H.L.BAJAJ CHAIRMAN INTRODUCTION *ELECTRICAL INDUSTRY IN INDIA MORE THAN 100 YEARS OLD. *STILL ELECTRICAL ACCIDENTS TAKE PLACE IN SPITE OF ADVANCEMENT IN TECHNOLOGY. *THIS UNDERLINES THE NEED FOR TIMELY SAFETY. *IT IS NOT JUST THE ACCIDENTS THAT SHOULD BE INVESTIGATED BUT THE “NEAR MISSES” i.e. ACCIDENTS WAITING TO HAPPEN. *REDUCTION IN ACCIDENTS RESULTS IN AVOIDING LOSS OF LIFE, PROPERTY ETC. Per Capita Electricity Consumption & Human Development Index (HDI) Country kWh HDI Canada 18212 0.943 USA 13241 0.939 Australia 11205 0.946 Singapore 8010 0.902 Korea 6632 0.888 Malaysia 3039 0.793 China 1139 0.793 India 582* 0.595 Pakistan 479 0.497 Bangladesh 115 0.509 63 0.504 Nepal Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite index prepared on a scale of 0-1 measured by three key components - longevity, knowledge and income. Source: Human Development Report, 2004, UNDP World Development Indicators, 2002, UNDP * in the year 2003-2004 WORLD ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION BY SOURCE IN % Renewable Energy,1.7 Oil, 7.5 Coal, 38.5 Nuclear, 17.1 Hydro, 17 Natural Gas, 18.2 Source: IEA; Organisation for Economic cooperation & Development, 2001 OVERVIEW OF INDIAN POWER SYSTEM GROWTH OF INSTALLED GENERATING CAPACITY (MW) 140000 114565 MW 120000 on 10-11-2004 100000 MW 80000 60000 40000 20000 19 47 19 49 19 51 19 53 19 55 19 57 19 59 19 61 19 63 19 65 19 67 19 69 19 71 19 73 19 75 19 77 19 79 19 81 19 83 19 85 19 87 19 89 19 91 19 93 19 95 19 97 19 99 20 01 20 03 0 Dec-47 Dec-55 Mar-61 Mar-66 Mar-74 Mar-80 Mar-85 Mar-90 Mar-95 Oct-04 Hydro 508 940 1917 4124 6905 11384 14460 18308 20506 29850 Thermal 854 1755 2736 4903 9059 16424 27030 43417 57244 81940 Nuclear 0 0 0 0 640 640 1095 1565 1720 2720 All India Generating Capacity 1% 3% 2% Coal 26% Natural Gas Hydro Electricity Nuclear Oil 58% Renew able Energy 10% In MW Coal 66416 Natural Gas Hydro 11840 29905 Nuclear Oil Wind Total (as on 10.11.2004) 2720 1196 2488 114565 Installed Capacity as on 10.11.2004 REGION HYDRO THERMAL COAL GAS NCLR WIND DSL TOTAL (MW) TOTAL NORTHERN 10596 16164 3213 15 19392 1180 179 31347 WESTERN 5327 20792 5036 18 25846 760 632 32565 SOUTHERN 10383 13893 2650 939 17482 780 1672 30317 EASTERN 2460 15237 190 17 15444 0 5 17909 N.EASTERN 1134 330 751 143 1224 0 0 2358 5 0 0 64 64 0 0 69 29905 66416 11840 1196 79452 2720 2488 114565 ISLANDS ALL INDIA Generation during April 2004- Oct. 2004 (BU) High Voltage Transmission network 339.8 1 71 534 (220 KV & above) as on 31 Oct. 2004 (ckm) Inter regional transfer capacity (MW) Outlay for power in Central Sector (Rs. Cr.) 8 400 1 44 000 (Xth Plan) Actual Power Supply Position (April 2004 – Oct. 2004) ENERGY Region Reqmt. (MU) Avail. (MU) Surplus(+)/Deficit(-) (MU) % Northern Region 105929 96888 -9041 -8.5 Western Region 111624 101983 -9641 -8.6 Southern Region 83383 82265 -1118 -1.3 Eastern Region 33308 32900 -408 -1.2 4202 3970 -232 -5.5 338446 318006 -20440 -6.0 N.Eastern Region All India Actual Power Supply Position (April 2004 – Oct. 2004) Peak Demand Region Projected (MW) Met (MW) Northern Region 26 834 24 125 -2 709 -10.1 Western Region 29 859 24 049 -5 810 -19.5 Southern Region 23 075 21 928 -1 147 -5.0 Eastern Region 8 340 8 320 -20 -0.2 N.Eastern Region 1 247 1 128 -119 -9.5 85 911 77 281 -8 630 -10.0 All India Surplus(+)/Deficit(-) (MW) % RURAL ELECTRIFICATION Village Electrification Pumpset Energised In 1947 1500 6430 As on 30.09.04 496 861 (84.6% of Total) 141.97 Lakhs (72.5% of Total) • Target for 100 % Village Electrification - By 2007 • Target for 100 % Household Coverage - By 2009 Demand as per 16th E.P.S. Region Northern Region Western Region Southern Region Eastern Region N. E. Region Islands All India Energy Requirement (MU) Peak Load (MW) 2006-07 2011-12 2006-07 2011-12 220820 224927 194102 69467 9501 280 719097 308528 299075 262718 90396 14061 444 975222 35540 35223 31017 11990 1875 60 115705 49674 46825 42061 15664 2789 94 157107 NUCLEAR EVENTS * International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) classifies Nuclear Events in the 0 to 7 point International Nuclear Event Scale (INES). * Event level 0 - “Deviations” (no safety significance). * Events level 1 to 3 - “Incidents” * Events level 4 to 7 - “Accidents”. * No Nuclear accident at level 4 or higher occurred so far in Indian Nuclear Power Plants. NUCLEAR EVENTS * Two Major Nuclear Accidents. Three Mile Island (USA 1979) • Reactor severely damaged. • Radiation contained. • No adverse health and environmental impact. • Rated 5 on INES Chernobyl (Ukraine 1986) • Reactor destroyed. • 31 people killed. • Significant health and environmental impact. COMPARISON OF ACCIDENT STATISTICS IN PRIMARY ENERGY PRODUCTION FUEL IMMEDIATE FATALITIES WHO ? (1970 to 1992) Coal 6400 Workers Natural Gas 1200 Hydro Nuclear 4000 31 Workers & Public Public Workers (Source : Briefing Paper on Safety of Nuclear Power Reactors, Nov.,2003) FACTS IN PRIMARY ENERGY PRODUCTION * NUCLEAR DISTINCTLY ELECTRICITY. SAFER TO PRODUCE * OVER ONE THOUSAND PEOPLE DIE EVERY YEAR IN COAL MINES TO PROVIDE FUEL FOR ELECTRICITY. * MINING AND MULTIPLE HANDLING OF FOSSIL FUEL FOR TRANSPORTATION TO POWER PLANTS INVOLVES MANY HAZARDS. * SIGNIFICANT HEALTH & ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ARISING FROM FOSSIL FUEL USE. ANALYSIS OF REASONS FOR ELECTRICAL ACCIDENTS IN INDIA YEAR 1998-1999 1999-2000 2001-2001 2001-2002 2002-2003 1 3541 3141 2782 3295 2434 2 1372 1532 1953 1733 1538 3 1610 1543 1551 1650 1461 4 615 613 536 585 672 5 2137 1704 1683 1703 1198 6 784 801 857 783 675 7 TOTAL 1418 11477 1643 10977 1043 10405 664 10413 988 8966 RANGE in % 27 to 32% 12 to 19%14 to 16% 5 to 8% 13 to 19%7 to 8% 6 to 15% 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 - Snapping of Conductors Accidental contact with live electric wire/equipment Violation/Neglect of safety measures/lack of supervision Defective appliances/apparatus/tools Inadequate/lack of maintenace. Unauthorised work. Any other reason. Accidents 4000 2000 1. Snapping of Conductors 3. Violation/Neglect of safety measures/lack of supervision 5. Inadequate/lack of maintenace. 7. Any other reason. 3 20 02 -2 00 2 20 01 -2 00 1 20 01 -2 00 0 00 -2 99 19 19 98 -1 99 9 0 2. Accidental contact with live electric wire/equipment 4. Defective appliances/apparatus/tools 6. Unauthorised work. ELECTRICAL ACCIDENTS IN INDIA FOR THE YEARS 1998-99, 1999-2000, 2000-01, 2001-02 & 2002-03 YEAR 1998-1999 1999-2000 2000-2001 2001-2002 2002-2003 HUMAN FATAL 3662 3781 3568 3766 3367 HUMAN NON FATAL 2948 2540 3090 2974 2317 ANIMAL FATAL + TOTAL NON FATAL 4867 11477 4654 10977 3747 10405 3673 10413 3282 8966 Accidents 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 98-99 99-00 00-01 01-02 HUMAN FATAL HUMAN NON FATAL ANIMAL FATAL + NON FATAL TOTAL 02-03 NEED FOR ELECTRICAL SAFETY * ELECTRICITY is an integral part of today’s modern world but it can also shock you painfully, damage sensitive equipment and ignite combustible materials. * ELECTROCUTIONS rank 4th (9%) in causes of industrial fatalities (after traffic, violence and construction). * At the house voltage frequency even lower Voltages can kill while people have withstood 40,000 Volts at a frequency of a million cycle or so without fatal effects. EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT ON HUMAN BODY Current (in mA) 0.5 – 1.5 1–5 3 – 10 EFFECT Perception / Slight sensation Muscular Contractions Painful Shock / Muscular control lost 10 – 40 Painful Shock / ‘Let go’ threhold 30 – 75 75 – 100 Respiratory Paralysis Ventricular Fibrilation 250 – 300 5000 – 6000 Heart Paralysis Organ Burns ELECTRICAL SAFETY SYSTEM THE SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM SHOULD ENSURE:*SAFETY TO SELF *SAFETY TO FELLOW WORKMEN *SAFETY TO THE USER OF ELECTRICITY *SAFETY TO PUBLIC *SAFETY OF EQUIPMENT & APPLIANCES *CONTINUITY & RELIABILITY OF SUPPLY SOME LEADING CAUSES OF ELECTRICAL ACCIDENTS 1. UNSAFE ACTS There are 2 basic reasons for unsafe acts : - We don’t know better. - We know better but intentionally do something unsafe. SOME OF THE UNSAFE ACTS ARE AS UNDER : *Use of improper ,unconventional or defective/unsafe tools *Lack of proper instruction or supervision *Inadequacy or absence of essential protective devices * Failure to de-energize, lockout & tagout hazards during maintenance, repairs or inspections. *Lack of Training & Job knowledge *Poor Judgement/Intemperence *Non adherence to Safety rules/instructions * Working in an elevated position near overhead lines *Absence of Caution/Warning boards *Accidental touch *Negligence/Carelessness of Workers or Others * Adverse Mental/physical condition/fatigue of the Workers 2. UNSAFE EQUIPMENT * Loose Connections and defective parts * Faulty Insulation * Improper Grounding *Non existence of Safety Alarm system *Ineffectiveness of Safety Interlocks * Unguarded Live parts 3. HAZARDOUS ENVIRONMENTS * Presence of Flammable Vapours, liquids, gases and combustible dusts * Presence of Static discharge * Corrosive & Explosive environment * Poor Housekeeping – blocked electrical boxes, storage of flammable material in equipment rooms lack of proper hazard signs etc. 4. OTHER CAUSES *Absence of fencing, guards, wall/barriers *Unauthorised/unwarranted entry of human beings and animals *Lack of public awareness *Inadequate lighting at Workplace SAFE INSTALLATIONS VARIOUS WAYS OF PROTECTING PEOPLE AND PROPERTY FROM ELECTRICAL ACCIDENT *PROPER INSULATION & GROUNDING OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENTS/ INSTALLATION *GUARDING OF ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION *USE OF CIRCUIT PROTECTION ADEQUATE INTERLOCKS DEVICES WITH *STRICT COMPLIANCE WITH SAFE WORK PRACTICES TOOLS AND PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT TOOLS USUALLY REQUIRED ARE: *LADDERS *SAFETY BELTS *RODS *GLOVES, COATS, BLANKETS, MATS OF APPROVED INSULTING MATERIAL *HELMETS & EYE PROTECTIONS *HAND LINES *CANVAS TOOL BAGS *PROTECTIVE CLOTHING & FOOTWEAR EVOLUTION OF PROTECTION SYSTEM *TRADITIONAL SYSTEM • One Device required per function *MODERN SOLUTION • Numerical Technology based on hardware platforms and functional software libraries • Enhanced Communication Capabilities. • Allows the development of new solutions and higher degree of integration. • Efficient management of the network. • Reduces Outages. • Better Fault Analysis. • Higher quality of monitoring functionality. • Reduction of Cost. GOOD REASONS FOR PRACTICING ELECTRICAL SAFETY 1. Personal Reasons - Affect everyone as caring individuals and employers 2. Business Reasons - Safety makes good business sense 3. Regulatory and Legal Reasons - Violations can result in fines, legal action etc. ELECTRICAL SAFETY PRINCIPLES Plan every Job. Anticipate unexpected Events. Use the right tool for the job. Isolate the Equipment. Minimize the hazard. Protect the personnel. Assess abilities of the personnel. Audit the above Principles periodically. ELECTRICAL SAFETY POLICY AT WORK PLACES THE SAFETY MANAGEMENT NEEDS TO BE IMPLEMENTED. SUPPORT OF ESSENTIAL. TOP SYSTEM MANAGEMENT THE MAIN FEATURES ARE: * AN ELECTRICAL SAFETY PROGRAM PUT IN PLACE FOR OVERALL SAFETY DIRECTIONS IN FACILITY ACTIVITIES RELATED TO ELECTRICAL WORK. * SAFETY INCHARGE VESTED WITH NECESSARY POWERS AND TESTING RESPONSIBILITIES . *ELECTRICAL SAFETY PROGRAMS TO BE INTEGRATED WITH AN OVERALL SAFETY AND OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH PROGRAM. *SAFETY RESPONSIBILITIES OF EMPLOYEES AND WORKMEN: THE USER OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT /APPLIANCES TO ENSURE ITS SAFETY BY PROPER INSPECTION & TESTING. *AUTHORISATION: ONLY AUTHORISED PERSON BE ALLOWED TO WORK. * TRAINING : ALL PERSONNEL TO HAVE ELECTRICAL SAFETY TRAINING APPROPRIATE TO THEIR ASSIGNED JOBS. *ACCIDENT AND EMERGENCY RESCUE PROCEDURES: • SYSTEM IN PLACE FOR PROMPT ASSISTANCE AND RESCUE IN CASE OF EMERGENCIES OR ACCIDENTS. •THE RESPONSE TIME SHOULD BE MINIMUM. * FIRST AID ARRANGEMENTS: • ADEQUATE FIRST AID ARRANGEMENTS . •THE STAFF BE PROPERLY TRAINED IN FIRST AID e.g. ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION ETC. * TECHNICAL SUPPORT : ACCESS TO QUALIFIED ENGINEERING ORGANIZATION OR IN-HOUSE COMPETENT ENGINEERS TO GUIDE ON ALL ASPECTS OF OPERATIONS, MAINTENANCE AND SAFETY. *ELECTRICAL SAFETY AUDIT: •TO ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS AND QUALITY OF IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ELECTRICAL SAFETY PROGRAM. •TO BE PERFORMED ON A REGULAR BASIS. • TO IDENTIFY NEW OR REVISED REQUIREMENTS BASED ON REGULATIONS, STANDARDS OR NEW TECHNOLOGIES. ELECTRICAL SAFETYSUGGESTIONS * USE OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENTS OF STANDARD DESIGN AND QUALITY. *DESIGN OF ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION AS PER STANDARD NORMS WITH ADEQUATE PROTECTION & INTERLOCK FACILITIES. * ESTABLISHMENT AND STRICT IMPLEMENTATION OF AN EFFECTIVE ELECTRICAL SAFETY PROGRAM. * UTILISATION OF GIS (Gas Insulated Switchgear) FOR SPECIFIC LOCATIONS FOR SAFETY OF PERSONNEL. *USE OF GROUND FAULT CIRCUIT INTERRUPTERS (GFCIs) FOR PROTECTION AGAINST ELECTRICAL SHOCKS. ELECTRICAL SAFETYSUGGESTIONS (Contd.) * USE OF EXTREMELY FAST EARTH FAULT DIVERTERS HAVING OPERATING TIME AS LOW AS 2.0 MILLISECONDS. * ON-LINE INSULATION MONITORING SYSTEM FOR THE DISTRIBUTION NETWORK IN HAZARDOUS LOCATIONS SUCH AS CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES, UNDERGROUND COAL MINES etc. * DEPLOYMENT OF QUALIFIED ELECTRICAL SUPERVISORS EXCLUSIVELY FOR SAFETY WATCH DURING EXECUTION OF HAZARDOUS ELECTRICAL WORK. STATUTORY MECHANISM FOR ELECTRICAL SAFETY *THERE IS IN PLACE WELL-ESTABLISHED, TIME TESTED INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISM FOR ELECTRICAL SAFETY MAINLY IN THE FORM OF INDIAN ELECTRICITY RULES, 1956. *ELECTRICAL INSPECTORS OF THE STATE GOVT. AND CENTRAL GOVT. DEPARTMENTS LIKE DEFENCE, TELECOMMUNICATION, RAILWAYS, MINES ETC. CHARGED WITH RESPONSIBILITY OF ENFORCEMENT OF THESE RULES. *UNDER SECTONS 53, 73(c) & 177(2) OF INDIAN ELECTRICITY ACT 2003, CEA HAS TO NOTIFY THE REGULATIONS RELATING TO SAFETY AND ELECTRIC SUPPLY. *CEA IS PREPARING SAFETY REGULATIONS RELATING TO CONSTRUCTION, OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF : - THERMAL POWER STATIONS - HYDRO POWER STATIONS ; AND - TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION OF POWER INCLUDING USE OF ELECTRICITY. *TILL THE NEW REGULATIONS ARE NOTIFIED THE SAFETY REGULATIONS IN THE INDIAN ELECTRICITY RULES, 1956 WILL CONTINUE TO BE IN OPERATION AS PER SECTON 185 OF INDIAN ELECTRICITY ACT 2003. THOUGH STATUTORY MECHANISM – RULES, SAFE WORK PRACTICES etc. EXIST BUT THEY ARE NOT SUBSTITUTE FOR A DEVELOPED CULTURE OF SAFETY WITHIN THE ORGANISATION WHICH IS VERY ESSENTIAL FOR PREVENTING ACCIDENTS.