Today’s Agenda
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Let's Review our Bellwork....
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Let’s Begin Today’s Lesson…..
Our Standards Today
Principles of United States Government
Students explain the fundamental principles and moral values of the American government as expressed in the
Constitution and other essential documents of American federalism.
GC.5 Summarize (CC) with supporting evidence why the Founding Fathers established a constitutional system that limited
the power of government. (H, P)
GC.6 Describe the systems of enumerated and shared powers, the role of organized interests (Federalist Number 10),
checks and balances (Federalist Number 51), the importance of an independent judiciary (Federalist Number 78),
implied powers, rule of law, federalism, popular sovereignty, and civilian control of the military. (P)
GC.7 Analyze how the Bill of Rights limits the powers of the federal government and state governments. (P)
GC.8 Assess the claims, reasoning, and evidence of various authors to analyze the tensions within our Republic and the
importance of maintaining a balance between the following concepts: (H, P)
· Majority rule and individual rights · Liberty and equality · State and national authority in a federal system
· Civil disobedience and the rule of law · Freedom of the press and censorship · Relationship of religion and government
· Relationship of legislation and morality · Government regulation and free enterprise
Our objectives today
1. Describe the structure of the government set up under the Articles of
Confederation.
2. Explain why the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation led to a
critical period for our government in the 1780s.
3. Describe how a growing need for a stronger national government led
to plans for a Constitutional Convention.
4. Compare and contrast the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan for a
new constitution.
5. Summarize the major compromises that the delegates agreed to make
and the effects of those compromises.
Our Goal Today
The Articles of Confederation established a fairly
weak central government, which led to conflicts
among the States. The turmoil of the Critical
Period of the 1780s led to the writing of the
Constitution and the creation of a stronger
National Government. The Framers of the
Constitution created a document that addressed
the major concerns of the States. By reaching
compromise on items about which they
disagreed, the Framers created a new National
Government capable of handling our nation's
problems.
Articles of Confederation
One vote per state. No Executive or Judicial
branch. Any change had to be approved by
all 13 states. 9 out of 13 votes required to
pass any law.
Powers of Congress
1) Make war and peace
2) Send and receive ambassadors
3) Make treaties
4) Borrow money
5) Set up a money system
6) Establish a post office
7) Build a navy
8) Raise an army by asking States for troops
9) Create a uniform standard for weights and measures
10) Settle disputes between the States
Our Standards Today
Principles of United States Government
Students explain the fundamental principles and moral values of the American government as expressed in the
Constitution and other essential documents of American federalism.
GC.5 Summarize (CC) with supporting evidence why the Founding Fathers established a constitutional system that limited
the power of government. (H, P)
GC.6 Describe the systems of enumerated and shared powers, the role of organized interests (Federalist Number 10),
checks and balances (Federalist Number 51), the importance of an independent judiciary (Federalist Number 78),
implied powers, rule of law, federalism, popular sovereignty, and civilian control of the military. (P)
GC.7 Analyze how the Bill of Rights limits the powers of the federal government and state governments. (P)
GC.8 Assess the claims, reasoning, and evidence of various authors to analyze the tensions within our Republic and the
importance of maintaining a balance between the following concepts: (H, P)
· Majority rule and individual rights · Liberty and equality · State and national authority in a federal system
· Civil disobedience and the rule of law · Freedom of the press and censorship · Relationship of religion and government
· Relationship of legislation and morality · Government regulation and free enterprise
Our objectives today
1. Describe the structure of the government set up under the Articles of
Confederation.
2. Explain why the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation led to a
critical period for our government in the 1780s.
3. Describe how a growing need for a stronger national government led
to plans for a Constitutional Convention.
4. Identify the Framers of the Constitution and discuss how the delegates
organized the proceedings at the Philadelphia Convention
5. Compare and contrast the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan for a
new constitution.
6. Summarize the major compromises that the delegates agreed to make
and the effects of those compromises.
Creating our Constitution
Different States Different Ideas
The Virginia Plan – called for three branches
of government: Legislative, Executive and
Judicial. Bicameral government – both
houses number of members based on each
State's population or the amount of money
that state contributes to the national
government.
New Jersey Plan
Unicameral government, only one legislative
body. Each state gets same number of
seats in the legislature.
What is our first problem in writing our
constitution?
Our First Compromise
Connecticut delegates offered what has been
named the Connecticut Comprise, but some
have called the Great Compromise.
What do YOU think the compromise was?
The Great Compromise
Bicameral Government – Two legislative
bodies, a House and a Senate.
The house would have its members for each
state determined by population.
The senate would have each state have the
same number of members.
Population?
What about states that have slaves? Do they
count as population?
Do states with large slave populations want
them to count?
3/5ths Compromise – Time for Role Play
3/5ths Compromise
The three-fifths compromise is found in Article 1, Section 2,
Paragraph 3 of the United States Constitution:
"Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among
the several States which may be included within this Union,
according to their respective Numbers, which shall be
determined by adding to the whole Number of free Persons,
including those bound to Service for a Term of Years, and
excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other
Persons."
http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_transcript.html
The South Wants Another Compromise
The Commerce and Slave Trade
Compromise was an agreement that
Congress could not tax exports of goods
from any state. Why was the south worried
about this? It also placed a 20-year
moratorium on any laws concerning the
slave trade, “the migration or importation of
such persons as any State now existing
shall think proper to admit”.
One of our Standards Today
GC.6 Describe the systems of enumerated and shared powers, the role of organized interests
(Federalist Number 10), checks and balances (Federalist Number 51), the importance of an
independent judiciary (Federalist Number 78), implied powers, rule of law, federalism, popular
sovereignty, and civilian control of the military. (P)
Federalist Paper #10
“Federalist 10 is part of a remarkable public discussion, spawned by the
ratification debates, between Federalists and Antifederalists on the
nature of republican government. Many Antifederalists believed that
the Constitution would lead to a large, consolidated nation and abolish
the republican governments in the states, which in turn would lead to
violations of the rights of citizens. Madison turned that argument on its
head by pointing out that in republican governments, in which the
majority must rule, an all-powerful majority often sacrifices the natural
rights of the minority to their own selfish interests. Tyranny was just as
possible in republican governments as under monarchies; and smaller
republics — that is, republics the size of the American states — were
especially prone to the danger of majority faction. Some remedy for
this “mortal disease” must be found, Madison argued, if we are to
have a republic in which the natural rights of all, including the minority,
are protected.”
http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/document/federalist-no-10/
What was Madison worried about?
Questions for consideration: How does
Madison define a faction? What two things
may be done to eliminate the causes of
faction, and why does Madison reject them?
What aspects of a republic make it prone to
faction, but less susceptible than a
democracy? What advantages does a large
republic have over a small one for
preventing and controlling the effects of
majority faction?
Two Solutions – Can we do either one?
Madison wrote in Federalist #10:
“There are two methods of curing the mischiefs of faction:
The one, by removing its causes; the other, by controling
its effects.
There are again two methods of removing the causes of
faction: The one, by destroying the liberty which is
essential to its existence; the other, by giving to every
citizen the same opinions, the same passions, and the
same interests.”
Federalist Paper #51
“James Madison, like most Americans at the time, understood that
once a single branch of government — legislative, executive or
judicial — had accumulated all political power in its hands,
nothing could stop it from acting tyrannically. The checks and
balances between the branches built into the proposed
Constitution, he explained in Federalist 51, are therefore
essential to keep those powers properly separated among the
branches. In the midst of explaining these “inventions of
prudence,” Madison offered thoughtful reflections on why
human nature makes politics — especially the great task of
framing a government comprised of men rather than angels —
so challenging.”
http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/document/federalist-no51/
Is Three Branches Important?
Questions for consideration: What is the best way to keep
the powers of government properly separated among the
branches in practice? Why is framing a good government
made difficult by human nature? What are the two
possible sources of oppression and what remedies does
Madison propose to prevent them?
What could be an issue?
Madison wrote: “First. In a single republic, all the power
surrendered by the people, is submitted to the
administration of a single government; and the usurpations
are guarded against, by a division of the government into
distinct and separate departments. In the compound
republic of America, the power surrendered by the people,
is first divided between two distinct governments, and then
the portion allotted to each subdivided among distinct and
separate departments. Hence a double security arises to
the rights of the people. The different governments will
control each other; at the same time that each will be
controlled by itself.”
Hard to make everyone happy!
“Second. It is of great importance in a republic, not only to
guard the society against the oppression of its rulers; but
to guard one part of the society against the injustice of the
other part. Different interests necessarily exist in different
classes of citizens. If a majority be united by a common
interest, the rights of the minority will be insecure. There
are but two methods of providing against this evil: the one,
by creating a will in the community independent of the
majority, that is, of the society itself; the other, by
comprehending in the society so many separate
descriptions of citizens, as will render an unjust
combination of a majority of the whole very improbable, if
not impracticable.”
Federalist Paper #78
"We proceed now to an examination of the judiciary
department of the proposed government." So begins
Federalist, no. 78, the first of six essays by Alexander
Hamilton on the role of the judiciary in the government
established by the U.S. Constitution.
Hamilton made two principal points in the essay. First, he
argued for the independence of the judiciary from the
other two branches of government, the executive and the
legislative. In presenting a case for the judiciary, he
reached his second major conclusion: that the judiciary
must be empowered to strike down laws passed by
Congress that it deems "contrary to the manifest tenor of
the Constitution."
http://legaldictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Federalist,+No.+78,+and
+the+Power+of+the+Judiciary
Ratification - Federalists
Federalists stressed the weakness of the Articles
of Confederation and campaigned for the
ratification of the new Constitution. James
Madison and Alexander Hamilton were among
their leaders.
Think Federalist Papers.
Ratification - Anti-Federalists
Anti-Federalists attacked the Constitution and
argued against its ratification. They worried about
having a central government and noted how it did
not have a bill of rights, or a list of basic liberties.
Its leaders included Patrick Henry, John Hancock
and Samuel Adams.
“I look upon that paper as the most fatal plan that
could possibly be conceived to enslave a free
people.” - Patrick Henry
Beard's Thesis
Beard's Thesis
The first historian to challenge the motives of the Founders was
Charles Beard in An Economic Interpretation of the
Constitution of the United States (1913).
In this landmark book, Beard, a professor of history at Columbia
University, argued that the Constitution was “an economic
document drawn with superb skill by men whose property
interests were immediately at stake.” The Founders, then,
rather than being patriots, wise lawmakers, or thoughtful
students of government, were primarily in the Constitutionwriting business to protect their “property interests.”
Read more: http://www.fee.org/the_freeman/detail/thefounders-the-constitution-and-the-historians#ixzz2rHxigjjs
Vocabulary
• Autocracy
•
•
•
•
Oligarchy
Unitary Government
Federal Government
Division of Powers
Autocracy
Autocracy – a form of government in which a
single person holds unlimited political
power.
Vocabulary
• Oligarchy
•
•
•
Unitary Government
Federal Government
Division of Powers
Oligarchy
Oligarchy – a form of government in which
power to rule is held by a small, usually
self-appointed elite.
Vocabulary
• Unitary Government
•
•
Federal Government
Division of Powers
Unitary Government
Unitary Government – a centralized
government in which all government powers
belong to a single, central agency.
Vocabulary
• Federal Government
•
Division of Powers
Federal Government
Federal Government – a form of Government
in which powers are divided between a
central government and several local
governments.
Our Classroom….
Is our classroom a Unitary Government
or a Federal Government?
Vocabulary
• Division of Powers
Division of Powers
Division of Powers – basic principle of
federalism: the constitutional provisions by
which a government powers are divided on
a geographic basis (in the United States,
between the National Government and the
States)
Our classroom
Do we divide powers in our classroom?
Vocabulary
Articles of Confederation
Virginia Plan
ratification
New Jersey Plan
Connecticut Compromise
Three-Fifths Compromise
Federalists
Anti-Federalists
Articles of Confederation
Established “a firm league of friendship”
among the states. Each state kept “its
sovereignty, freedom, and independence.”
Vocabulary
Articles of Confederation
Virginia Plan
ratification
New Jersey Plan
Connecticut Compromise
Three-Fifths Compromise
Federalists
Anti-Federalists
Ratification
Formal approval.
rat·i·fi·ca·tion
[rat-uh-fi-key-shuhn]
noun
1. the act of ratifying; confirmation; sanction.
2. the state of being ratified.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/ratification
Vocabulary
Articles of Confederation
Virginia Plan
ratification
New Jersey Plan
Connecticut Compromise
Three-Fifths Compromise
Federalists
Anti-Federalists
Virginia Plan
Endorsed by the larger states. Base
representation on population.
Vocabulary
Articles of Confederation
Virginia Plan
ratification
New Jersey Plan
Connecticut Compromise
Three-Fifths Compromise
Federalists
Anti-Federalists
New Jersey Plan
Endorsed by the smaller states. Each state
should have equal representation.
Vocabulary
Articles of Confederation
Virginia Plan
ratification
New Jersey Plan
Connecticut Compromise
Three-Fifths Compromise
Federalists
Anti-Federalists
Connecticut Compromise
Also referred to as the Great Compromise.
Do both – have one legislative body based on
population and one where each state gets
equal representation.
Vocabulary
Articles of Confederation
Virginia Plan
ratification
New Jersey Plan
Connecticut Compromise
Three-Fifths Compromise
Federalists
Anti-Federalists
Three-Fifths Compromise
Slaves (although not called slaves in the
Constitution) will count as 3/5 of a person.
Vocabulary
Articles of Confederation
Virginia Plan
ratification
New Jersey Plan
Connecticut Compromise
Three-Fifths Compromise
Federalists
Anti-Federalists
Federalists
Campaigned for the ratification of the
Constitution. Supported a new Federal
government.
Vocabulary
Articles of Confederation
Virginia Plan
ratification
New Jersey Plan
Connecticut Compromise
Three-Fifths Compromise
Federalists
Anti-Federalists
Anti-Federalists
Campaigned against a new Federal government.
Assessment Time :-)
1) What were the Articles of Confederation and what
powers did they grant to Congress?
2) Identify three weaknesses of our government
under the Articles of Confederation.
3) Why did smaller states object to the Virginia
Plan?
4) What was the 'Great Compromise'?
Our Standards Today
Principles of United States Government
Students explain the fundamental principles and moral values of the American government as expressed in the
Constitution and other essential documents of American federalism.
GC.5 Summarize (CC) with supporting evidence why the Founding Fathers established a constitutional system that limited
the power of government. (H, P)
GC.6 Describe the systems of enumerated and shared powers, the role of organized interests (Federalist Number 10),
checks and balances (Federalist Number 51), the importance of an independent judiciary (Federalist Number 78),
implied powers, rule of law, federalism, popular sovereignty, and civilian control of the military. (P)
GC.7 Analyze how the Bill of Rights limits the powers of the federal government and state governments. (P)
GC.8 Assess the claims, reasoning, and evidence of various authors to analyze the tensions within our Republic and the
importance of maintaining a balance between the following concepts: (H, P)
· Majority rule and individual rights · Liberty and equality · State and national authority in a federal system
· Civil disobedience and the rule of law · Freedom of the press and censorship · Relationship of religion and government
· Relationship of legislation and morality · Government regulation and free enterprise
Our objectives today
1. Describe the structure of the government set up under the Articles of
Confederation.
2. Explain why the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation led to a
critical period for our government in the 1780s.
3. Describe how a growing need for a stronger national government led
to plans for a Constitutional Convention.
4. Compare and contrast the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan for a
new constitution.
5. Summarize the major compromises that the delegates agreed to make
and the effects of those compromises.
Our Goal Today
The Articles of Confederation established a fairly
weak central government, which led to conflicts
among the States. The turmoil of the Critical
Period of the 1780s led to the writing of the
Constitution and the creation of a stronger
National Government. The Framers of the
Constitution created a document that addressed
the major concerns of the States. By reaching
compromise on items about which they
disagreed, the Framers created a new National
Government capable of handling our nation's
problems.
Group Time!!!
Get in your groups now…
Each person will do their OWN Social
Contract – discuss ideas in your group but
do your own Social Contract.
“I will be a great Student if Riverdale …”