CHAPTER 3: THE GROWTH
OF A YOUNG NATION
AMERICA EXPANDS IN
THE FIRST HALF OF
THE 19TH CENTURY
SIMPLIFYING THE GOVERNMENT


Jefferson’s theory of
government, known as
Jeffersonian
Republicanism, held that
simple, limited
government was the best
for the people
Jefferson decentralized
the government, cut
costs, reduce
bureaucracy, and
eliminate taxes
Jefferson Memorial
THE JEFFERSONIAN ERA: SECTION 1



3rd President of the U.S.
1800-1808
Election of 1800 pitted
Thomas Jefferson and his
Democratic-Republican
Party vs. John Adams and
his Federalist Party
While Jefferson defeated
Adams by 8 electoral votes,
he tied his running mate,
Aaron Burr
For six days the House of
Reps took vote after vote
until 36 votes later –
Jefferson prevailed (Led to
12th Amendment)
1800 Election Results
SIMPLIFYING THE GOVERNMENT


Jefferson’s theory of
government, known as
Jeffersonian
Republicanism, held that
simple, limited
government was the best
for the people
Jefferson decentralized
the government, cut
costs, reduce
bureaucracy, and
eliminate taxes
Jefferson Memorial
JOHN MARSHALL AND THE POWER
OF THE SUPREME COURT




Before leaving office, John
Adams (2nd President), attempts
to “pack” the Federal courts with
Federalists Judges
Jefferson argued this was
unconstitutional
Supreme Court Chief Justice
Marshall rules in Marbury v.
Madison (1803) that part of the
Judicial Act was unconstitutional
Established principle of Judicial
Review – the ability of the
Supreme Court to declare a law
unconstitutional
THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE




By 1803, French leader
Napoleon had abandoned
his dreams of an American
Empire
He needed money to fight
European wars, so he
accepted Jefferson’s offered
of $15,000,000
More than doubled the size
of our country
Lewis and Clark ordered to
go explore new territory
MADISON ELECTED PRESIDENT



4th President 1808-1816
After two terms,
Jefferson is succeeded
by James Madison
Madison was two-term
President 1808-1816
Known as the “Father
of the Constitution,
Madison also is known
for his leadership
during the War of 1812
WAR OF 1812 – U.S. vs. BRITAIN




Causes: British
“impressment” (seizing
Americans at sea and
drafting them into their navy)
upset Americans
The War: 1814 – British
sack D.C. Burn White house
Andrew Jackson leads great
victory in New Orleans
Treaty of Ghent signed,
Christmas Eve, 1814
British Impressment of U.S.
seamen upset Americans
RESULTS OF WAR OF 1812
Results of the war
included:
 End of the Federalist
Party (opposed war)
 Encouraged industries
in U.S.
 Confirmed status of
U.S. as a strong, free,
and independent
nation
Despite the burning of the President’s
mansion, the U.S. emerged strong
Although the War of 1812 failed to resolve Britain’s
violation of American neutral rights on the high
seas, how was the outcome advantageous to
Americans?
A.The British defeat in the Battle of New Orleans
boosted American morale.
B.The British agreed to stop indicting American
slave ships.
C.The British departure allowed the U.S.
government to initiate treaties with the Indians.
D.The British promised to end their support of
Tecumseh and other tribal leaders.
NATIONALISM SHAPES POLICY




James Monroe was elected
president in 1816
Immediately, Nationalism
clearly established as key
concern of administration
Treaty with Britain to jointly
occupy the Oregon Territory
Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)
secured Florida & southernmost areas of SE America
THE MONROE DOCTRINE


In the early 19th
Century, various
European countries
hinted at increased
colonization
In his 1823 address to
Congress, Monroe
made it clear to Europe:
Don’t interfere with
Western Hemisphere
(Monroe Doctrine)
What idea does this political cartoon convey?
THE AGE OF JACKSON: SECTION 2

During a time of
growing
Sectionalism,
Andrew Jackson’s
election in 1828,
ushered in a new
era of popular
democracy
REGIONAL ECONOMIES CREATE
DIFFERENCES




The Northeast continued to
develop industry while the
South and West continued
to be more agricultural
The Industrial Revolution
reached America by the
early-mid 19th century
New England first to
embrace factory system
Especially in textile (fabric)
mills
SOUTH REMAINS AGRICULTURAL




Meanwhile, the South
continued to grow as an
agricultural power
Eli Whitney’s invention of
the Cotton Gin (1793) made
producing cotton even more
profitable
The South became a
“Cotton Kingdom”
More labor was needed –
1790 = 700,000 slaves
1820 = 1,500,000 slaves
Cotton Gin quickly separated
cotton fiber from seeds
BALANCING NATIONALISM AND
SECTIONALISM



Economic differences
created political tension
between North & South
As the regions moved apart,
politicians attempted to keep
nation together
House Speaker Henry
Clay’s American Plan called
for a protective tariff, a
National Bank, and an
improved infrastructure to
help travel
THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE




In 1818 settlers in Missouri
applied for statehood
Northerners and
Southerners disagreed on
whether Missouri should be
admitted as a “free” state
Henry Clay organized a
compromise in which
Missouri was “slave” but
Maine would be “free”
Also Louisiana Territory split
at 36 30’ north latitude
HENRY CLAY: THE GREAT
COMPROMISER
MISSOURI COMPROMISE 1820
ELECTION OF ANDREW JACKSON




ANDREW JACKSON
IS ON THE $20 BILL
Jackson, hero of the common
man, won election in 1828 in part
because the right to vote had
been expanded to more citizens
In the 1824 election, won by John
Quincy Adams, 350,000 white
males voted
In 1828, over 1,000,000 white
males voted
Many of the new voters supported
the rugged westerner Jackson
who also won re-election in 1832
JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY



As part of his political
philosophy, Jackson sought to
grant political power to the
common people
Called The Spoils System or
Jacksonian Democracy,
Jackson hired his own
supporters to replace the
previous administration’s staff
Jackson gave away many jobs
to his friends and political allies
INDIAN REMOVAL ACT - 1830






Congress, with Jackson’s support, passed the
Indian Removal Act in 1830
Under this law, the federal government funded
treaties that forced tribes west
The Cherokee Tribe in Georgia refused and were
supported by the Supreme Court
Jackson refused to abide by the Court decision
Jackson said, “John Marshall (Supreme Court
Chief Justice) has made his decision, now let him
enforce it.”
Trail of Tears followed the Court ruling as U.S.
troops rounded up the Cherokee and drove them
west, mostly on foot. . .thousands died
INDIAN REMOVAL - 1830
TARIFF OF “ABOMINATION”

THE NORTH

TARIFFS
THE SOUTH
In 1824 and again in
1828, Congress
increased the Import
Tariff of 1816
Southerners called the
1828 Tariff, “a Tariff of
Abominations,” and
blamed it for economic
problems in the South
Tariff of Abominations
It was labeled the Tariff of Abominations by its
southern critics because of the effects it had on the
antebellum Southern economy. The major goal of the
tariff was to protect industries in the northern United
States which were being driven out of business by lowpriced imported goods by putting a tax on them. The
South, however, was harmed directly by having to pay
higher prices on goods the region did not produce, and
indirectly because reducing the exportation of British
goods to the US made it difficult for the British to pay
for the cotton they imported from the South.
NULLIFICATION THREAT



In an attempt to free South
Carolina from the tariff, John
Calhoun (Jackson’s VP from
S.C.), developed the Theory
of Nullification
He believed if a state found
an act of Congress to be
unconstitutional, it could
declare the law void within
its borders
Tensions only relieved by a
Clay Compromise Tariff in
1833
Nullification Theory
Nullification is a constitutional theory that
gives an individual state the right to declare
null and void any law passed by the United
States Congress which the state deems
unacceptable and unconstitutional.
The concept is most well-known in the context
of the sectionalist crisis that plagued the
Union in the 40 years preceding the Civil War.
JACKSON’S BANK WAR



Jackson opposed
National Bank so he
created Pet Banks – so
called because they
were favored by
Jackson’s Democrats
Many felt Jackson was
acting more like a King
than a president
In 1832, his opponents
formed a new party –
the Whigs
PANIC OF 1837




In 1836, Democrat Martin
Van Buren won the
Presidency
He inherited problems from
the “Bank Wars”
Jackson’s Pet Banks printed
money without Gold backing
In 1837 a panic set in and
many banks closed,
accounts went bankrupted,
and unemployment soared
MARTIN VAN BUREN 1837-1841
HARRISON & TYLER


HARRISON
1841
TYLER
1841-1845

Whig William Henry
Harrison defeated
Democrat Van Buren in
the election of 1840
Harrison, known as
“Tippecanoe” for a
battle he won against
natives, died a month
into his term
His VP, John Tyler
became president
MANIFEST DESTINY: SECTION 3



In the 1840s Americans
became preoccupied
with expansion
Many believed that their
movement westward
was predestined by
God
Manifest Destiny was
the belief that the U.S.
would expand “from
sea to shining sea”
UNITED STATES EXPANSION BY 1853 - MANIFEST DESTINY
FAMOUS TRAILS WEST




No highways existed, thus
wagon trails served as the
roads to the West
Santa Fe Trail ran from
Independence, Missouri to
Santa Fe, New Mexico
Oregon Trail stretched from
Independence to Oregon
City, Oregon
Mormons especially utilized
the Oregon Trail on their
way to Salt Lake City
MEXICO CONTROLS TEXAS




After 300 years of Spanish
rule, Mexican settlers felt at
home in Texas territory
Mexico won their
independence from Spain in
1821 and Texas was theirs
Mexican officials offered
land to Americans to make
the area more stable
Americans soon
outnumbered Mexicans in
Texas – trouble started
TEXAS INDEPENDENCE




Stephen Austin
established a colony of
Americans in Texas
Conflicts intensified
between Mexicans and
Americans in Texas
One issue was the
slaves many Americans
had brought with them
Mexico had outlawed
slavery in 1829
REMEMBER THE ALAMO




THE ALAMO IN SAN ANTONIO
Mexican President Santa
Anna was determined to
force Texans to obey
Mexican law
Santa Anna marched his
troops toward San Antonio –
at the same time Austin
issued a call to arms for all
American Texans
American forces moved into
a mission known as the
Alamo in 1836
After 13 days the Mexican
troops scaled the walls and
slaughtered all 187
Americans
MEXICAN-AMERICAN WAR




1844 presidential election
winner, James Polk, eagerly
wanted to annex Texas as part
of the U.S.
Negotiations failed and U.S.
troops moved into Mexican
territory in 1845
America victories soon followed,
and in 1848 Mexican leader
Santa Anna conceded defeat
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
was signed – U.S. gets (larger)
Texas, New Mexico & California
MEXICAN PRESIDENT
SANTA ANNA
CALIFORNIA GOLD RUSH



After gold was discovered
at Sutter’s Mill, migration to
California rose from 400 in
1848 to 44,000 in 1850
Folks who rushed to San
Francisco in 1849 became
known as Forty-niners
By 1857, the total amount
of gold mined in California
topped $2,000,000,000
THE MARKET REVOLUTION:
SECTION 4


The first half of the 19th
century in America,
brought vast changes
to technology,
transportation, and
production
Known as the Market
Revolution, people
increasingly bought and
sold goods rather than
make them for
themselves
A 19th century market
NEW INVENTIONS HELP ECONOMY




By 1854, 23,000 miles of telegraph
wire crossed the country
1837 – Samuel Morse
invented the Telegraph
Railroads were becoming
faster and more numerous
by 1830 surpassing canals
as # 1 means of transport
Robert Fulton invented the
Steamboat and by 1830,
200 were on the Mississippi
John Deere’s Plow and
Cyrus McCormick’s Reaper
improved agriculture
WORKERS SEEK BETTER CONDITIONS


In 1834, Lowell,
Massachusetts textile
workers went on strike after
their wages were lowered –
one example of the dozens
of strikes in the U.S. in the
1830s and 1840s
Several industries formed
the National Trade Union in
1834 in hopes of bettering
their conditions
STRIKES AND
UNIONS
BECAME
MORE
NUMEROUS
AFTER 1830
The Lowell system was a method of factory
management that evolved in the textile mills of
Lowell, Massachusetts, owned by the Boston
Manufacturing Company.
In 1814, the Boston Company built America's first
fully mechanized mill in Waltham, Massachusetts.
Nine years later, the company built a complex of
new mills at East Chelmsford, soon renamed
Lowell in honor of the company's founder, Francis
Lowell.
With the production process fully mechanized,
the principal limitation on the firm's output was
the availability of labor, and here the company
made its second innovation: it began to recruit
young farm girls from the surrounding
countryside. In order to attract these women and
to reassure their families, the owners developed
a paternalistic approach to management that
became known as the Lowell system.
The mill workers were housed in clean, well-run
boardinghouses, were strictly supervised both at
work and at home, and were paid unusually good
wages.
The farm girls responded with enthusiasm. They
soon became renowned as excellent employees,
and their lively self-improvement program (including
a literary magazine) drew international attention.
Few of the Lowell women worked
more than a few years, but for every
one who returned home to marry,
two new ones appeared. By the
1830s, the Lowell system had become
a national symbol of the fact that in
America, humanity could go hand in
hand with industrial success.
Even at the pinnacle of its renown, however,
conditions in Lowell had begun to deteriorate. In
1834, an economic downturn led to the mills'
first wage cuts. In the 1840s, managers instituted
a speedup, requiring higher and higher output for
the same hourly wage. The women formed the
Lowell Female Labor Reform Association and
tried to appeal to their employers and then to the
state legislature through petitions. These led to
state investigations in 1845 and 1846, but little
changed.
After 1848, conditions deteriorated further, as New
England's textile industry began to suffer from
overexpansion. Seeking cheaper labor,
the mill owners turned increasingly to Irish
immigrants and in the process discontinued the
management policies they had devised to attract
workers from the farms. By the 1850s, the Lowell
system had been abandoned.
REFORMING AMERICAN SOCIETY:
SECTION 5




The Second Great Awakening
spread Christianity through
revival meetings
Another growing religious
group was the Unitarians who
emphasized reason as path to
perfection
Ralph Waldo Emerson was a
Unitarian preacher who
developed Transcendentalism
These and other religions
became the impetus for
reforming society
RALPH WALDO EMERSON
Transcendentalism
What does
“transcendentalism” mean?



There is an ideal spiritual state which
“transcends” the physical and empirical.
A loose collection of eclectic ideas about
literature, philosophy, religion, social reform,
and the general state of American culture.
Transcendentalism had different meanings
for each person involved in the movement.
Where did it come from?





Ralph Waldo Emerson gave German
philosopher Immanuel Kant credit for
popularizing the term “transcendentalism.”
It began as a reform movement in the
Unitarian church.
It is not a religion—more accurately, it is a
philosophy or form of spirituality.
It centered around Boston and Concord, MA.
in the mid-1800’s.
Emerson first expressed his philosophy of
transcendentalism in his essay Nature.
What did Transcendentalists
believe?
The intuitive faculty, instead of the rational or
sensical, became the means for a conscious
union of the individual psyche (known in
Sanskrit as Atman) with the world psyche
also known as the Oversoul, life-force, prime
mover and G-d (known in Sanskrit as
Brahma).
Basic Premise #1
An individual is the spiritual
center of the universe, and in
an individual can be found
the clue to nature, history
and, ultimately, the cosmos
itself. It is not a rejection of
the existence of God, but a
preference to explain an
individual and the world in
terms of an individual.
Basic Premise #2
The structure of the
universe literally
duplicates the structure
of the individual self—all
knowledge, therefore,
begins with selfknowledge. This is
similar to Aristotle's
dictum "know thyself."
Basic Premise #3
Transcendentalists
accepted the
concept of nature as
a living mystery, full
of signs; nature is
symbolic.
Basic Premise #4
1.
2.
The belief that individual virtue and
happiness depend upon self-realization—
this depends upon the reconciliation of two
universal psychological tendencies:
The desire to embrace the whole world—to
know and become one with the world.
The desire to withdraw, remain unique and
separate—an egotistical existence.
Universal Nature of Man!
Who were the Transcendentalists?





Ralph Waldo Emerson
Henry David Thoreau
Amos Bronson Alcott
Margaret Fuller
Ellery Channing
Ralph Waldo Emerson







1803-1882
Unitarian minister
Poet and essayist
Founded the
Transcendental Club
Popular lecturer
Banned from Harvard for
40 years following his
Divinity School address
Supporter of abolitionism
Henry David Thoreau





1817-1862
Schoolteacher, essayist,
poet
Most famous for Walden
and Civil Disobedience
Influenced environmental
movement
Supporter of abolitionism
Amos Bronson Alcott





1799-1888
Teacher and writer
Founder of Temple
School and Fruitlands
Introduced art, music,
P.E., nature study, and
field trips; banished
corporal punishment
Father of novelist Louisa
May Alcott
Margaret Fuller





1810-1850
Journalist, critic, women’s
rights activist
First editor of The Dial, a
transcendental journal
First female journalist to
work on a major
newspaper—The New
York Tribune
Taught at Alcott’s Temple
School
Ellery Channing



1818-1901
Poet and especially
close friend of
Thoreau
Published the first
biography of Thoreau
in 1873—Thoreau,
The Poet-Naturalist
Resources

American Transcendental Web:
http://www.vcu.edu/engweb/transcendentalism/index.html

American Transcendentalism:
http://www.wsu.edu/~campbelld/amlit/amtrans.htm

PAL: Chapter Four
http://www.csustan.edu/english/reuben/pal/chap4/4intro.html
THE ABOLITIONIST MOVEMENT



1820s: Abolitionist
movement to free
African Americans from
slavery arose
Leader was a white
radical named William
Lloyd Garrison
Abolitionist called for
immediate
emancipation of all
slaves
FREDERICK DOUGLASS:
AFRICAN AMERICAN LEADER


Freed slave, Frederick
Douglass escaped from
bandage and became an
eloquent abolitionist (critic
of slavery) leader
He began an anti-slavery
newspaper called,
Northstar – named after
the star that guided
runaway slaves to freedom



At age 13 he began to
look for ways to earn his
freedom.
He read the Columbian
Orator, a collection of
speeches dealing with
freedom, courage, and
democracy.
He secretly taught other
slaves to read.



Frederick was beaten
quite often until he
started to fight back.
He spent time in prison
after attempting an
escape.
He later became an
expert as a caulker in a
shipyard.



Frederick planned his escape
north.
Arrived in New York City, a
free state.
“A new world had opened
upon me. Anguish and grief,
like darkness and rain, may
be depicted, but gladness and
joy, like the rainbow, defy the
skill of pen or pencil.” FD
Becoming an abolitionist




New Bedford, MA became
the new home of Frederick.
He changed his name to
Douglas in case slave
catchers were in the area.
He became involved with
William Lloyd Garrison’s
Liberator. “The paper became
my meat and drink. My soul
was set all on fire.”
This led to his involvement
in the abolitionist movement.
A skilled lecturer



He was anticolonization.
Mr. Garrison hired
Frederick as a traveling
lecturer for the
abolitionist movement.
The Herald of Freedom
reported that Douglas:
“has wit, arguments,
sarcasm, pathos – all that
first rate men show in
their master effort.”
On the Way to Freedom



1845 Frederick wrote the
Narrative of Frederick
Douglas, an American Slave.
He then traveled to
England and continued
the antislavery
movement.
In 1846 Douglas’s
freedom was bought for
$710.96 and he returned
to America.
The North Star Newspaper




He moved to Rochester, NY
and started in own
abolitionist paper called the
North Star.
Founded by Douglass in
1847
He was the editor and
publisher of this four page
weekly paper.
Later became the Frederick
Douglass Paper
Life in Rochester


It took the help of many
people and Frederick’s
lecture circuit to keep up
with the newspaper’s
costs.
He also helped Susan B.
Anthony and Lucretia
Mott in the women’s
movement.
Changing viewpoints


Frederick broke with
William Lloyd Garrison’s
passive movement and
joined with John Brown.
John Brown taught that “
slaveholders had
forfeited their right to
live, and that slaves had
the right to gain their
liberty in any way they
could.”
Civil War Years




Frederick was instrumental in
recruiting black soldiers for
the Union army.
He met with Abraham
Lincoln to discuss how to
end slavery and was
considered to be a good
friend of the president.
Even after emancipation,
Frederick continued the fight
for equality.
Campaigned for voting rights
for both black men and all
women.



He would move to
Washington DC and
became involved with
political figures.
He wrote another book,
the Life and Times of
Frederick Douglas.
Frederick died at the age
of 77 in 1895 because of
a heart attack.
William Lloyd Garrison (focused
on evils of slavery in the south
and avoiding 'racism' in the
North) and Frederick Douglass
(attached slavery in the South
and racism in the North).
TURNER’S REBELLION




Turner plans his rebellion
The vast majority of AfricanAmericans were enslaved in
the South and were
subjected to constant
degradation
Some rebelled against their
condition
Most famous revolt was led
by Virginia slave Nat Turner
Turner led 50 followers in a
revolt killing 60 whites – he
was caught and executed
WOMEN AND REFORM



From abolition to
education, women
worked actively in all
reform movements
Throughout the 1800s
opportunity for women
to become educated
increased
1833: Oberlin College
became first coed
institution
WOMEN’S RIGHTS MOVEMENT
EMERGES



Reform movements of the
19th century spurred the
development of a
Women’s movement
For example, Elizabeth
Cady Stanton and
Lucretia Mott had both
been ardent abolitionists
In 1848, more than 300
women participated in a
Women’s Right
convention in Seneca
Falls, N.Y.
Two pioneers in women’s rights:
Elizabeth Cady Stanton (left) and
Susan B. Anthony