Human anatomy
SHANDONG UNIVERSITY
Liu Zhiyu
Introduction
Definition：
human anatomy is the science which deals with
structures and functions of the human body, and it is
the basic course of medicine 。
aims：
systematic anatomy ：
regional anatomy ：
： Surgical anatomy
Sectional anatomy
Surface anatomy
X - ray anatomy
anatomy
X
Locomotor
Levels of Structural Organization

Atoms, molecules
 Cellular
 Tissue
 Organ
 Organ system
 Organism
There are nine systems in the human body:
(1) locomotor system
(2) alimentary system
(3) respiratory system
(4) urinary system
(5) genital system
(6) endocrine system
(7) circulatory system(angiology)
(8) nervous system
(9) sense organs
splanchnology
Anatomical position
Terms of the direction
superior , inferior
anterior , posterior
medial lateral
ulnar 、radial 、
tibial 、fibular
proximal 、distal
internal , external
superficial , profound
(deep)
Axis ：
Verticsl axis
axis 、
Coronal axis
Sagital
Plane:
Sagital plane
Coronal plane 、
Horizontal plane
(tansverse plane)
locomotor system
Composition:
The locomotor system
consists of
bone
joints
muscles ，
1.
Classification of the
bone
(1) long bone
(2) short bone
(3) flat bone
(4) irregular bone
Pneumatic bone
Sesamoid bone
Classification of the bone 骨的分类
(1) long bone
Diaphysis(Shaft)
medullary cavity
nutrient foramen
Extremity—epiphysis
articular surface、
metaphysis
epiphysial cartilage
epiphysial line
Classification of the bone
(2) short bone
Classification of the bone
(3) flat bone
Classification of the bone
(4) irregular bone
some cranial
bones ;
Vertebrae
hip bone
2. The structure of
the bones
(1) bony substance
Compact bone
 Cancellous bone
trabeculae
The structure of the bones
(2)
Periosteum
outer layer
inner layer
Endosteum
The structure of the bones
(3)
bone marrow
red bone marrow yellow
bone marrow
3.The chemical composition and
physical properties
organic components
inorganic components
organic components
：
：
1
：
7
components
1
3
：
1
3-4
inorganic
3.The chemical composition and
physical properties
1 1
7
3
3
1
4. The surface features of the bones
process
spine
eminence
tuberosity
tubercle
crest
fossa
fovea
foveola
sulcus
impression
notch
4. The surface features of the bones
cavity 、sinus
antrum、cellules、
canal or meatus、
aperture or foramen孔、
fissure
head、capitulum
condyle 、epicondyle
surface、border 。
Axial bone
skull
bones of trunk
Appendiculoarbones
bones of upper limb
bones of lower limb
206 in number in adult
一、Bones of trunk
Composition:
vertebrae（24）
sacrum （1）
coccyx（1）
sternum（1）
ribs（24）
(一) Vertebrae
There are 33 vertebrae in children,
arranged as follows:
Cervical vertebrae
C.V. 7
Thoracic vertebrae T.V. 12
Lumbar vertebrae
L.V. 5
Sacral vertebrae
S.V. 5
Coccygeal vertebrae Co.V. 3~4
sacrum
coccyx
1. General features of vertebrae


Vertebral body
Vertebral arch
– pedicle of vertebral arch
and inf. Vertebral notch
– lamina of vertebral arch
process (7):
spinous process
transverse process
sup. and inf. articular
processes
Vertebral
foramen
Vertebral
canal
Intervertebral
foramen
sup.
2. The characteristics of vertebrae in each region
(1) Cervical vertebra
a. the body: small
b. transverse foramen
Carotid tubercle
anterior tubercle of transverse
process of C6
c. spinous processes
short and bifid (except 1，7
cervical vertebrae)
d. vertebral foramen
triangular and relatively large
axis
Dens
Atlas
Body and spinous process
absent, consists of anterior and
posterior arches, and two lateral
masses

Groove for vertebral artery
Vertebra
prominens
(2) Thoracic vertebrae
A. Vertebrae Body
heart-shape, superior and inferior costal
fovea
B. Spinous processes
long, point obliquely posterior and
downward
C.transverse costal fovea
D.Articular processes: coronal
(3) Lumbar vertebra
a.Vertebral body: Larger, kidney-shape 大，
b.vertebral foramen:. Larger and triangular
c.Spinous processes: square and horizontal
d.Articular processes: sagittal
(4) Sacrum
Anterior surface:
promontory, anterior sacral
foramina (four pairs)
Posterior surface:
median sacral crest , posterior
sacral foramina (four pairs),
sacral hiatus ，sacral cornu
Lateral part:
auricular surface ,
sacral tuberosity
(4） Sacrum 、 Coccyx ：
promontory
Anterior
surface of
sacrum
Anterior
sacral
foramina
Coccyx
(4） Sacrum 、 Coccyx ：
Sacral canal
Auricular
surface
Median
sacral crest
posterior
sacral
foramina
sacral hiatus
Coccyx
sacral cornu
（二） Sternum
1、parts
Manubrium
Body of sternum
xiphoid process
jugular notch
Manubrium
Sternal
Angle
Body of sternum
xiphoid process
（二） Sternum
1、parts
Manubrium
Body of sternum
xiphoid process
2、 Sternal Angle
Sternal
Angle
（三）Ribs :
共12对
Composition Costal bone
Costal cartilage
True ribs ：
False ribs ：
Costal arch 。
Floating ribs ：
（三）Ribs : 共12对
Costal bone
Costal neck
Costal head
Costal angle
Shaft of rib
Costal tubercle
Costal groove
First rib ：short and flattered
superior surface ：
inferior surface
scalene tubercle 前斜角肌结节
The development of bones