later, Parliament passed the
Tea Act, allowing the British East India
Company to sell tea directly to the
colonists.
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The Road to Revolution (cont.)
• In Massachusetts, a group of colonists
dressed as Native Americans boarded a
British ship in Boston harbor and dumped
its cargo of tea into the water. 
• To punish the colonists, Parliament, in
1774, passed the Coercive Acts. 
• These closed Boston harbor and put the
government of Massachusetts under
military rule. 
• These acts also said that British troops in
the colonies should be quartered, or given
a place to live, in private homes.
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The Road to Revolution (cont.)
• Next, Parliament passed the Quebec Act,
which extended the boundaries of Quebec
west of the Appalachians and north of the
Ohio River. 
• The colonists called these laws the
Intolerable Acts, or laws they could not
bear. 
• In September 1774, delegates from 12 of
the colonies met in Philadelphia, calling
themselves the First Continental Congress. 
• Colonial leaders were divided about what
to do.
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The Outcome
• Fighting broke out in Massachusetts
between the colonists and British soldiers. 
• In May 1775, the Second Continental
Congress met and named George
Washington head of the colonial army. 
• On July 4, 1776, Congress issued the
Declaration of Independence, written
mostly by Thomas Jefferson of Virginia. 
• The colonies broke away from Great
Britain and declared themselves the
United States of America; war with Great
Britain began.
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The Outcome (cont.)
• In 1781, the Americans and French forced
the British to surrender at Yorktown,
Virginia, ending the fighting. 
• Two years later, the Treaty of Paris ended
the war. 
• In 1789, the United States adopted a
constitution that set up a new form of
government and set forth certain
principles of government: 
– popular sovereignty–or the idea that a
government receives its powers from the
people.
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The Outcome (cont.)
– limited government–the idea that a government
may use only powers given to it by the people. 
• Later, ten amendments, or formal
changes, known as the Bill of Rights,
were added. 
• The Bill of Rights guarantees all American
citizens such rights as freedom of speech,
press, and religion; the right to trial by
jury; and freedom from unreasonable
searches and seizures.
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Section Assessment
Why were colonial legislatures
powerful?
They were powerful because they
passed laws and controlled officials.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
How did the Townshend Acts affect
the power of the colonial
legislatures?
The Townshend Acts took away the
legislatures’ main power.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
Evaluating Information “The Bill of
Rights is an important addition to the
U.S. Constitution.” What is your
opinion of this statement? Explain.
Answer will vary.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
Draw the diagram on page 513 of
your textbook, and use it to show
the causes and effects of the
American Revolution.
causes–growing colonial population,
conflict over colonial manufacturing,
conflict over taxation and representation
effects–colonial independence, new
constitution, Bill of Rights
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The French Revolution
• The America Revolution influenced people
in France, pointing up the need for political
change and helping to bring about a
revolution.
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Section 3 begins on page 513 of your textbook.
Old Regime
• During the 1600s and early 1700s–the time
of the Old Regime–France was a divineright monarchy. 
• French society was divided into three
estates, or classes. 
– The First Estate was the clergy who were
exempt, or free, from taxes. 
– The Second Estate was the nobility, who were
also free from taxes. 
– The Third Estate was everyone else in France,
who had no power in government, yet paid taxes.
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Old Regime (cont.)
• At the top of the Third Estate was the
bourgeoisie–bankers, merchants, lawyers,
doctors, manufacturers, and teachers. 
• Next were the city workers–artisans, day
laborers, and servants. 
• At the bottom were the peasants, who
made up more than 80 percent of the
French people.
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The Estates-General
• By the 1780s, educated French writers and
thinkers called philosophes wrote articles
pointing out the country's political problems. 
• One of the most widely read philosophes
was Francois Marie Arouet, known as
Voltaire. 
• Lack of money was the major problem
facing the French government. 
• Louis XVI called a meeting of the French
legislature, called the Estates-General, to
help decide how to raise money.
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The Estates-General (cont.)
• The Third Estate wanted a bigger voice in
government, wanting the Estates-General to
meet as a single body. 
• In May 1789, the Estates-General met, but
the other two estates refused to meet with
the Third Estate. 
• The Third Estate met as a separate body
and called themselves the National
Assembly. 
• Louis XVI finally gave in and ordered the
First and Second Estates to meet with the
National Assembly.
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Uprisings in City and Country
• Meanwhile, a series of uprisings took place
throughout most of France. 
• On July 14, 1789, a mob in search of
weapons attacked and captured the Bastille,
an old fort used as a prison. 
• It was a symbol of the tyranny, or unjust use
of power, of the monarchy. 
• The mob then killed the mayor of Paris and
set up a new city government. 
• Peasants attacked and burned the houses
of the nobles, and destroyed feudal records.
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The National Assembly
• The uprisings caused the National Assembly
to do away with the privileges of the clergy
and nobles. 
• On August 27, 1789, the Assembly issued
the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the
Citizen. 
• In 1791, a constitution was finished,
establishing freedom of religion and making
France a constitutional monarchy.
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The National Assembly (cont.)
• Under this kind of government, the Crown
and the legislature would govern together. 
• Both representatives and voters had to
have a certain amount of wealth. 
• This pleased the bourgeoisie because it
gave them the power they wanted. 
• It did not please most peasants and the
sans-culottes, or city workers, because
they did not have enough money to vote.
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The End of the Monarchy
• Rulers throughout Europe feared ideas from
the French Revolution would weaken their
own power. 
• French émigrés, or political exiles,
encouraged the rulers to march into France
and help Louis XVI take back control of the
government. 
• Before any country could act, in the spring
of 1792 France declared war on Austria,
where the queen's brother ruled.
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The End of the Monarchy (cont.)
• At first, the war did not go well for France,
and Austrian and Prussian armies began
marching toward Paris. 
• In the city, the sans-culottes took over and
set up a new government called the
National Convention, which made France a
republic. 
• The following year, Louis XVI and Marie
Antoinette were executed, and more
European countries joined the war against
France.
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The End of the Monarchy (cont.)
• The Committee of Public Safety, led by a
lawyer named Maximilien de Robespierre
took over the government. 
• Thousands of people, suspected of being
against the Revolution, lost their lives to
the guillotine, a machine with a heavy
blade to cut off the victim’s head. 
• The wave of killing came to be known as
the “Reign of Terror,” and government
leaders had Robespierre executed.
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The End of the Monarchy (cont.)
• The following year, a third constitution was
written which set up a government known
as the Directory. 
• Most reforms of the Revolution ended as
the French had grown more conservative. 
• One reform that did remain was the idea
that all French people had the right to
choose their government. 
• Another was a standard system of weights
and measures known as the metric system,
which the National Assembly adopted in
1791.
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Section Assessment
What groups made up the three
French estates?
The clergy; the nobility; and the
bourgeoisie, city workers, and peasants
made up the three French estates.
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the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
What did the National Assembly
do about the uprisings in 1789?
It ended the privileges of the clergy
and nobles.
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the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Why did most reforms of the
French Revolution come to an
end under the Directory?
They ended because the people of
France had grown more conservative.
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the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Understanding Cause and Effect
How did the storming of the Bastille
help trigger the French Revolution?
News of the Bastille spurred peasant
uprising throughout France and
caused the National Assembly to take
steps that would end the French
monarchy.
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the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Draw the diagram on page 520 of
your textbook, and use it to compare
the French Declaration of the Rights
of Man and the Citizen to the U.S.
Declaration of Independence.
Both documents stressed equality and the idea
that power came from the people rather than
the crown. The French Declaration included
specific individual freedoms, such as freedom
of speech, that Americans later included in the
Bill of Rights. The U.S. Declaration asserted
independence from Great Britain.
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the answer.
Chapter Summary & Study Guide
• As a result of new ideas about freedom
and government, the 1700s are known as
the Age of Enlightenment. 
• England’s political revolution began in the
1600s when the Crown and Parliament
disagreed over issues of divine right and
religion. 
• In 1689, Parliament passed the Declaration
of Rights, which made Parliament stronger
and protected the rights of the people.
60
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Chapter Summary & Study Guide (cont.)
• In 1776, disagreements between the
American colonies and Great Britain led to
the Declaration of Independence, which
defended the right to self-government. 
• In 1789, the United States adopted a new
constitution based on the principles of
popular sovereignty and limited
government.
61
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Chapter Summary & Study Guide (cont.)
• The French Revolution, which began in
1789, was ended by reaction against the
Reign of Terror. However, two lasting
reforms survived–use of the metric system
and the idea of popular government.
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Understanding the Main Idea
What were some Puritan beliefs?
freedom of worship, hard work, and
having a say in government
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the answer.
Understanding the Main Idea
Why was the Glorious Revolution
called “glorious”?
because the change in monarchs
took place without gunfire
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the answer.
Understanding the Main Idea
How did Great Britain tighten its
control over the American
colonies?
by passing new tax laws and taking
steps to enforce them
66
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the answer.
Understanding the Main Idea
How did the British colonists
respond to the Stamp Act?
Angry mobs threatened tax officials,
and British goods were boycotted.
67
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the answer.
Understanding the Main Idea
Who had the most power in the
French government before the
French Revolution? After the
Revolution?
the king; the Directory
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the answer.
Understanding the Main Idea
Why were European rulers afraid of
the ideas of the French
Revolution?
because these ideas would weaken
their own power
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the answer.
Critical Thinking
What economic questions played a
part in the American Revolution?
In the French Revolution?
mercantilism, direct taxes, and a
boycott of British goods; exemption of
a few from taxes, the nation’s deficit,
and high food prices
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the answer.
Critical Thinking
What were the most important
political issues that played a part in
England’s Glorious Revolution?
Explain your answer.
the conflict between Parliament and
the king
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the answer.
Critical Thinking
Do you agree with the idea that
people have the right to rule
themselves? Explain.
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Critical Thinking
Why are the 1700s known as the Age
of Enlightenment?
73
Geography in History
Movement Look at the maps of the
American Revolution on page 511 of
your textbook. The advances and
retreats of both armies are shown.
About how many miles (or kilometers)
did the British advance from the battle
at Long Island, New York, to the battle
at Brandywine, Pennsylvania?
about 575 miles (or 925 km)
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the answer.
Choose one of the revolutions you
have read about and identify one
thing that could have been done to
avoid that revolution. Explain.
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Explore online information about the
topics introduced in this chapter.
Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to the Human
Heritage: A World History Web site. At this site, you will find interactive
activities, current events information, and Web sites correlated with the
chapters and units in the textbook. When you finish exploring, exit the
browser program to return to this presentation. If you experience difficulty
connecting to the Web site, manually launch your Web browser and go to
http://www.humanheritage.glencoe.com
77
1776
1622
U.S. issues
Declaration of
Independence
English Civil
War begins
78
1688
1789
Glorious
Revolution
takes place in
England
U.S. Constitution is
adopted
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Marie-Antoinette
1755–1793
French Queen
Born in Vienna, Austria, MarieAntoinette grew up the daughter of the
Holy Roman Emperor Francis I. At age
15, she married Louis XVI in an effort
to strengthen ties between France and
Austria. Disliked as a foreigner, the
queen was mistakenly accused of
pushing France into debt with her
luxurious lifestyle. During the Reign of
Terror, she was charged with treason
and executed.
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Peace Treaties
Many peace treaties have been signed
in Paris, France. In addition to the
treaty ending the American Revolution,
they include those that ended the
French and Indian War (1763), the
European allies’ war with Napoleon
(1814), and U.S. involvement in the
Vietnam War (1973).
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The March of Women
In October 1789, a mob of women walked
to Versailles, a few miles outside Paris.
Armed with sticks and farm tools, the
“March of Women” stopped first at the
National Assembly and demanded lower
prices for bread. They then burst into the
royal palace and forced Louis XVI, MarieAntoinette, and their son–whom they
called “the baker, the baker’s wife, and the
baker’s little boy”–to return to Paris as
prisoners of the people.
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Religion
Persecution of the Puritans under
Charles I led to the Great Migration–the
exodus of thousands of Puritans to
America between 1630 to 1640. The
Puritans founded the Massachusetts
Bay Colony and later became known as
the Congregationalist Church.
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The Tricolor
The French revolutionaries adopted a
red, white, and blue flag called the
tricolor. France still uses this flag.
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Reading a Military Map
• Maps that contain information about wars
are called military maps. 
• They show troop movements, battle sites
and dates, and battle victories. 
• Look at the legend for the two maps on
page 511 of your textbook. 
• Notice that different symbols and colors
stand for American and British advances,
retreats, and battle victories.
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Reading a Military Map
• For example, the map has a solid red line to
show that the British advanced to New York
City, where they won a battle in August
1776. 
• This victory is indicated by a red star. The
Americans then retreated to Trenton, New
Jersey, as shown by a dashed blue line.
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the information.
Reading a Military Map
Study the maps on page 511 of your textbook. Then
answer the questions that follow.
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86
Reading a Military Map
Which army won the battle at
Saratoga, New York?
the American army
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the answer.
Reading a Military Map
Which army advanced to Camden,
South Carolina, after the Battle of
Charleston?
the British army
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the answer.
Reading a Military Map
Where did the British retreat to after
the Battle of Guilford Courthouse?
Wilmington
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Building a Database
• Have you ever collected baseball cards or
cataloged the CDs in your collection?
Have you ever kept a list of the names and
addresses of your friends and relatives? 
• If you have collected information and kept
some sort of list or file, then you have
created a database.
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Building a Database
• An electronic database is a collection of
facts that are stored in files on a computer. 
• The information is organized in fields. 
• A database can be organized and
reorganized in any way that is useful to you.
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Building a Database
• By using a database management system
(DBMS)–special software developed for
record keeping–you can easily add, delete,
change, or update information. 
• You give commands to the computer telling
it what to do with the information, and it
follows your commands.
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Building a Database
• When you want to retrieve information, your
computer searches through the files, finds
the information, and displays it on the
screen.
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93
Building a Database
A number of democratic documents are discussed
in this chapter. Follow the steps on the following
slides to build a database of democratic documents
written during the English, American, and French
revolutions.
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94
Building a Database
1. Determine what facts you want to include
in your database. 
2. Follow instructions in the DBMS you are
using to set up fields. Then enter each
item of data in its assigned field. 
3. Determine how you want to organize the
facts in your database–in this case,
alphabetically by the name of the
document.
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Building a Database
4. Follow the instructions in your computer
program to place the information in order
of importance. 
5. Check that all the information in your
database is correct. If necessary, add,
delete, or change information or fields.
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the information.
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