A GROWING
NATIONALISM
APUSH Lecture 4B
Mrs. Kray
THE ERA OF GOOD
FEELINGS
WHAT IS THE ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS?
 Associated with the presidency of James Monroe
 Marked by a spirit of nationalism, optimism, and good
will
 Politics dominated by the Democratic-Republican Party
 Federalist Party had faded away
 Democratic-Republicans did take some Federalist ideas
 Perception of unity and harmony misleading and may
oversimplify the era
 Debates over tariffs, the national bank, internal improvements,
and public land sales
 Also the tension over slavery becoming more apparent
JAMES MONROE
 Who was James Madison?
 Revolutionary War vet; Madison’s Secretary of
State
 Continued Virginia Dynasty
 With no political opposition he represented
the growing nationalism of the American
people
 Great accomplishments: acquired Florida,
Missouri Compromise, Monroe Doctrine
MORE ON CULTURAL NATIONALISM
 Heroes of the American Revolution were enshrined in the
paintings of Gilbert Stuart, Charles Willson Peale, and John
Trumbull
 Parson Mason Weems fictionalized biography of George Washington
extolled his virtues and was widely read
 Expanding public schools embraced Noah Webster’s blue backed speller which promoted patriotism
ECONOMIC NATIONALISM
 Coinciding with cultural nationalism was a political movement
to support the growth of the nation’s economy
 Did this by subsidizing internal improvements (building of roads and
canals) and protecting U.S. industries from European competition
 Tariff of 1816
 First protective tariff in American history!
 Tariffs originally thought of as a way to raise government revenue
 During War of 1812 many manufacturers built factories to supply goods
previously imported from England
 Fears emerged that now the war was over England would flood U.S.
markets with cheap English goods and damage American businesses
 Only NE opposed Tariff of 1816 b/c they had little manufacturing at the
time; even the South & West which generally disliked tariffs supported
this one b/c they believed it was needed for the nation to prosper
 Congress now began raising tarif fs specifically to protect
America’s “infant” industries
HENRY CLAY’S
AMERICAN SYSTEM
Protective Tariffs
Argued tariffs would
promote American
manufacturing &
revenue raised could
be used to fund
internal improvements
Thought this would
help the East
National Bank
A national bank, the
2nd Bank of the U.S.,
would keep the system
running smoothly by
providing a national
currency.
Thought this would
help everyone
Internal Improvements
Envisioned a national
transportation system
of federally funded
roads and canals
Thought this would
promote growth in the
South and West
 Tarif fs and bank were in place by 1 816 but both Madison & later
Monroe argued that the Constitution did not explicitly provide for the
spending of federal money on roads and canals
 Monroe consistently vetoed Congressional acts funding roads. Thus, states were
left to make their own internal improvements.
THE PANIC OF 1819
 First major financial panic since the
Constitution had been ratified
 Largely caused by 2 nd Bank of the U.S.
tightening credit in belated effort to control
inflation
 Many state banks closed; unemployment,
bankruptcies and imprisonment for debt
sharply increased
 Depression most severe in the West; 2 nd BUS
foreclosed on large amounts of western
farmland
 Ef fects
 Nationalistic beliefs were shaken; fractured
Era of Good Feelings
 Changed many voters’ political outlook
 Westerners began calling for land reform and
expressing strong opposition to the national
bank and debtors’ prisons
CHANGES IN THE DEMOCRATICREPUBLICAN PART Y
 Federalist party had collapsed b/c it failed to adapt to changing
needs of a growing nation
 Democratic-Republican Party underwent serious internal strains
as it adjusted to changing times
 Some members like John Randolph clung to old party ideals of limited
government and strict interpretation of the Constitution
 Most adopted Federalist ideas such as maintaining a large army and
navy and support for a national bank
 Some members reversed their views from one decade to the next
 Daniel Webster of Massachusetts: opposed tariffs of 1816 and 1824 but then
supported even higher tariff rates in 1828
 John C. Calhoun of South Carolina was an outspoken war hawk and nationalist
in 1812 but championed states’ rights after 1828
 When Monroe honored the 2 -term tradition in 1824 the caucus
system broke down and 4 other Democratic -Republicans ran for
president
JUDICIAL NATIONALISM:
THE MARSHALL COURT
 His decisions consistently favored
the central government and the
rights of property against the
advocates of states’ rights
 Even when justices appointed by
Democratic-Republican presidents
formed a majority on the Court, they
often sided with Marshal because they
were persuaded that the U.S.
Constitution had created a federal
government with strong and flexible
powers.
 Several of Marshall’s decisions
became landmark rulings that
defined the relationship between
the central government and the
states
RULINGS OF THE MARSHALL COURT
Fletcher v.
Peck, 1810
Gibbons v.
Ogden,
1821
Martin v.
Hunter’s Lease,
1816
Marbury v.
Madison, 1803
Dartmouth
College v.
Woodward,
1819
Cohens v.
Virginia,
1821
McCulloch v.
Maryland,
1819
WESTERN SETTLEMENT
AND THE MISSOURI
COMPROMISE
REASONS FOR WESTERN SETTLEMENT
 Acquisition of Indians’ Lands
 Indians driven from their lands by the
victories of Gen. William Henry
Harrison in Indiana Territory and Gen.
Andrew Jackson in Florida
 Immigration
 More Europeans being attracted to
American by speculators offering
cheap land in the Great Lakes and
Ohio Valley regions
 Economic Pressures
 Difficulties in NE from the embargo
and war led many to seek a new future
 Tobacco planters in the South needed
new land to replace the soil exhausted
from years of poor farming
 Improved transpor tation
 Easier to reach the frontier as a result
of the building of roads, canals,
steamboats, and railroads
NEW QUESTIONS
AND ISSUES
 Despite rapid growth, the new western states had small
populations relative to the Northern and Southern sections.
 To enhance their limited political influence in Congress, western
representatives bargained with politicians from other sections to
obtain their objectives:
 “cheap money” or “easy credit” from state banks rather than the 2 nd BUS
 Low prices for land sold by the federal government
 Improved transportation
 On the issue of slavery, however, westerners could not agree
whether to permit it or exclude it
THE PROBLEM OF MISSOURI STATEHOOD
 Keeping a sectional balance in Congress
 Proved impossible in the House b/c the Early Industrial
Revolution was causing the population to grow much more
rapidly in the North than in the South
 In the Senate, however, the balance remained – 11 slave and
11 free states
 As long as the balance was preserved, southern senators could
block legislation that they believed threatened the interests of
their section.
 1819 – Missouri applies for statehood
 North alarmed b/c slavery already firmly established there and
Missouri’s admittance would upset the delicate balance in the
Senate
 What about the rest of the Louisiana territory?
TALLMADGE AMENDMENT
 Proposed amendment to the bill for
Missouri’s admission
 Prohibited the further introduction of
slaves into Missouri
 Required the children of Missouri slaves
to be emancipated at the age of 25
 Would have gradually eliminated slavery
in Missouri
Rep. James
Tallmadge of New
York
 Enraged southerners who saw it as
the first step in a northern attempt
to abolish slavery in ALL states
 Defeated in the Senate
HENRY CLAY TO THE RESCUE
 After months of heated
debate, Clay won majority
support for a compromise
 Admit Missouri as a slave state
 Admit Maine as a free state
Henry Clay of
Kentucky -- The Great
Compromiser
 Prohibit slavery in the rest of
Louisiana Territory north of
36 o 30’
THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE, 1820
EFFECTS OF THE COMPROMISE
Sectional feelings on the slavery issue
subsided after 1820
 It preserved sectional balance for more than 30
years!
 Provided time for the nation to mature
Badly damaged the unity and nationalism felt
in the Era of Good Feelings
After the crisis, Americans were torn between
feelings of nationalism (loyalty to the Union) and
feelings of sectionalism loyalty to one’s own
state) on the other.
FOREIGN AFFAIRS
After the
War of
1812, the
U.S. adopted
a more
aggressive,
nationalistic
approach in
its relations
with other
nations
CANADA
 Treaty of Ghent did not settle all diplomatic
differences between the U.S. and Britain over Canada
 Rush-Bagot Agreement, 1817
 Strictly limited naval armaments on the great lakes
 Leads to U.S.-Canada border being longest unfortified border in
the world
 Treaty of 1818
 Continued to improve relations between U.S. and Britain
 Provided for shared fishing rights off the coast of
Newfoundland
 Join occupation of the Oregon Territory for 10 years
 Setting of the northern limits of the Louisiana Territory at the
49 th parallel which established the U.S.-Canada boundary line
OUR EXPANDING TERRITORY
THE SEMINOLE WARS, 1818-25
 Spain’s control over Florida weakening
after the war; had sent troops to South
America to manage revolts there
 This allowed groups of Seminoles, runaway
slaves, and white outlaws to raid U.S. territory
and retreat to safety across the Florida border
 1817 – President Monroe commissioned
General Andrew Jackson to stop raids and if
necessary pursue them across the Florida
border
 1818 – Jackson invades Florida
 Destroyed Seminole villages; hanged 2
Seminole chiefs; captured Pensacola and
drove out the Spanish governor; hanged 2
British traders accused of aiding the
Seminoles
 Probably exceeded his authority
ADAMS-ONIS TREAT Y, 1819
 Spain worried U.S. would seize Florida while they
were preoccupied w/South America
 Decided to get the best terms possible for Florida
 Turned over all its possessions in Florida and its own
claims in the Oregon Territory to the U.S.
 U.S. agreed to assume $5 million in claims against
Spain and give up any U.S. territorial claims to Texas
 Treaty is sometimes called the Florida Purchase
Treaty
THE MONROE DOCTRINE:
EUROPEAN INTEREST IN LATIN AMERICA
 Conservative monarchies in Europe
sought to suppress liberal elements in
Europe
 Also considered restoring European power in
South America
 Former Spanish colonies had declared
independence during Napoleonic Wars
 U.S. and Britain had strong trading
relationship w/these new countries
 Britain and U.S. leaders decided they had a
common interest in protecting North and
South America from possible aggression by
a European power
 Britain proposed a joint Anglo - American
warning to the European powers not to
intervene in South America
JOHN QUINCY ADAMS URGES CAUTION
 The idea of a joint declaration made
sense to Monroe and his cabinet
 Quincy Adams disagreed
 Joint action could restrict U.S.
opportunities for further expansion in the
hemisphere
 He reasoned
 (1) If U.S. acted alone, Britain could be
counted upon to stand behind the U.S.
policy
 (2) No European power would risk going to
war in South America, and if it did,
Britain’s powerful navy would surely defeat
them
THE MONROE DOCTRINE, 1823
“. . . As a principle on
which the rights and
interests of the United
States are involved,
that the American
continents, by the free
and independent
condition which they
have assumed and
maintained, are
henceforth not to be
considered as subjects
for future colonization
by any European
powers.”
 The Impact
 America public likes the
nationalistic tone
 But doctrine was soon
forgotten
 Britain annoyed b/c
doctrine applied to them
as well
 Europeans angry but
fearful of Britain’s navy
 Became cornerstone of
U.S. foreign policy in
Latin America
 Came to justify U.S.
intervention in Latin
America
A NATIONAL ECONOMY
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ARRIVES
 In the early 1800s Jef ferson’s dream of a nation of
independent farmers remained strong in rural areas
 However, over the course of the 19 th century most Americans
would be swept up in the economic changes of the Industrial
Revolution
 Political conflicts over tarif fs, internal improvements, and the
Bank of the United States reflected the importance to
peoples’ lives of a national economy that was growing rapidly
AMERICAN POPULATION SURGES
 This population surge provided
both the laborers and consumers
required for the Industrial
Revolution
 Causes
 Primarily due to high birth rate
 European Immigration
 Nonwhite population grew as well but
not as rapidly
 By the 1830s, almost one -third of
the population lived west of the
Alleghenies
 Both old and new urban areas were
growing rapidly
U.S. Population,
1790-1860
35
30
25
20
Population
(millions)
15
10
5
0
1790
1810
1830
1850
1800-25: U.S. population
doubled; then doubled again
in the next 25 years
TRANSPORTATION
Vital to the development of both a national and an industrial economy was an
efficient network of interconnecting roads and canals for moving people, raw
materials, and manufactured goods.
Roads
Ex. Cumberland Road
Construction of privately
built toll roads connected
most of the countries
major cities by the 1820s.
States righters blocked
federal spending for
internal improvements.
One exception: the
National Road
Canals
Completion of Erie Canal
in 1825 linked economies
of western farms with
eastern cities. It’s
success stimulated a
canal building frenzy.
Improved transportation
meant lower food prices
in the East and more
immigrants headed west
Steamboats
1807: Robert Fulton
developed the first
successful steamboat
Clermont
Commercially operated
steamboat lines soon
made round-trip shipping
on the nation’s great
rivers both faster and
cheaper
Railroads
Created even more rapid
and reliable links between
cities.
By the 1830s they were
competing directly with
canals as an alternative
method for carrying
passengers and freight
GROWTH OF INDUSTRY
At the star t
of the 19 th
centur y, a
manufacturing
economy
had barely
begun in the
U.S. By midcentur y U.S.
manufacturing
surpassed
agriculture
in value,
and by
centur y’s
end America
was the
world’s
leader
MECHANICAL INVENTIONS:
FOCUS ON ELI WHITNEY
Cotton Gin
Interchangeable Parts
 Protected by patent laws,
inventors looked forward to
handsome rewards if their
ideas for new tool or
machines proved practical.
RISE OF THE FACTORY SYSTEM
 1791: Samuel Slater est. 1 st U.S. factory by smuggling plans for
building cotton-spinning machines out of Britain
 War of 1812: stimulated domestic manufacturing and the protective
tariffs enacted by Congress helped these factories prosper
 1820s: New England emerged as countries leading manufacturing
center, why?
 Abundant waterpower for driving the new machinery and excellent sea ports
for shipping goods
 Decline in maritime industry made capital available for manufacturing
 Decline of farming yielded a ready labor supply
 Other northern states with similar resources and problems like New York,
New Jersey, and Pennsylvania followed suit
 As factory system expanded it encouraged the growth of financial
businesses such as banking and insurance
THE FACTORY SYSTEM
LABOR:
FOCUS ON THE LOWELL SYSTEM
 At first factory owners had dif ficulty finding
workers for their mills
 Factory life could not compete with the lure of
cheap land in the West
 In response to this dif ficulty, textile mills in
Lowell, Massachusetts recruited young farm
girls and housed them in company dorms
 In the 1830s other factories imitated the Lowell
System
 Many factories also made extensive use of
child labor
 Toward the middle of the century, northern
manufacturers began employing
immigrants in large numbers
LOWELL FACTORY GIRLS
LABOR: THE RISE OF UNIONS
 Trade and craft unions were organized in major cities as early
as the 1790s and increased in number as the factory system
took hold
 Many skilled workers (shoemakers, weavers) had to seek work in
factories because their earlier practice of working in their own shops
(craft system) could no longer compete with lower -priced, massproduced goods
 Long hours, low pay, and poor working conditions led to
widespread discontent among factory workers
 A prime goal of unions was to reduce the work day to 10 hours
OBSTACLES TO UNION SUCCESS
State laws outlawed unions
• Commonwealth v. Hunt – declared unions were
lawful & strikes were legal weapon
Immigrant replacement workers available
• Women & minorities were often excluded from
unions
Frequent economic depressions with high
unemployment
COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE
 In the early 1800s farming became more of a commercial
enterprise and less a means of providing subsistence for the
family
 This switch to cash crop farming was brought about by a blend of
factors
 1) Cheap land and Easy Credit
 Large areas of western land were made available at low prices by the federal
government
 States banks also made it easy to acquire land by providing farmers with loans
at low interest rates
 2) Improved Transportation Created New Markets
 Initially western farmers were limited to sending their products down the Ohio
or Mississippi rivers to southern markets
 The advent of canals and railroads opened new markets in the growing factory
cities in the East
COTTON AND THE SOUTH
 Throughout the 19 th century the principal cash crop in the
South was cotton
 Eli Whitney’s cotton gin transformed the agriculture of the
entire region
 Now that they could easily separate the cotton fiber from the seeds,
planters found cotton more profitable than tobacco and indigo
 Southern farmers invested
their capital in the purchase
of slaves and new land in
Alabama and Mississippi
 Shipped most of their
cotton overseas for sale to
British textile factories
EFFECTS OF THE
MARKET REVOLUTION
UNDERSTANDING THE MARKET
REVOLUTION
 Specialization on the farm, the growth of cities,
industrialization, and the development of modern
capitalism meant the end of self-sufficient
households and a growth of interdependence among
people
 These changes worked to bring
about a revolution in
the marketplace
Farmers fed the
 Adapting to an
workers in the
impersonal, fast-changing
cities
economy presented
challenges and problems
In turn, the cities
provided farmers
with an array of
mass-produced
goods
WOMEN AND THE MARKET REVOLUTION
 As American society became
more urban and
industrialized, the nature of
work and family life changed
for women
 Many no longer worked next to
their husbands on family farms
 Women seeking employment
in a city were usually limited
to 2 options: 1) Domestic
service, 2) Teaching
 Factory jobs, as in the Lowell
System, were not common
 Overwhelming majority of
working women were single
 If they married, they left their
jobs and took up duties in the
home
In both urban and
rural settings, women
were gaining
relatively more
control over their lives
 Less educated than men but
now receiving an elementary
education was encouraged
 Arranged marriages were
less common
 Some women elected to
have fewer children
 Legal restricts on women
remained (i.e. no voting
rights)
THE MARKET REVOLUTION AND
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL MOBILIT Y
 Real wages improved for most
urban workers in the early 1800s
but the gap between rich and
poor increased
 Social mobility (moving upward
in income level and social
status) did occur from one
generation to the next
 Economic opportunities in the U.S.
were greater than in Europe
 Extreme examples of poor, hardworking people becoming millionaires
were rare
SLAVERY AND THE MARKET REVOLUTION
 At the beginning of the 19 th century many people
throughout the nation believed and hoped that
slavery would gradually disappear
 Believed exhausted soil in the coastal lands of Virginia and the
Carolinas + constitutional ban on the importation of slaves
after 1808 would make slavery economically unfeasible
 Rapid introduction of the cotton industry and the
expansion of slavery into new states such as
Alabama and Mississippi ended hopes for a quiet
end to slavery
 Arguments over the Missouri Compromise suggested the
slavery issue defied easy answers