STUDY STATION1: EXCRETORY AND OSMOREGULATION
 What is osmoregulation and why is it important?
 What are some osmotic challenges and how do osmoconformers and
osmoregulators address these challenges?
 What are some different adaptations for animals in different types of
environments?
 What is the significance of a transport epithelium?
 What are some different forms of nitrogenous waste?
 Know the basics of all excretory processes (filtration, reabsorption, secretion,
excretion).
 Know basics of different excretory systems (protonephridia, metanephridia,
malpighian tubules, kidneys)
 Know structure of kidney and urinary system.
 Know IN DETAIL the structure of the nephron. (study 44.13 on page 932)
 Know IN DETAIL how the blood and filtrate move through the nephron. (study
44.14 on page 933)
 Understand how the kidney helps land animals conserve water.
 Know how kidney function is regulated (ADH, etc.).
STUDY STATION 2: ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
 What is a hormone?
 How do the endocrine and nervous system work together? Study feedback loops
involved.
 How do hormones and chemical signals lead to specific cell responses?
 Understand how cell-surface and intracellular receptors work.
 Study page 949 and be familiar with glands, the hormones they produce, the type
of hormones, the actions of the hormones and how they are regulated.
 Study relationship between hypothalamus and pituitary, posterior and anterior
pituitary hormones (including tropic hormones, nontropic hormones, and growth
hormones).
 Study roles and details of thyroid hormones.
 Know how parathyroid hormone and calcitonin control blood calcium and how
insulin and glucagon control blood (pages 954 – 955).
 Study details of adrenal hormones and how they respond to stress
 Know the different types of gonadal sex hormones.
 How is melatonin involved in biorhythms?
STUDY STATION 3: REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
 What are benefits of sexual and asexual reproduction?
 What are some methods of asexual reproduction?
 Understand and be able to explain some different reproductive cycles and
patterns including parthenogenesis and hermaphroditisim.
 What is fertilization, what is involved and what are some different means of
fertilization?
 Know details of the male and female reproductive anatomy.
 Know details and similarities and differences between oogenesis and
spermatogenesis.
 Know how hormones are involved in gametogenesis and how hormones are
involved in the ovarian and uterine cycle and the male reproductive system.
 Study details pregnancy progresses in humans and how hormones are involved at
each stage.
STUDY STATION 4: DEVELOPMENT
 How are cytoplasmic determinants involved in animal development?
 What is cell differentiation and morphogenesis and how are they involved in
animal development?
 Be able to describe the acrosomal reaction and explain its significance.
 Be able to describe the cortical reaction and explain its significance. How are
these involved in mammals?
 How is the egg activated?
 Know order of stages: zygote, morula, blastocyst, gastrulation, etc. and what
happens in each stage.
 Explain why animals with a lot of yolk have meriblastic and not holoblastic
cleavage.
 What is gastrulation and what happens with gastrulation?
 What layers are formed through gastrulation and what body parts do these layers
become?
 Know basics of organogenesis.
 What is the notochord and how does the neural tube develop?
 What types of animals are amniotes and what is the significance of
extraembryonic membranes?
 Study basics of morphogenesis, developmental fates, etc.
STUDY STATION 5: NERVOUS SYSTEM
 Know different types of nervous systems
 What is the CNS and the PNS? How are they both involved in information
processing?
 What are sensory neurons, motor neurons, interneurons, and effector cells and
how are they working together?
 Know the structure of a neuron and be able to recognize the structure of different
types of neurons and purpose of different types of glial cells.
 How is the resting potential of a neuron maintained and how is the membrane
potential involved?
 Know details on how action potentials are produced (study picture on page 1019)
and why they are considered to be all or nothing.
 Know how action potentials are conducted and what salutatory conduction
means.
 Know how neurons communicate with other cells in DETAIL: understand
difference between direct synaptic and indirect synaptic transmission, difference
between IPSPs and EPSPs and importance of spatial and temporal summation.
 Review basics of neurotransmitters.
 Know basic organization of nervous system (study 48.21)
 Study organization and development of the brain. Know functions attributed to
different structures in the brain: including cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem,
corpus callosum, etc.
 Know basics of information processing, lateralization, language and speech,
memory and learning and emotions.
 Review CNS injuries and disease.
STUDY STATION 6: SENSES AND MOVEMENT
 Study basic process of sensory receptors and how they transmit information
including: transduction, amplification, transmission and integration.
 Know different types of sensory receptors and how they are involved in different
sense organs.
 Understand role of mechanoreceptors in hearing.
 Know structure of the ear.
 How does hearing and equilibrium occur in mammals and other vertebrates?
 How is taste picked up in humans and how are chemoreceptors involved?
 How are chemoreceptors involved in human smell?
 How does vision occur in different animals?
 Know in detail the structure of the eye.
 How is sensory information transduced in the eye?
 Know basic purpose of skeletons and difference between hydrostatic,
endoskeletons and exoskeletons.
 Know basics of muscle contraction and structure of muscles (figure 49.28 (page
1067). Be able to explain the sliding filament model of muscle contraction.
 Understand the involvement of calcium, tropomyosin, and troponin and the
sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscular contraction. STUDY DETAILS OF FIGURE
49.33 – page 1070.
 Know details of different types of muscle fibers.
 Study basics of locomotion patterns.