AP Psychology Essential Information
Please complete the following terms as they are assigned. Do not use the glossary in the back of
the textbook to define the terms. Please use the definition in the corresponding chapter s to
define the terms. You may need to use the internet for some of the definitions. I will give you a
list of websites to stay away from in this packet.
Prologue
1. Psychology
2. Empiricism
3. Structuralism
4. Functionalism
5. Humanistic psychology
6. Nature-nurture issue
7. Natural selection
8. Levels of analysis
9. Biopsychosocial approach
10. Basic research
11. Applied research
12. Counseling psychology
13. Clinical psychology
14. Psychiatry
Chapter 1
15. Hindsight bias
16. Critical thinking
17. Theory
18. Hypothesis
19. Operational definition
20. Replication
21. Case study
22. Survey
23. False consensus effect
24. Population
25. Random sample
26. Naturalistic observation
27. Correlation
28. Scatterplot
29. Illusory correlation
30. Experiment
31. Double-blind procedure
32. Placebo effect
33. Experimental condition
34. Control condition
35. Random assignment
36. Independent variable
37. Dependent variable
38. Mode
39. Mean
40. Median
41. Range
42. Standard deviation
43. Statistical significance
44. Culture
Chapter 2
45. Biological psychology
46. Neuron
47. Dendrite
48. Axon
49. Myelin sheath
50. Action potential
51. Threshold
52. Synapse
53. Neurotransmitters
54. Acetylcholine
55. Endorphins
56. Nervous system
57. Central nervous system
58. Peripheral nervous system
59. Nerves
60. Sensory neurons
61. Motor neurons
62. Interneuron
63. Somatic nervous system
64. Autonomic nervous system
65. Sympathetic nervous system
66. Parasympathetic nervous system
67. Reflex
68. Neural networks
69. Endocrine system
70. Hormones
71. Lesion
72. Electroencephalogram
73. PET (positron emission
tomography)scan
74. MRI(Magnetic resonance imaging)
75. fMRI(Functional MRI)
76. Brainstem
77. Medulla
78. Reticular formation
79. Thalamus
80. Cerebellum
81. Limbic system
82. Amygdala
83. Hypothalamus
84. Cerebral
85. Glial cells
86. Frontal lobes
87. Parietal lobes
88. Occipital lobes
89. Temporal lobes
90. Motor cortex
91. Sensory cortex
92. Association areas
93. Aphasia
94. Broca’s area
95. Wernicke’s area
96. Plasticity
97. Corpus callosum
98. Split brain
Chapter 3
99. Environment
100. Behavior genetics
101. Chromosomes
102. DNA
103. Genes
104. Genomes
105. Identical twins
106. Fraternal twins
107. Temperament
108. Heritability
109. Interaction
110. Molecular genetics
111. Evolutionary psychology
112. Natural selection
113. Mutation
114. Gender
115. Culture
116. Norm
117. Personal space
118. Individualism
119. Collectivism
120. Aggression
121. X chromosome
122. Y chromosome
123. Testosterone
124. Role
125. Gender role
126. Gender identity
127. Gender-typing
128. Social learning theory
129. Gender schema theory
130. Developmental psychology
Chapter 4
131. Zygote
132. Embryo
133. Fetus
134. Teratogens
135. Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
136. Rooting reflex
137. Habituation
138. Maturation
139. Schema
140. Assimilation
141. Accommodation
142. Cognition
143. Sensorimotor stage
144. Object permanence
145. Preoperational stage
146. Conservation
147. Egocentrism
148. Theory of mind
149. Autism
150. Concrete operational stage
151. Formal operational stage
152. Stranger anxiety
153. Attachment
154. Critical period
155. Imprinting
156. Basic trust
157. Self-concept
158. Adolescence
159. Puberty
160. Primary sex characteristics
161. Secondary sex characteristics
162. Menarche (Meh-NAR-key)
163. Identity
164. Intimacy
165. Menopause
166. Alzheimer’s disease
167. Cross-sectional study
168. Crystallized intelligence
169. Fluid intelligence
Chapter 5
170. Sensation
171. Perception
172. Bottom-up processing
173. Top-down processing
174. Psychophysics
175. Absolute threshold
176. Weber’s Law
177. Sensory adaptation
178. Transduction
179. Wavelength
180. Hue
181. Intensity
182. Pupil
183. Iris
184. Lens
185. Accommodation
186. Retina
187. Acuity
188. Nearsightedness
189. Farsightedness
190. Rods
191. Cones
192. Optic nerve
193. Blind spot
194. Fovea
195. Feature detectors
196. Parallel processing
197. Young- Helmholtz trichromatic
(three-color) theory
198. Opponent-process theory
199. Color Constancy
200. Audition
201. Frequency
202. Pitch
203. Middle Ear
204. Cochlea (KOHK-lee-uh)
205. Inner ear
206. Place theory
207. Frequency theory
208. Conduction hearing loss
209. Sensorineural hearing loss
210. Cochlear implant
211. Gate-control theory
212. Sensory interaction
213. Kinesthesis (kin-ehs-THEE-sehs)
214. Vestibular sense
Chapter 6
215. Selective attention
216. Inattentional blindness
217. Visual capture
218. Gestalt
219. Figure-ground
220. Grouping
221. Depth perception
222. Visual cliff
223. Binocular cues
224. Retinal disparity
225. Convergence
226. Monocular cues
227. Phi phenomenon
228. Perceptual constancy
229. Perceptual adaptation
230. Perceptual set
231. Human factors psychology
232. Extrasensory perception
233. Parapsychology
Chapter 7
234. Consciousness
235. Biological rhythms
236. Circadian (ser-KAY-dee-an)
rhythm
237. REM sleep
238. Alpha waves
239. Sleep
240. Hallucinations
241. Delta waves
242. Insomnia
243. Narcolepsy
244. Sleep apnea
245. Night terrors
246. Dream
247. Manifest content
248. Latent content
249. REM rebound
250. Hypnosis
251. Posthypnotic suggestion
252. Dissociation
253. Psychoactive drug
254. Tolerance
255. Withdrawal
256. Physical dependence
257. Psychological dependence
258. Addiction
259. Depressants
260. Barbiturates
261. Opiates
262. Stimulates
263. Amphetamines
264. Methamphetamines
265. Ecstasy (MDMA)
266. Hallucinogens
267. LSD
268. THC
269. Near-death experience
270. Dualism
271. Monism
Chapter 8
272. Learning
273. Associative learning
274. Classical conditioning
275. Behaviorism
276. Unconditioned response (UR)
277. Unconditioned stimulus (US)
278. Conditioned response (CR)
279. Conditioned stimulus (CS)
280. Acquisition
281. Extinction
282. Spontaneous recovery
283. Generalization
284. Discrimination
285. Operant conditioning
286. Respondent behavior
287. Operant behavior
288. Law of effect
289. Operant chamber
290. Shaping
291. Reinforcer
292. Positive reinforcement
293. Negative reinforcement
294. Primary reinforcer
295. Conditioned reinforcer (secondary
reinforcer)
296. Continuous reinforcement
297. Partial(intermittent) reinforcement
298. Fixed-ratio schedule
299. Variable-ratio schedule
300. Fixed-interval schedule
301. Variable-interval schedule
302. Punishment
303. Cognitive map
304. Latent learning
305. Intrinsic motivation
306. Extrinsic motivation
307. Observational learning
308. Modeling
309. Mirror neurons
310. Prosocial behavior
Chapter 9
311. Memory
312. Flashbulb memory
313. Encoding
314. Storage
315. Retrieval
316. Sensory memory
317. Short-term memory
318. Long-term memory
319. Working memory
320. Automatic processing
321. Effortful processing
322. Rehearsal
323. Spacing effect
324. Serial position effect
325. Visual encoding
326. Acoustic encoding
327. Semantic encoding
328. Imagery
329. Mnemonics (nih-MON-iks)
330. Chunking
331. Iconic memory
332. Echoic memory
333. Long-term potentiation (LTP)
334. Amnesia
335. Implicit memory
336. Explicit memory
337. Hippocampus
338. Recall
339. Recognition
340. Relearning
341. Priming
342. Déjà vu
343. Mood-congruent memory
344. Proactive interference
345. Retroactive interference
346. Repression
347. Misinformation effect
348. Source amnesia
Chapter 10
349. Cognition
350. Concept
351. Prototype
352. Algorithm
353. Heuristic
354. Insight
355. Confirmation bias
356. Fixation
357. Mental set
358. Functional fixedness
359. Representativeness heuristic
360. Availability heuristic
361. Overconfidence
362. Framing
363. Belief bias
364. Belief perseverance
365. Language
366. Phoneme
367. Morpheme
368. Grammar
369. Semantics
370. Syntax
371. Babbling stage
372. One-word stage
373. Two-word stage
374. Telegraphic speech
375. Linguistic determinism
Chapter 11
376. Intelligence
377. Factor analysis
378. General intelligence
379. Savant syndrome
380. Emotional intelligence
381. Creativity
382. Intelligence test
383. Mental age
384. Stanford-Binet
385. Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
386. Aptitude test
387. Achievement test
388. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
(WAIS)
389. Standardization
390. Normal curve
391. Reliability
392. Validity
393. Content validity
394. Criterion
395. Predictive validity
396. Mental retardation
397. Down syndrome
398. Stereotype threat
Chapter 12
399. Motivation
400. Instinct
401. Drive-reduction theory
402. Homeostasis
403. Incentive
404. Hierarchy of needs
405. Glucose
406. Set point
407. Basal metabolic rate
408. Anorexia nervosa
409. Bulimia nervosa
410. Sexual response cycle
411. Refractory period
412. Sexual disorder
413. Estrogen
414. Testosterone
415. Sexual orientation
416. Flow
417. Industrial-organizational
psychology
418. Personnel psychology
419. Organizational psychology
420. Structured interviews
421. Achievement motivation
422. Task leadership
423. Social leadership
Chapter 13
424. Emotion
425. James-Lange theory
426. Cannon-Bard theory
427. Two-factor theory
428. Polygraph
429. Catharsis
430. Feel-good, do-good phenomenon
431. Subject well-being
432. Adaptation-level phenomenon
433. Relative deprivation
Chapter 14
434. Behavioral medicine
435. Health psychology
436. Stress
437. General adaptation
syndrome(GAS)
438. Coronary Heart Disease
439. Type A
440. Type B
441. Psycho physiological illness
442. Lymphocytes
443. Coping
444. Problem-focused coping
445. Emotion-focused coping
446. Aerobic exercise
447. Biofeedback
448. Complementary and alternative
medicine
Chapter 15
449. Personality
450. Free association
451. Psychoanalysis
452. Unconscious
453. Id
454. Ego
455. Superego
456. Psychosexual stages
457. Oedipus (ED-uh-puss) complex
458. Identification
459. Fixation
460. Defense mechanisms
461. Repression
462. Regression
463. Reaction formation
464. Projection
465. Rationalization
466. Displacement
467. Collective unconscious
468. Projective test
469. Thematic Apperception Test
470.
471.
472.
473.
474.
475.
476.
477.
478.
479.
480.
481.
482.
483.
484.
485.
486.
487.
488.
Rorschach inkblot test
Terror-management theory
Self-actualization
Unconditional positive regard
Self-concept
Trait
Personality inventory
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality
Inventory
Empirically derived test
Social-cognitive perspective
Reciprocal determinism
Personal control
External locus of control
Internal locus of control
Learned helplessness
Positive psychology
Spotlight effect
Self-esteem
Self-serving bias
Chapter 16
489. Psychological disorder
490. Attention-deficit
hyperactivity
disorder(ADHD)
491. Medical model
492. DSM-IV
493. Anxiety disorders
494. Generalized anxiety disorder
495. Panic disorder
496. Phobia
497. Obsessive-compulsive disorder
(OCD)
498. Post-traumatic stress disorder
(PTSD)
499. Dissociative disorders
500. Dissociative identity disorder
501. Mood disorders
502. Major depressive disorder
503. Mania
504. Bipolar disorder
505. Schizophrenia
506. Delusions
507. Personality disorders
508. Antisocial personality disorder
Chapter 17
509. Psychotherapy
510. Biomedical therapy
511. Eclectic approach
512. Psychoanalysis
513. Resistance
514. Interpretation
515. Transference
516. Client-centered therapy
517. Active listening
518. Behavior therapy
519. Counterconditioning
520. Exposure therapies
521. Systematic desensitization
522. Virtual reality exposure therapy
523. Aversive conditioning
524. Token economy
525. Cognitive therapy
526. Cognitive-behavior therapy
527. Family therapy
528. Regression toward the mean
529. Meta-analysis
530. Psychopharmacology
531. Tardive dyskinesia
532. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
533. Repetitive transcranial magnetic
stimulation (rTMS)
534. Psychosurgery
535. Lobotomy
Chapter 18
536. Social psychology
537. Attribution theory
538. Fundamental attribution error
539. Attitude
540. Foot-in-the-door phenomenon
541. Cognitive dissonance theory
542. Conformity
543. Normative social influence
544. Informational social influence
545. Social facilitation
546. Social loafing
547. Deindividuation
548. Group polarization
549. Groupthink
550. Prejudice
551. Stereotype
552. Discrimination
553. Ingroup
554. Outgroup
555. Ingroup bias
556. Scapegoat theory
557. Just-world phenomenon
558. Aggression
559. Frustration-aggression principle
560. Conflict
561. Social trap
562. Mere exposure effect
563. Passionate love
564. Companionate love
565. Equity
566. Self-disclosure
567. Altruism
568. Bystander effect
569. Social exchange theory
570. Reciprocity norm
571. Social-responsibility norm
572. Superordinate goals
573. GRIT