haber
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43. HABER haber - to have (auxiliary verb) present: have, has imperfect: had he había has habías ha había hemos habíamos habéis habíais (yo) (tú / vos) (él / ella / usted) (nosotros / nosotras) (vosotros / vosotras ) (ellos / ellas / ustedes) han habían future: will have habré habrás habrá habremos habréis habrán This verb does not mean to possess (that is tener); but it is used in perfect tenses as an auxiliary verb. 44. PRESENT & PAST PERFECT The present perfect tense is a compound tense using haber with a past participle. (Haber is only used as a helping verb; it is never used to show possession.) This tense can be translated as "have/has + past participle." Please note that the preterite tense is used more often than the perfect when expressing the past. Past participles are formed by dropping the infinitive ending, and adding these endings: -ar -er -ir Past Participles -ado -ido -ido The following verbs have irregular past participles: abrir (to open) - abierto (opened); escribir (to write) - escrito(written); morir (to die) - muerto (died); poner (to put) - puesto (put); ver (to see) visto (seen); volver (to return) -vuelto (returned); decir (to say) - dicho (said); hacer (to do) hecho (done). Remember the song…abierto, cubierto, dicho, hecho, muerto, visto, puesto, escrito, vuelto, roto No han vendido la casa. They have not sold the house. ¿Dónde ha puesto Ud. la llave? Where have you put the key? Hemos ganado mucho dinero. We have earned a lot of money. ¿Qué ha dicho Ud.? What did you say? The past perfect tense corresponds to the English "had + past participle." It indicates an event that happened prior to another event in the past. It consists of the imperfect of haber and a past participle. Sometimes the preterite of haber is used, but the imperfect is more common. Carlos había vivido en México. Carlos had lived in Mexico. Habíamos aprendido el español. We had learned Spanish. 54. CONDITIONAL The conditional expresses an idea that is dependent on a something else. It can also refer to the past when it expresses probability. It is usually translated by would + infinitive in English, i.e. I would go to Mexico but I don't have enough money. Although would + infinitive is often used in English to talk about past actions as a substitute for used to (When we were young, we would/used to go to the lake every weekend), this usage is not the conditional but rather the imperfect. To form the present conditional, add these endings to the infinitive for all verbs. Verbs that had irregular stems in the future tense also use that stem for the conditional tense. You will notice that these endings are the same as for the imperfect. The difference is that the conditional adds them to the infinitive, whereas the imperfect adds them to the stem. -ía -ías -ía -íamos -íais -ían Notice that for half of the conjugations, the -í- is the only distinguishing sound between the future and conditional. sabrá = he will know vs. sabría = he would know 53. FUTURE TENSE The future of regular verbs (will + infinitive in English) is formed by adding the following endings to the infinitive of all verbs: -é -ás -á -emos -éis -án Many verbs use irregular stems in the future tense, but they still use the regular endings from above: decir (to say, tell) haber (to have) hacer (to do, make) poder (to be able) poner (to put, place) querer (to want) dir- dirás habrharpodrpondrquerr- habrá haremos podréis pondrán querré sabrás saber (to know) sabr- salir (to leave, go out) tener (to have, to own) valer (to be worth) venir (to come) saldrtendrvaldrvendr- saldrá tendremos valdréis vendrán 70. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD The subjunctive is not used very often in English, but it is very common and important in Spanish. Some command forms are actually the subjunctive, so the formation of the present subjunctive should not be too difficult. Start with the first person singular yo conjugation in the present indicative tense, remove the final -o and add these endings: Present Subjunctive -e -e -emos -éis -er and -ir verbs -a -a -amos -áis -en -an -ar verbs (yo) (él / ella / usted) (nosotros / nosotras) (vosotros / vosotras ) (ellos / ellas / ustedes) (Notice that -ar verbs use -e and -er/-ir verbs use -a) Usually when there is an irregular spelling change in the present indicative of a verb, that form will be used for the stem of all of the subjunctive forms. Verbs than end in -erir, -ertir, or -entir use two different irregular spellings in the present subjunctive: mentir in present subjunctive (yo) mienta (tú / vos) mientas (él / ella / usted) mienta (nosotros / nosotras) mintamos (vosotros / vosotras ) mintáis (ellos / ellas / ustedes) mientan 71. IRREGULAR SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD Many verbs are considered irregular in the present subjunctive mood. However, only six verbs (marked in grey below) do not follow the pattern described above when starting with the yo conjugation of the indicative. Nevertheless, these verbs are still somewhat easy to remember even if they don't follow the pattern because the imperative form will help you determine the stem to use for the subjunctive conjugation. dar - to give dé demos des deis dé den haber - to have haya hayamos hayas hayáis haya hayan poder - to be able to pueda podamos puedas podáis pueda puedan saber - to know decir - to say/tell diga digamos digas digáis diga digan hacer - to do/make haga hagamos hagas hagáis haga hagan poner - to put/place ponga pongamos pongas pongáis ponga pongan salir - to go out esté estés esté vaya vayas vaya quiera quieras quiera estar - to be estemos estéis estén ir - to go vayamos vayáis vayan querer - to want queramos queráis quieran ser - to be sepa sepas sepa tenga tengas tenga sepamos sepáis sepan tener - to have tengamos tengáis tengan salga salgas salga traiga traigas traiga salgamos salgáis salgan traer - to bring traigamos traigáis traigan sea seas sea venga vengas venga seamos seáis sean venir - to come vengamos vengáis vengan Uses of the subjunctive—look for the “que” Wish or want (when there is a change in subject)—Quiero que, Deseo que… Emotion (when there is a change in subject)—Me alegro de que… Impersonal expressions –Used after…(Es malo que, Es bueno que, Es necesario que, Es importante que, Es recomendable que, Es increíble que, Es triste que,) But not after Es cierto que, Es verdad que, Es claro que. Recommendation (when there is a change in subject) Dout or denial (when there is a change in subject)—Dudo que, Niego que O—Ojalá que (oh how I wish that…)
