Bellringer
Explain
Both avoid
gettingthe
involved
with foreign politics,
but
difference
between
neutrality includes trading
The policy of giving in to an
aggressor to avoid a larger
What is
conflict
Appeasement?
isolation and
neutrality.
Justify
the
American
imperial
interests
were being threatened
by
American
reasons
Japanese expansion and
for joining
World
aggression,
peaking
with
Pearl Harbor
War II
Bellringer
Determined how people
would
be represented:
What
was the
Bi cameral legislature:
Great
House of Repspopulation
Senate2 per state
Compromise?
President Veto of Congress
Bill Provide an
Supreme Court declares law
example of Checks
unconstitutional
Congress
FDR’s court
andrefuses
Balances.
packing
The 1920s
and did
1930s
Why
included a red scare, against
Hollywood
make
communism.
However,
the
US now was allies with the
pro-communist
Communist Soviet Union
films during WWII?
WWII in Europe
As the Depression grew worse around
the world, European nations were
giving up rights to totalitarian
governments with a goal of expansion
Prelude to War
While the 1930s kept many Americans focused on their own hardships, politicians
were watching as dictators in Europe and Asia expanded into other nations for
resources and power.
Totalitarian Regimes
Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union all created Totalitarian governments. These
nations controlled all aspects of their countries and people. To maintain control
these countries suppressed individual rights, killed dissenters and created terror.
Germany and Italy became Fascist while
the Soviet Union further developed communism.
Communism vs. Fascism
Communism
All members of society
equally own the means of
production
BOTH
TOTALitarian governments
Use terror and secret police
to maintain control
Fascism
Private business for profit
allowed, but union issues
are shut down by the
government
Italy- Benito Mussolini
Italy’s Fascist leader was Benito Mussolini, a.k.a. “Il
Duce” or the leader. Mussolini’s black shirts
Fascist Symbols in Italy:
terrorized Italian citizens to bring them under
control. Mussolini suspended elections, outlawed
BLACK- color worn by Fascists
political parties and used secret police to stay in
control.
Il Duce- Name given to Mussolini meaning
The leader
He also began expanding his Italy’s control over
Symbol: Sticks surrounding an Ax
North Africa
The sticks= unity
The ax= authority
4:35
German Expansion- Adolf Hitler
Germany saw expansion as a way to bolster National Pride and domination. Hitler
started by taking over several areas, including the mineral rich Rhineland. Britain
and France worried about Hitler’s aggression but did nothing to stop him. Soon
Germany made an alliance with Italy called the Axis agreement.
Appeasement
Britain and France were concerned about Hitler’s aggression, but reluctant to enter
into another war. At a meeting in Munich, leaders from Germany, Italy, Britain and
France meet. They agreed to give into Hitler’s demands for the Rhineland and
Sudetenland (part of Czechoslovakia). Hitler promised to not expand further.
Appeasement
Giving in to aggressive
demands to avoid war
and keep peace
WAR! WAR! WAR! WAR! WAR!
In 1939 Hitler invaded Poland, the last democratic nation in Eastern Europe.
The British and France declared war.
Blitzkrieg
Germans attempt Blitzkrieg, or lightning war, against France. The goal was to
quickly invade and capture France. They accomplished their goal in just over
6 months. With France occupied Hitler could focus on attacking Britain.
London Blitz
England, an island nation, has natural protection from water. To attack Britain,
Hitler had to rely on his Luftwaffe, German air bombers. Up to 1000 bombers
attacked Britain a day. Over the course of 58 days Londoners slept in subway
tunnels and over 15,000 were killed.
Japan’s Empire
Japan lacked resources and needed land for its growing population, so they began a
process of Imperialism:
-1931 Japan takes over Manchuria
-1937- Japan invades North China
This challenged American interests in the Pacific. To protect American interests
Roosevelt began a Naval buildup and stationed the Navy at Pearl Harbor.
Disillusionment
Americans were reluctant to enter into the conflict in Europe. After World War I
many Americans began to examine the reasons for WWI and its effects on
America. Soon, Americans were torn between Isolation and Neutrality.
Isolation
Neutrality
Do not want any contact
with the outside world,
not even trade
Do not want to get
involved in the politics of
foreign nations, but still
want to trade
Neutrality Acts 1935-1937
In the end Congress settled on a policy of
Neutrality. Congress declare that the US
would withhold weapons and loans from all
nations at war, including Britain and France.
Also, all nonmilitary goods sold to warring
nations must be paid for in cash, no loans
would be allowed.
Cash and Carry
American policy to
sell military goods for
cash only (no loans)
Lend-Lease Acts
As the war dragged on, Franklin Roosevelt pushed Congress to pass the Lend Lease
Acts. These laws allowed the US to lend ships, tanks, planes and other military
supplies to countries who defend democracy. After the war they would return the
supplies or pay for anything destroyed.
“Arsenal of Democracy”will sell supplies to
democratic allies
Leading to Pearl Harbor
When France fell from Germany’s Blitzkreig, the Japanese took its colony in Indochina.
The US retaliated by cutting off all trade with Japan and freezing its assets in the US.
The Japanese were angry about this, but both the Japanese Emperor and Roosevelt
worked for peace, until intercepted messages indicated Japan was planning further
expansion.
Pearl Harbor Lives in infamy
Roosevelt pledged to stay out of the war because the US was not directly involved.
However, the Japanese, angry with the US for halting trade with Japan, bombed the
Navy base at Pearl Harbor.
3:50
2:37
1:40
Infamy
Roosevelt declared Pearl harbor as the day that will live in infamy, an asked
Congress to declare war. America officially enters the war on December 11, 1941.
Japan attacked on the morning of
Sunday Dec. 7th with 180 planes.
American losses:
-2400 Americans Killed
-1200 Wounded
-300 Planes damaged or
destroyed
-18 Warships sunk or
damaged
-8/9 battleships destroyed
or damaged
Japan only lost 29 planes
Allies vs Axis
Allies
Axis
Britain- Winston Churchill
France- Charles de Gualle
Germany- Hitler
Italy- Mussolini
Soviet Union- Stalin
America- Franklin Roosevelt
(Harry Truman)
Japan-Hirohito
The War at Home
World War II was another total war, with all the nation’s resources going
towards the war effort. To get the nations through the war the US did many
things:
-rationing
-War bonds
-Hollywood dramatizations
-Japanese Internment
-Women workers and army corps
-Arsenal of Democracy
Rosie the Riveters
Just like WWI, Millions of women joined the workforce to work in factories to
manufacture military supplies, ammunition and weapons. Many of these women
were married mothers, a first for America. Even after the war many of these
working mothers became the norm.
Hollywood goes to War
To keep the Americans into the war effort, the American government worked with
Hollywood to promote the war and create propaganda ads. These ads
accomplished several purposes:
-Promote war effort and patriotism
-Warn against “Loose Lips”
-Created films favorable to the Communist Soviet Union
Executive Order 9066
Roosevelt pushed Executive Order 9066 to
protect the US. Japanese Americans were
interned, or kept, in large camps to “protect” the
United States from Japanese spies. Most of the
Japanese Americans in the camps were born in
America.
**In times of war, civil liberties
may be limited**
Korematsu vs United States (1944)
The Supreme Court declared that forcing Japanese Americans into internment
camps was a reasonable wartime emergency action. However, no acts of treason
were found and thousands of Nisei fought in the war.
Finally, in 1988 the American government admitted the relocation was unjust, and
paid $20,000 to each surviving Japanese American who had been in the camps.
Arsenal of Democracy
The Lend-Lease Act had America contributing
military supplies long before Americans ever joined
the war effort. Once America declared war, US
factories had to turn out even more war supplies
to satisfy the demand for American soldiers and
from all the allied nations, Great Britain, France
and the Soviet Union. Production ramped up to
unprecedented levels.
Wartime production:
300,000 planes
100,000 tanks
5,600 “Liberty Ships”
6 million rifles
41 billion rounds of
ammo
Tuskegee Airmen
The most distinguished of the African units was the
Tuskegee Airmen, the first black unit of military
pilots. There were 994 African American pilots in
the unit, winning many medals and awards.
However, despite their heroism, they still dealt
with racism and segregation. After WWII, the role
of Africans in the war pushed President Harry
Truman to sign Executive Order 9981, ending
segregation in the armed forces.
Nisei soldiers
Despite the injustice of Japanese internment camps and limited civil rights,
thousands of Japanese Americans joined the military, proving their loyalty and
will to fight. The 442nd Regimental Combat team, made up of only Japanese
Americans, won more medals than any other unit of similar size.
America’s Two Front War
American troops helped turn the tide of the war in Europe, eventually ending the
war after the Battle of the Bulge, capturing Berlin and accepting Germany’s
surrender on May 8th, 1945. However, at the same time, American troops were
fighting in the Pacific.
Turning Point:
European Theater
SPR
Dwight Eisenhower planned an Allied invasion of France. To prepare, the Allies constantly
bombed German factories, aircraft sites and military supply warehouses.
The Allies stormed Normandy’s beaches on June 6, 1944 with 176,000 troops.
Invasion 3:44
Aftermath 3:53
Pacific Island Hopping
After suffering some major defeats to the Japanese in the Pacific, American
troops, under the lead of General Douglas MacArthur, began a campaign of
island hopping. The Americans selectively attacked specific enemy held islands.
However, the Japanese fiercely defended their positions, causing massive
casualties on both sides.
Battle of Iwo Jima
One of the bloodiest battles of the war, the Americans shelled the tiny, volcanic
island for 74 days, dropping over 20,000 shells onto the island. However, the
steep rocky terrain was honeycombed with caves and tunnels that largely
protected the Japanese. An invasion of the island included 110,000 American
troops and a month to secure the island.
Manhattan Project
While the military island hopped the Pacific, scientists in the US were studying ways
to harness the power of the atom. In July 1945 detonated first Atomic bomb test
President Truman ordered Japan to surrender of face “Utter and complete
destruction”
Atomic bombs dropped:
Hiroshima- 8/6/45- 70,000 killed instantly
Nagasaki- 8/9/45- 40,000 killed instantly
**many more die from radiation
exposure over time**
Japanese Occupation
After the surrender, American troops led by General MacArthur occupied Japan.
These troops forced democracy and a constitution onto Japan. This new constitution
was nick-named the “MacArthur Constitution”. This constitution set up a democratic
government, though emperor Hirohito remained, he was just a figurehead with little
real power.
Integrated Military
As a result of the sacrifices of the many African American units in the War,
President Truman signed executive order 9981 which forced the integration of the
armed forces. However, despite the executive order, change was slow to occur. It
wasn’t until the Korean War of 1950 that integration truly occurred.
"equality of treatment
for all persons in the
armed services,
without regard to race,
color, religion or
national origin.
The Holocaust and St. Louis
Hitler’s Final Solution to get rid of the Jewish in German occupied lands resulted in
the murder of over 6 million Jews, and an additional million dissidents, gypsies,
homosexuals and others.
The passenger ship the St. Louis carrying over 900
Jewish passengers left Europe, bound for Cuba.
However, when they arrived Cuba and United States
refused to help. The passengers were forced to
return to Europe and most died in the Holocaust.
Nuremberg Trials
During 1945 and 1946, a War criminal trial was held at Nuremberg, Germany.
This court tried 24 high level NAZI officials and other lower ranking guards.
This was the first time that military personnel were tried for crimes committed
during war.
Demobilization
During the war American factories increased production pulling the nation out of
the Great Depression. As America returned to a peacetime civilian nation, factories
also transitioned to consumer goods.
The armed forces went through a major
reduction, from 12 million members to
1.5 million.
DemobilizationConverting (changing)
from a wartime to
peacetime society.
GI Bill
The Servicemen’s Readjustment Act (The
GI Bill of Rights) put billions of dollars
aside to pay for veterans’ benefits like
college, medical treatment and
unemployment. The Bill also provided
low cost loans to GIs for Homes and
business startups. As a result more
people attend college and buy homes
than ever before.
Baby Boom
As soldiers returned home and relative prosperity, many married and
started families. The birth rate spiked, leading to the Baby Boom. Today
the baby boomers are about to retire, causing stress on our social security,
retirement and elderly care services.
Truman’s Fair Deal
Like FDR, Truman believed government spending could help promote the economy.
Truman proposed laws that promoted employment, raised minimum wages and
even universal healthcare. However, Congress denied most of Truman’s proposals.
Truman and Civil Rights
Truman supported Civil Rights and met with African American leaders in 1946 who
asked Truman for a Federal anti-lynching law, abolishment of poll taxes and to find
ways to stop hiring discrimination.
Executive Order 9981- End segregation in
American military, but it wasn’t enforced
until the Korean War in 1950
Big Idea
World War II forced America to step up as a World Power. However, at the beginning
the Americans chose neutrality, staying away from foreign politics but partaking in
trade. This trade pulled America out of the Great Depression, and eventually pulled
America into the war. Americans helped close the American theater before focusing
on the Pacific war against Japan. Ultimately the Japanese surrendered after
significant losses from Atomic Bombs. As the Americans returned to peace time the
government took action to keep the economy prosperous.
Review
A major reason for the United States
neutrality in the 1930s was that nation’s
a. Belief in the domino theory
b. Disillusionment resulting from World War I
c. Strong approval of political conditions in
Europe
d. Military and naval superiority
Review
At the outbreak of both World War I and
World War II in Europe, public opinion in the
US generally favored
a. Remaining neutral
b. Entering the war on the side of the Allies
c. Invading Europe in order to acquire
territory
d. Settling the conflict through an
international peace organization
Review
The appeasement policy followed by Western European
leaders in the late 1930s was based primarily on the
belief that war could be avoided by
a. Satisfying Hitler’s desire for territorial expansion
b. Encouraging communist expansion into NAZI
Germany
c. Limiting the development of Germany's armed
forced
d. Appealing to the league of Nations for international
cooperation
Review
After World War II, the United States was better able
than its allies to adjust its economy from wartime to
peacetime because the United States
a. Possessed nuclear weapons
b. Raised tariffs on imports
c. Had collected its war debts from the Allies
d. Had suffered no widespread wartime destruction
Review
What was a major effect of World War II on women
and minorities in the United States?
a. The were drafted into the military
b. They had new opportunities in the workforce
c. They received equal voting rights for the first
time
d. They were granted equal pay for equal work
Review
During World War II, the action
required by this announcement was
based largely on
a. Racial prejudice
b. A labor shortage
c. The needs for skilled workers in
defense industries
d. A desire protect Japanese
Americans from military attack
All Japanese persons, both alien and
non-alien, will be evacuated from the
designated area by 12:00 noon Tuesday,
April 7, 1942
World War II Recap