Journal #1
 At this time you need to take your observations and
findings on the other person out and answer the
following items.
 3 conclusions about your person based on observable
behavior.
 What type of person you would guess they are according
to Myers/Briggs (E/I, S/N, T/F, J/P)
 The recording should NOT be simply a listing of
observations, but conclusions based on those
observations.
#2
 Listen to the story
 There have been six characters: Husband, Wife, Lover
#1, Lover #2. Ferryboat Captain, and Highwayman
 List, in descending order of responsibility for this
woman’s death all of the characters.
 The one most responsible is listed first.
Con’t –
Cognitive
Bias
Just World Bias - The fallacy is that this implies (often
unintentionally) the existence of cosmic justice, destiny, divine
providence, stability, or order, and may also serve
to rationalize people's misfortune on the grounds that they
deserve it.
#2
 What if the wife is a widow, but the highwayman’s
actions stay the same?
 Tendency to blame the victim and the fundamental
attribution error.
 Psychology is a science, but because it is done with
people, many factors come into play.
 Bias
 Background
 Environment vs. Genetics
#3


Common Sense or Fact
Read the statement and determine if the statement is true or false. Write a letter “T” in the space provided if you believe the
statement is true and a letter “F” in the space provided if you believe the statement is false.
 1. _____
People dream on average around five to six times a night.
 2. _____
Dogs dream.
 3. _____
Psychiatrists attend medical school just like your family physician or a surgeon.
 4. _____
Psychology stemmed from the area of biology.
 5. _____
You are more likely to receive help if there are two people around rather than if
there are twenty people around.
 6. _____
You would value receiving ten dollars for helping a neighbor clean out their garage
versus getting ten dollars for doing nothing.
 7. _____
Adults in their sixties' interest in sex starts to decline.
 8. _____
Psychology is all about making people feel better.
 9. _____
Living together before marriage will result in a better marriage.
 10. _____
Intelligence is inherited.
 1. __T__
People dream on average around five to six times a night.
 2. __T__
Dogs dream.
 3. __T__
Psychiatrists attend medical school just like your family physician
 4. __F__
Psychology stemmed from the area of biology.
or a surgeon.
 5. __T__
You are more likely to receive help if there are two people around
rather than if there are twenty people around.
 6. __T__
You would value receiving ten dollars for helping a neighbor
clean out their garage versus getting ten dollars for doing nothing.
 7. __F__
Adults in their sixties' interest in sex starts to decline.
 8. __F__
Psychology is all about making people feel better.
 9. __F__
Living together before marriage will result in a better marriage.
 10. __F__
Intelligence is inherited.
[NOTE: some aspects are heritable but environment is a critical element.]
#4 Free-Write
 Choose one of the following topics and write a minimum of a
paragraph over it.
 School culture
 School expectations
 School limitations
 Other topic that references psych connections to the
educational setting
#5
 What was the psychological wonder drug of the 1880’s
and 1890’s?
 What connection can you make to a problematic issue
in our current society?
#6
 We are going to be taking a 15 minute walk around the
school grounds. You can go by the trees or
stadium but cannot pass the grove or the end of
the stadium . You need to make 5 observations that
show how humans interfere with nature.
 Your observations need to be specific and support
Gandhi’s quote "Earth has enough to satisfy every
man's need, but not every man's greed."
#7
 To Be Extinct or Not: Exploring Evolutionary Theory
 Go online and find two animals that are in danger of becoming
extinct. Answer the following questions regarding the endangered
animals.
 Endangered Animal #1
_______________________________________
 Endangered Animal #2
_______________________________________
 Question: Why do you believe the animals are close to becoming
extinct? What characteristics do the animals not possess for
survival? Example: Giraffes with short necks cannot reach food
high in trees, therefore only giraffes with long necks survive.
#8
 If we are as transient as Dr. Gilbert suggested, how do
we plan for the future?
 Especially when the current self is so bent on
consumption?
#9 You be the researcher!
Research Question: Does sleep affect mood?
 Hypothesis: __________________________
 Experimental design:
Independent variable: _______________
Operationalized IV: __________________
Dependent variable: _________________
Operationalized DV: _________________

Any ethical concerns?
#9
Research Question: Does abstinence-only sex
education affect teen pregnancy rates?
 Hypothesis: __________________________
 Experimental design:
Independent variable: _______________
Operationalized IV: __________________
Dependent variable: _________________
Operationalized DV: _________________

Any ethical concerns?
#10
 You are a part of a human metrics department at a
major technology company. Your task is to improve
digital communication. Create a new emoticon, app, or
other idea that improves how we communicate.
#11
Free-Write Friday 
#12
 Who brings more bias into the classroom, teachers or
students? Try to explain using an eclectic combination
of the cognitive and socio-cultural approaches.
#13 How do Heuristics affect our
decision making and thought processes?
 A rule of thumb/
principle that
generally can be used
to make a judgment
or solve a problem.
 It is fast, but is…
 Prone to errors
 Two major types of
heuristics
 Availability
 Representative
#13 How do Heuristics affect our decision
making and thought processes?
Who went to Harvard?
 Judging the
likelihood of
things or objects
in terms of how
well they seem
to represent, or
match, a
particular
prototype.
•If I tell you that Sonia Dara is a Sports Illustrated swimsuit model, you would make certain quick
judgments (heuristics) about her…like about her interests or intelligence.
•She is an economics major at Harvard University.
Availability Heuristic
 Mental Shortcut
 If you can think of it, it
must be important
 Judging a situation
based on examples of
similar situations that
initially come to mind.
 Vivid examples in the
news often cause an
availability heuristic.
Big Bang Algorithms
Which place would you be more scared of getting
mugged or even murdered?
The Bronx, NY
Gary, IN
Heuristics can lead to Overconfidence…
 A tendency to overestimate the
accuracy of our beliefs and
judgments.
 Belief Perseverance- maintaining
a belief even after it has been
proven wrong.
 Belief Bias- People will tend to
accept any and all conclusions
that fit in with their systems of
belief, without challenge or any
deep consideration of what they
are actually agreeing with.
21
Heuristic vs Algorithm
 Here is an algorithm for driving to someone’s house: Take
Highway 167 south to Cardington. Take the South Hill Mall
exit and drive 4.5 miles up the hill. Turn right at the light by
the grocery store, and then take the first left. Turn into the
driveway of the large tan house on the left, at 714 North
Cedar. Not subject to chance.
 Here’s a heuristic for getting to someone’s house: Find the
last letter we mailed you. Drive to the town in the return
address. When you get to town, ask someone where our
house is. Everyone knows us—someone will be glad to help
you. If you can’t find anyone, call us from a public phone,
and we’ll come get you.
#14 – Cognition Applications
 Concepts (Schema)-- Mental grouping of similar objects,
events, ideas, or people…
 Create a schematic hierarchy for a Bengal Tiger…
#15 – Memory
 I am going to read a list of words to you. You are to
write down as many words as you can remember when
I am finished reading and say, "Go!" The words can be
in any order.
 Primacy Effect (Bed)
 Recency (Drowsy)
 Sleep (False Memory)
#15 Eyewitness
 http://www.youramazingbrain.org.uk/testyourself/eyewitnes
s.htm#
 Write your answers to the 4 questions after watching the
video. How d0es this relate to false memories?
#16 – Using auditory system for memory
 Chunking –
 pairing, clustering, grouping, or association of different
items into larger units

i.e., Try putting the numbers together. So if you hear 2, 4, 8, 3,
6,9—think 248, 369.

Come Up With Your Own Chunking Mechanism
for Content in One of Your Classes.
#16 – method of Loci
 AKA The Memory Palace
 2006 World Memory Champion, Clemens Mayer from
Germany, used a 300-point-long journey through his
house for his world record in "number half marathon",
memorizing 1040 random digits in a half hour. Gary
Shang has used the method of loci to memorize pi to
over 65,536 digits.
#17
 Write about a particular song that has a significant
emotional/memory based/ or thought provoking connection to
you:
 UC Davis:
 Mapping the brain activity where memories are retrieved but also
connects to emotions
 Had aided in the use of music to elicit strong reponses in Alzheimer’s
patients
 Medial Prefrontal Cortex Region
 Music serves as a personal soundtrack for a mental movie of our
history.
 Music has been proven a trigger for memory retrieval
 One of the main parts of the brain that's tracking the music is the
same part of the brain that's responding overall to how
autobiographically salient the music is
 Music based therapy
#18
Free-Write
#19 – London Cab Drivers
 Why is the Hippocampus of London cab drivers so special?
 How will this knowledge help individuals with Parkinson's
Disease?
#20
 Get on the class webpage and
scroll to the link about the
top Neuroscience discoveries
of 2013.
 Scroll to topic one, and
discuss the potential
understandings of human
nature we can get from brain
to brain interface!
#21
 The psychologist G. Stanley Hall linked adolescence to all sorts of social
problems. Little seems to have changed in over 100 years—current
newspapers and magazines are constantly bombarding us with
information about the terrible nature of adolescents. They tell us that
teenagers all over the world are violent, stressed, too focused on instant
gratification, and/or immoral.
 Steinberg and Scott (2003) argue that adolescents should not be held
responsible for murder or other similar infractions, as their brains have
not yet reached maturity. Others posit that the relative immaturity of
the adolescent is not the causal factor in such crimes. They mention
factors such as parental levels of morality , the rise of mental health
issues like depression, and community violence.
 Use the critical thinking approach to answer: why do you think we are
pumping kids full of drugs?
In thinking critically, you need to answer the following questions:
 What am I being asked to believe or accept?
 What evidence is there to support the assertion?
 Are there alternative ways of interpreting the evidence?
 What additional evidence would help to evaluate the alternatives?
 What conclusions are most reasonable?
#22 – The Neural Impulse
 Explain the function of each of the following parts of the
neural impulse in relation to the forthcoming scenario
 Pre-synaptic Neuron
 Post – Synaptic Neuron
 Neurotransmitters
 Synaptic Vesicles
 Receptor Sites
 Action Potential
 Axon
 Dendrite
•On a cool, dark night, a man was
walking home through the woods
when he heard the howl of a wolf.
Before he knew it, he had goose
bumps on his skin, a pacing heart,
labored breathing, and the urge to
flee.
#23 – After Video: Discuss how
alcohol is related to GABA and
Glutamate
#24 – After watching the video
What are Mirror neurons (you
need to know this)
What would you expect to see in
the mirror neuron system of
people with Autism?
#25
 Please get an Ipad and read The History of the Lobotomy
that is located on the class webpage under unit 3.
 When finished, answer and be ready to discuss the
following question:
 In your perspective, what is the key factor
that makes the lobotomy an unethical
procedure?
#26
 Think of two emotional experiences in your life. The
experiences do not necessarily have to be sad ones; they
can be something that brings about good memories.
Explain the situations and then think about what specific
sensations reminds you of that situation. Use your
knowledge of memory and biology.
#27
 Susie sets up the VCR to tape her favorite television show.
TOP-DOWN or BOTTOM-UP
 Melissa’s mom is showing Rebecca how to make the family favorite of molasses
cookies. She walks Rebecca through the recipe stepbystep.
TOP-DOWN or BOTTOM-UP
 Tim decides he is going to start a business of putting bicycles together. He reads
the instructions carefully and follows them very closely.
TOP-DOWN or BOTTOM-UP
 It’s been two years and Tim’s bicycle business is doing very well. He can now go
through five to eight bicycles a day without looking at any instructions.
TOP-DOWN or BOTTOM-UP
 Jeremy is in his first year of algebra and finds the algebra problems very
confusing. He finds that he needs to keep going back to the textbook and seeing
what steps are next.
TOP-DOWN or BOTTOM-UP
#27 -
 Susie sets up the VCR to tape her favorite television show.
TOP-DOWN or BOTTOM-UP
 Melissa’s mom is showing Rebecca how to make the family favorite of molasses
cookies. She walks Rebecca through the recipe stepbystep.
TOP-DOWN or BOTTOM-UP
 Tim decides he is going to start a business of putting bicycles together. He reads
the instructions carefully and follows them very closely.
TOP-DOWN or BOTTOM-UP
 It’s been two years and Tim’s bicycle business is doing very well. He can now go
through five to eight bicycles a day without looking at any instructions.
TOP-DOWN or BOTTOM-UP
 Jeremy is in his first year of algebra and finds the algebra problems very
confusing. He finds that he needs to keep going back to the textbook and seeing
what steps are next.
TOP-DOWN or BOTTOM-UP
#28 – Perception -Is the rabbit hole as deep
as you think it is?
 Please grab a slip of paper out of the chalice
that is sitting on the table. Hold onto this
slip of paper. Do not share what group you
are in.
In the picture was there . .
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
A man?
A woman?
A child?
An animal?
A whip?
A sword?
A man’s hat?
A ball?
A fish?
How good are you at Figure/Ground?
 Field Independent
 8+
 Field Dependent
 7-
CLOSURE
#29 Discussion Points
 The first step in perception is _____________(??) We sense
11,000,000 bits of information per second.
 We consciously only process about 40 bits of this
 What is the influence of top-down processes (interpretation,
second step)on what we perceive?
 Go beyond the sensory information to try to make meaning out
of ambiguity in your world. What you expect (your experiences
and your perceptual set) drives this process
 Today we will see what expectations we all have in common.
#19 What is the two step process to “figureground”
1. We organize the visual field into objects (figures) that stand out from their
surroundings (ground).
2. After distinguishing the figure from the ground, our perception needs to organize
the figure into a meaningful form using GROUPING rules.
Closure
What happens when there aren’t
enough clues?
 Ambiguous figures – proof of perception
 You can’t hold two different perceptions at the same
time.
#29 – Cross Model Processing
 We are going to watch two videos, use these to
come up with an explanation for “Cross Model
Processing”
 Rubber Hand
 McGurk Effect:
 Auditory Cue: “ba” (sound)
 Visual Cue: ga (mouth movement)
 Brain Senses: da
#29
 John Watson believed that individuals are born without
mental content when it comes to personality, social and
emotional behavior, and intelligence. This “blank slate”
approach states that all we are comes from experience and
perception. With that in mind, answer these questions.
 How much can people be changed? Can we be molded so
easily?
 Where should society (government) stand on the
nature/nurture debate?
 Does behaviorism show us that criminals/bad students/low
ethics can be changed or do you think this behavior is
ingrained?
#30 Conditioning in The Office
 US?
 “Do you want an Altoid?”
 UR?
 Outstretched hand
 CS?
 Computer bing
 CR?
 Outstretched hand
#31
 The state of Connecticut recently forced a 17 year old
girl to undergo chemo treatments, despite her refusal
and her mother’s acceptance of her refusal. The girl
has Hodgkin’s lymphoma, and was first forced by the
Dept. of Children and Families.
 Your thoughts?
#32
(1) You are on a boat that overturns. It contains your 5-year-old and 1-year-old children (of the same sex). The boat
sinks and you can save only one. Whom do you choose to save? Choose only one.
(2) That same boat (you are slow to learn lessons) contains your 40-year-old and 20-year-old children (both of the same
sex). Neither can swim. As the boat sinks, whom do you choose to save? Choose only one:
(3) Would you rather marry someone older or younger than yourself? Choose only one:
(4) Of the following six, which three are most important in the selection of your mate? Choose only three
*good financial prospects *good looks *a caring and responsible personality *physical attractiveness
*ambition and industriousness *an exciting personality
(5) You and your spouse are the proud parents of a new child. The grandparents are ecstatic. Who do you think will be
kinder to the child? Choose only one:


the mother of the mother
the mother of the father
(6) Who will mourn more at the death of a child? Choose one answer in each pair:



a. Father/mother
b. parents of the father/parents of the mother
c. younger parents/older parents
(7) Which will elicit more grief? Choose one answer in each pair:


a. death of a son/death of a daughter
b. death of an unhealthy child/death of a healthy child
#33 Identify the
emotions on the
following
pictures
HAPPY
Sadness
FEAR
DISGUST
SURPRISE
ANGER
CONTEMPT
NEUTRAL
Con’t
 How could you use an understanding of Ekman’s
microexpressions in your daily life?
#34
 Adaptations for people who had lost the use of their hands.
 Going to assess whether the unpleasantness or difficult of
these tasks affect your “attentional abilities and
responsiveness.”
 For each picture, rate it on a scale of -9 (very negative
emotions) to +9 (very positive emotions)
#34 Continued
 Fritz Strack (1988) – muscles that control smiling
cause happiness
 Zajonc (89’) – long “e” - smile and long “u” pouty
 Each, eager, eagle, ear, ease, east, Easter, eat, eaves, eel,
evil
 Flu, flute, hue, glue, mule, rule, tulip, tune, use, you,
yule
#35 – Free Write Friday
#36 – Yerkes Dodson
 1.
What was your arousal level on your midterm exams? If
you were very nervous, your arousal level would be
considered high. If you were excited and engaged but not too
worried, it would be in the medium range. If you were feeling
sluggish, your arousal level would be low.
 2. How did you actually do on that test?
 3. In many professions, individuals are forced to perform
under conditions of very high arousal. These include EMTs,
professional athletes, lifeguards, and emergency room
medical professionals. How might such individuals train
themselves to perform even under conditions of extreme
arousal?
#37
 At this point, which do you think is more
important in the development of a person, nature
or nurture?
#38
 What stance should Psychology take in regards to
“When does life begin” debate?
#39 AP PSYCH
FREE WRITE FRIDAY!
#26 – Why don’t French kids have
ADHD
Which viewpoint is correct in
regards to adolescents with
ADHD? Explain.
 http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/suffer-the-
children/201203/why-french-kids-dont-have-adhd
#40
 Two young men, brothers, had got into serious trouble. They
were secretly leaving town in a hurry and needed money.
Karl, the older one, broke into a store and stole a thousand
dollars. Bob, the younger one, went to a retired old man who
was known to help people in town. He told the man that he
was very sick and that he needed a thousand dollars to pay
for an operation. Bob asked the old man to lend him the
money and promised that he would pay him back when he
recovered. Really Bob wasn't sick at all, and he had no
intention of paying the man back. Although the old man
didn't know Bob very well, he lent him the money. So Bob
and Karl skipped town, each with a thousand dollars.
#40 Con’t
 1. Which is worse, stealing like Karl or cheating like Bob?




Why is that worse?
2. What do you think is the worst thing about cheating the
old man? Why is that the worst thing?
3. Is it important to keep a promise to someone you don't
know well or will never see again? Why or why not?
4. Should people do everything they can to obey the law?
Why or why not?
5. Was the old man being irresponsible by lending Bob the
money? Why or why not?
#41
 Would you rather your child be less attractive and
extremely intelligent or extremely attractive and less
intelligent?
 If you had a friend who spoke to you the same way that
you sometimes speak to yourself, how long would you
allow that person to be your friend?
 What are you currently procrastinating on? Why?
#42
 Judy was a twelve-year-old girl. Her mother promised her
that she could go to a special music concert coming to their
town if she saved up from baby-sitting and lunch money to
buy a ticket to the concert. She managed to save up the 50
dollars the ticket cost plus another 25 dollars. But then her
mother changed her mind and told Judy that she had to
spend the money on new clothes for school. Judy was
disappointed and decided to go to the concert anyway. She
bought a ticket and told her mother that she had only been
able to save 25 dollars. That Saturday she went to the
performance and told her mother that she was spending the
day with a friend. A week passed without her mother finding
out. Judy then told her older sister, Louise, that she had gone
to the performance and had lied to her mother about it.
Louise wonders whether to tell their mother what Judy did.
#42 Con’t – Answer 2 of the 9
 1. Should Louise, the older sister, tell their mother that Judy lied about the money or should she
keep quiet? Why?
 2. In wondering whether to tell, Louise thinks of the fact that Judy is her sister. Should that make a
difference in Louise's decision?
 3. Does telling have anything to do with being a good daughter? Why or why not?
 4. Is the fact that Judy earned the money herself important in this situation? Why or why not?
 5. The mother promised Judy she could go to the concert if she earned the money. Is the fact that
the mother promised the most important thing in the situation? Why or why not?
 6. What do you think is the most important thing a mother should be concerned about in her
relationship to her daughter? Why is that the most important thing?
 7. In general, what should be the authority of a mother over her daughter? Why?
 8. What do you think is the most important thing a daughter should be concerned about in her
relationship to her mother? Why is that the most important thing?
 9. In thinking back over the dilemma, what would you say is the most responsible thing for Louise
to do in this situation? Why?
Kohlberg
 Critiques of Kohlberg: Arguments include that it emphasizes





justice to the exclusion of other moral values, such as caring
Overlap between stages so should be regarded as separate
domains
Kohlberg, created a new field within psychology
16th most cited Psychologist and 30th most eminent
Kohlberg's scale is about how people justify behaviors and his
stages are not a method of ranking how moral someone's
behavior is.
There should however be a correlation between how someone
scores on the scale and how they behave, and the general
hypothesis is that moral behavior is more responsible, consistent
and predictable from people at higher levels.
#43
 Play Judge, how would you rule in this case?
#44
 Heinz Dilemma: What would you do?
#45 - A love test
(If you’ve had me before use today as a free-write)
 1. You are walking to your boy/girlfriend's house. There are two roads to get
there. One is a straight path to take you there quickly, but is very plain and
boring. The other is significantly longer but is full of wonderful sights and
interesting things. Which one do you take to get your significant other's house,
short or long?
 2. On the way you see 2 rose bushes. One is full of red roses, the other full of
white. You decide to pick 20 roses for your boy/girlfriend, of any color
combination. What number of white and red do you pick? (you can pick all of
one or any combo of the two).
 3. You finally get to their house. A family member answers the door. You can
have them get your boy/girlfriend or go get them yourself. Which do you do?
 4. You go up to you boy/girlfriend's room, but nobody is there. You decide to
leave the roses. Do you leave them by the windowsill or on the bed?
 5. Later, it's time for bed. You and your boy/girlfriend go to sleep in separate
rooms. In the morning when it’s time to wake up you go in their room and
check on them. When you arrive, are they awake or asleep?
 6. Now it's time to go back home. Do you take the short, plain road or the
longer, more interesting road?
#45 Con’t
 1. The road represents your attitude towards falling in love. If you take the short
road, you fall in love quickly and easily. If you take the long road, you take your
time and do not fall in love as easily.
 2. The number of red roses represents how much you give in a relationship, while
the number of white represents what you expect in return. For example, if you
chose 18 red and 2 white, you give 90% and expect 10% in return.
 3. This question represents your attitude towards handling relationship problems.
If you asked the family member to get your significant other, then you like to avoid
problems and hope that they will solve themselves. If you went to get them
yourself, then you are a more direct person and like to work out problems
immediately.
 4. The placement of roses determines how much you like to see your boy/girlfriend.
Placing them on the bed means you like to see them a lot, while placing them on
the windowsill means that you are alright with not seeing them as much.
 5. This is representative of your attitude towards their personality. If you find them
asleep, you love your boy/girlfriend the way they are. If you find them awake, you
expect them to change for you.
 6. The road to home tells how long you stay in love with someone. If you chose the
short road, you fall out of love easily. If you chose the longer one, you will tend to
stay in love for a long time.
#46 – Numerous psychologists have stated that
experiences early in life are systematically linked to how
people think, feel, and behave in their adult lives. Explain
how each of the following psychologists would explain
how current teenagers pursue romantic relationships.
(What is the key formation during adolescence?)
* Skinner, Freud, Maslow, Piaget, Erikson
#47
 Please tell as dramatic a story as you can for the picture
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presented, including the following:
what has led up to the event shown
what is happening at the moment
what the characters are feeling and thinking
what the outcome of the story was
Thematic Apperception Test
Purpose
 The TAT is often administered to individuals as part of a battery, or group, of tests intended to
evaluate personality.
 It is considered to be effective in eliciting information about a person's view of the world and his or
her attitudes toward the self and others.
 Usually there are multiple story cards
 Stories reveal expectations of relationships with peers, parents or other authority figures,
subordinates, and possible romantic partners.
 Examiner also evaluates the subject's demeanor (tone, posture, hesitations, emotional responses)
 Example: comments about the artistic style of the picture, or remark that he or she does not like the
picture; this is a way of avoiding telling a story about it.
 Used in assessment of candidates who need skill in dealing with other people and/or ability to cope
with high levels of psychological stress— such as law enforcement, military leadership positions,
religious ministry, education, diplomatic service, etc.
 Although the TAT should not be used in the differential diagnosis of mental disorders, it is often
administered to individuals who have already received a diagnosis in order to match them with the
type of psychotherapy best suited to their personalities.
 Lastly, the TAT is sometimes used for forensic purposes in evaluating the motivations and general
attitudes of persons accused of violent crimes.
 For example, the TAT was recently administered to a 24-year-old man in prison for a series of
sexual murders. The results indicated that his attitudes toward other people are not only outside
normal limits but are similar to those of other persons found guilty of the same type of crime.
 The TAT can be given repeatedly to an individual as a way of measuring progress in psychotherapy
or, in some cases, to help the therapist understand why the treatment seems to be stalled or blocked.
TAT
Research
 TAT is frequently used for research into specific aspects of human
personality, most often needs for achievement, fears of failure, hostility and
aggression, and interpersonal object relations.
 "Object relations" is a phrase used in psychiatry and psychology to refer to
the ways people internalize their relationships with others and the emotional
tone of their relationships.
 Research into object relations using the TAT investigates a variety of
different topics, including the extent to which people are emotionally
involved in relationships with others; their ability to understand the
complexities of human relationships; their ability to distinguish between their
viewpoint on a situation and the perspectives of others involved; their ability
to control aggressive impulses; self-esteem issues; and issues of personal
identity.
 For example, one recent study compared responses to the TAT from a group
of psychiatric inpatients diagnosed with dissociative disorders with responses
from a group of non-dissociative inpatients, in order to investigate some of
the controversies about dissociative identity disorder (formerly called
multiple personality disorder).
"Think of someone you know whom
you don't like very much. Maybe you
even hate this person. On a piece of
paper, write down a description of that
person. Write down what it is about
this individual's personality that you
don't like. Be as specific as you can."
Jungian Psychology
 Draw a box around what you have written: Title this “My
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Shadow”
Carl Jung (one of our personality psychologists) would state
what you have written down is some hidden part of yourself some part that you have suppressed or hidden. It is what Jung
would call your SHADOW.
Maybe it's a part of you that you fear, can't accept, or hate for
some reason. Maybe it's a part of you that needs to be expressed
or developed in some way. Maybe you even secretly wish you
could be something like that person whom you hate."
How many of you have friends or romantic partners who fit the
description of the "hated" person?
Do we project part of ourselves onto others, and subconsciously
choose “hated” people for our close relationships?
#48 – Do the following in a stream
of consciousness manner
 Describe yourself, answer the question: Who am I?
 Who would you like to be?
 Perceived self vs. Ideal Self vs. The Real Self – This Triangle
is at the heart of person-centered therapy, which is based
on the personality studies of Carl Rogers.
 “So, you find it hard to believe that they would love and
accept you if they knew who you really were."
#49 – I am going read aloud a list of 20 words, you should respond as quickly as
you can with the first word that comes to mind
 1. death
 11. unjust
 2. to sin
 12. family
 3. money
 13. friend
 4. pride
 14. happiness
 5. journey
 15. liar
 6. pity
 16. anxiety
 7. stupid
 17. to abuse
 8. guilt
 18. ridicule
 9. sadness
 19. pure
 10. to marry
 20. romance
Con’t
 Jung believed in two different levels of the unconscious, the
collective and personal.
 Collective is inherited from the past
 Personal – repression, forgotten experiences, and
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underdeveloped ideas
Believed complexes exert influence over our behavior because
the theme of the complex occurs again and again
I.E – Power complex will spend a activities that directly or
symbolically related to issues of power
Used word-association to study this
Measured response time and breathing rate, also the
responses
Jungian Complex Indicators - try to determine whether
your responses show any indication of a complex, and
if so, try to describe the content of the complex.
 1. displaying longer-than-average reaction time to a stimulus word
 2. repeating the stimulus word back as a response
 3. failing to respond at all
 4. using expressive bodily reactions, such as laughing, increased
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breathing rate, or increased conductivity of the skin
5. stammering
6. continuing to respond to a previously used stimulus word
7. reacting meaninglessly (e.g., with made-up words)
8. reacting superficially with a word that sounds like the stimulus
word (e.g., die-lie)
9. responding with more than one word
10. misunderstanding the stimulus as some other word
 Carl Jung proposed two distinct levels of the unconscious, a
collective unconscious (consisting of all the memories and
behavior patterns inherited from past generations) and the
personal unconscious (consisting of repressed thoughts,
forgotten experiences, and undeveloped ideas). Jung further
argued that the personal unconscious contains clusters of
emotionally important thoughts called complexes. These
complexes—which can be thought of as personally
disturbing collections of ideas connected by a common
theme—exert a disproportionate amount of influence on our
behavior because the overriding theme of the complex tends
to recur over and over again throughout our lives.
 For example, a person with a “power” complex will spend a
disproportionate amount of time on activities either directly
or indirectly (symbolically) related the issue or idea of power.
Jung felt that it was crucial to identify and deal with
complexes because they consumed a great deal of psychic
energy and inhibited psychological growth.
#50 – Free Write Friday
#51 - Summary from Article “Sleep and Teenagers” Dr. John Cline
 Students suffer from delayed sleep phase syndrome - impossible to go to sleep at a
regular time, instead staying up until the early hours of the morning and then finding it
nearly impossible to get out of bed to go to school.
 Teens tend to have three major sleep concerns.
 One, they are naturally sleepier than younger children or adults.
 Two, they tend to get insufficient sleep during the week due to academic, social and
recreational demands and try to make up for it on the weekend by sleeping late.
 Three, they have a delayed sleep phase, meaning they want go to bed later and sleep later
than other age groups
 Teens regain the ability to nap and are better able to stay up later than younger children.
 Sleep is of little priority during the school week when school, homework, sports, after
school activities, volunteer work, jobs and socializing seem much more important
 It is estimated that up to 40% of high school and college students are sleep deprived.
 They experience the rapid physical and emotional changes of becoming young adults
with the new complexities regarding sexuality, the use of alcohol and other drugs,
 There are a number of concerns related to insufficient sleep that go beyond the
cognitive, memory and emotional effects.
 In light of that information, what should be done regarding the American
teenage sleep crisis? Should teens accept responsibility for their habits? Or, does
the system need to change to accommodate?
 #52 Does modern education address the whole child--mind,
body and soul?
 Please Think About the following when answer…
 In Terms of the push for more, higher, “better” classes.
 How many students are stuck in a situation that most adults,
frankly, would avoid: they are denying themselves something
that brings them genuine, wholesome joy in exchange for
drudgery.
 Some parents might see this as temporary, that the grind the
child experiences now will all be worth it in the longer run.
 Why is there so much perceived harm in stepping down from
a couple AP classes to enjoy what you want to do?
#53
 Take one item from the list of milestones and write
how it has affected or made an impact on the modern
world we live in.
#55
 After reading the article answer the following
question: Do you think Heath Ledger’s mental state is
due more to the pressure of environmental factors, or
due to genetic predispositions that were brought about
the environment he was placed in?
#56"Think of your boyfriend/girlfriend, or a close friend.
Think about some aspect of their personality that you have a
strong reaction to, either positive or negative.
Now write that down in your journal. Describe what that aspect
of their personality is like, and how you react in your thoughts,
feelings, and behavior toward that part of their personality."
Draw a box around what they have written, and to write at the
top of the box, "Is this transference?"
"Now think about your parents. Is the personality characteristic
of the person you wrote about, and your reaction to it.... is it a
kind of replay or recreation of something that went on in your
relationship with one (or both) of your parents?
For example, does your parent have that same personality trait
that you react to so strongly? If so, maybe this reaction to the
person you described is a kind of transference from your
relationship with your parent."
Transference
Transference is one of the common components of psychotherapy.
you perceive the other in the same way you perceived your parent when you
were young (a straightforward form of transference)
you perceive the other as being the way you wished your parent could have
been (the idealized parent)
you perceive the other as the child you were and you behave like your
parent did
you perceive the other as the child you were and you behave like you
wished your parent did
In therapy, transference is more common as the therapist takes on the role of a
“blank screen”
Evidence of transference may like in the fact that you chose (even as a
significant other) someone with whom to recreate an old parental relationship.
#57
 What is the appropriate use of psychotherapy in our
society? Could everyone benefit from psychotherapy,
meaning none of us are truly mentally healthy? Does
going to psychotherapy result in negative social
consequences?
#58
 Psychology based knowledge to help everyday life: Pick one of these and
explain how you can use it to manipulate the social world!
 The Importance of Favors – asking others for favors triggers liking within the
brain. The brain rationalizes that you must have been worth doing the favor for,
use social influence to your benefit.
 The old door-in the face: It’s ok to throw ridiculous requests at somebody, and
then ask for something much less ridiculous (this has to be what you want
originally).
 Names vs. Titles (Dale Carnegie, How to win friends and Influence people)
 Using people’s names is the sweetest sound in any language, as it is core to
identity formation, validates our identity, existence, and makes us like the
person who said it.
 Use a title to either act like a certain type of person, as you will become that
person, do the idea that we absorb ourselves into social roles.
 To influence others, you can refer to them as you want them to be, so they will
start thinking of themselves this way. Friend, mate, lover, boss, can come off as
corny if not use right
Tips Again: Pick one
 Mirroring or mimicry, some people do this natural (chameleon effect)
 Learn to blend to the environment, copy behaviors, mannerisms, speech patterns
 This makes you likeable, creates positive emotions, validation principles in the brain
 Repeat stuff back to the talker, paraphrase, reflectively listen
 Therapists use this notion to get patients to open up more emotionally, just rephrase it as a question
 Nodding during conversation, especially if you are about to ask for a favor, others will actually
mimic your nod
 Use people’s fatigue against them – You likely won’t get a definite answer, but a commitment for
later, which comes in handy as commitments are a major force in conforming to behavior
 Stepping – Start small, then work up to what you want. Make them an offer they can’t refuse, also
called getting a foot in the door, once someone’s agrees to help with something small, they are
prone to like a bigger request. Play on their beliefs first, then get them to buy something related to it
 Don’t correct people when they are wrong – This is not endearing, listen to what they have to say,
seek and understand how they feel and why, find a common ground, use that as a starting point,
corrects them without evoking negative feelings. Called the Ransberger pivot
#59
 When thinking of education and intelligence:
 When a student has difficulty learning, is it the student's
fault, the teacher's fault, or is the entire teaching system
inappropriate and archaic? If you believe it is
situational, explain.
#60
End of the year Free-
Write!