Got phones?
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Presented by
Camille Fair-Bumbray
TRED 256
July 2007
What is PHONETICS?
• Phonetics comes from the Greek word
φωνή (phone), or the morpheme phon~
which means sound
• Phonetics then is the study of the
sounds of human speech.
Linguistic Knowledge
Knowledge of Language
Linguistic Knowledge
Sounds
Phonetics
articulatory
auditory
how we say
sounds
how we perceive
or hear sounds
Words
Sentence Structure
Language Use
Phonology
Morphology
Semantics
Syntax
Pragmatics
sound system
rules for
combining sounds
word formation
internal structure
meaning of word chunks
(whole) word meaning
rules for
grammar
how context and
situation affect
meaning
So What’s the Chapter About?
(Chapter Overview: The BIG 6)
1.
2.
Definition of Phonetics
Articulatory phonetics (speaking) v. auditory phonetics
(listening)
3. Sound Segments
4. Spelling (Orthography)and Speech (pronunciation)
5. Articulatory Phonetics (“anatomy” and “physiology” of
phonetics)
– a. Initiation (airstream mechanisms) + Articulation (vocal
tract)
– b.Consonants: places of articulation, manners of
articulation, phonetic symbols
– c.Vowels & Dipthongs
6. Sign-Language
But first…
A few random…yet
relevant thoughts
*Why we chose PHONETICS
*Why Phonetics is important
*Phonetics? Phoneme?
Phonology?
Why phonetics?
• Thought it was phonology
• Discovered it wasn’t!
• Realized I needed to understand the difference
• Specifically: How can phonetics be useful in the
classroom????
Phone? Phonetics? Phonics? Phoneme? Phonology?
Is it just semantics? What changes the meaning?
Is it the root or the stem?
Phone: sound of a phoneme
Phonetics: study of speech sounds; how we pronounce
individual letters or the sound associated with a
combination of letters
Phonics: a method of teaching people to read and
pronounce letters by the sounds associated with
letters
Phoneme: smallest unit of speech that distinguish one
utterance from another; sound segments that are
associated with a rule
Phonology: study of sound systems of language; how
sounds are combined in a language (phonetics +
phonemics)
Phone or Phoneme?
A phone is…
A phoneme is…
On of many possible sounds in
the languages of the world
A contrastive unit in the sound
system of a particular language
The smallest identifiable unit
found in a stream of speech
A minimal unit that serves to
distinguish between meanings of
words
Pronounced in a defined way
Pronounced in one or more
ways, depending on allophones
Represented between brackets
Represented between slashes
[b], [t]
/b/, /t/
Why is Phonetics Important?
•
It gives birth to language
•
Without sounds we would be
unable to create or understand
words that make up languages
•
It’s the precursor to phonemic
awareness (which helps us to
decode words and develop
reading fluency)
•
It’s the last text and visual that
the authors remind us of in the
text, so its obviously critical to
Linguistic Knowledge!
Back to the main road…
• Definition of phonetics
• Articulatory v. Auditory Phonetics
• (Speaking v. Hearing/Perceiving
sounds)
• Segmenting
How do we learn how to say
words?
How would you say…
How would you teach…
What did you do and how
were you able to do it?
Segmenting
dividing utterances into individual sounds,
morphemes, words and/or phrases
Awareness
Language (English)
Sounds associated with the letters
PHONETICS
Sounds…Not Spelling or Syllable
Spelling and/or syllables don’t necessarily indicate
# of sounds (but they may help you to segment)
• Knot (4 letters) = kn /o / t (3 sounds)
• Gnome (5 letters) = gn/ o/ me (3 sounds)
• Psycho (6 letters) = ps/ y/ ch/ o (4 sounds)
TRY…
•
•
What do you know? What do you need to know?
Telephone
Sesquipedalian
a)
iamtheproudownerofthelongestlongestlongestdomainnameinthisworld.com
b)
Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis
c)
TRINITROPHENYLMETHYLNITRAM
d)
Leer taal
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
k)
étudiant
montanha
Heureux
glüklich
Счастливо
幸せ
산
SO…
Symbols + Sounds = Phonetics

+
 = Phonetics
Are we there yet…?
• Definition of phonetics
• Articulatory v. Auditory Phonetics
• (Speaking v. Hearing/Perceiving sounds)
• Segmenting
• Spelling and Speech
• Articulatory Phonetics:
•
The Anatomy & Physiology of Speech Production
Spelling and Speech
• Alphabetic spelling = pronunciation
(how word is spelled) = (how you say it)
• Orthography  sounds
(spelling)  (sounds associated with individual letters)
Example:
Did he believe that Caesar could see the people seize the seas?
e, ie, ae, ee, eo, ei, ea = sound like E as in
Quic kT i me™ and a
T IFF (Unc ompres s ed) dec ompres s or
are needed t o s ee thi s pi c ture.
EAT
What are some of the possibilities?
(in English!)
• Multiple letters/1 sound
to, too, two , through, threw, clue, shoe
• 1 letter/multiple sounds
dame, dad, father, call, village, many
• Combo of letters/1 sound
shoot, phone, glacial, theatre
• Single or Combo/NO sound
mnemonic, corps, island
Now You Try…
Multiple letters/1 sound
1 letter/multiple sounds
Combo of letters/1 sound
Single or combo/NO sounds
How do we know the sounds?
Phonetic Alphabet :
Used for phonetic transcription of any language
IPA
International
Phonetic
Alphabet
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Using the IPA
[se]
[plen]
[tek]
Once you can wrap your head around notation, IPA
helps us to represent the pronunciation of words in
any language
Let’s Exercise Our Minds!
Exercise #4
Exercise #8
Quic k Ti me™ and a
T IFF (Unc om pres s ed) dec om pres s or
are needed to s ee t his pic t ure.
There… Yet…?
 Definition of phonetics
 Articulatory v. Auditory Phonetics
(Speaking v. Hearing/Perceiving sounds)
 Segmenting
 Spelling and Speech
Articulatory Phonetics:
The Anatomy & Physiology of Speech Production
(what and where the structures of the body are) & (function/what they do)
How do we
generate & create
sounds?
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Initiation + Articulation
Initiation: where the sound starts
*In the lungs (pulmonic)
*Pushed out of lungs, up trachea (wind
pipe), to larynx (egressive)
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
*A.K.A. pulmonic egressive airstream
mechanism
*there are also ingressive (ie. Clicks)
Articulation: where & how we shape the
sound to be produced in a specific way
*larynx (lair rinks) = “voice box”
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
*larynx is behind “adam’s apple”
*larynx (glottis + vocal chords)
*vocal tract (larynx, pharynx, oral & nasal
cavity)
Voiced or Voiceless Sounds
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
•
•
•
•
Voiced
Vocal chords closed
Air stream forces thru
Causes vibration
[b], [d], [z], [v]
Voiceless
• Vocal chords open
• Air stream flows freely
• [p], [t], [k], [s]
Examples
voiced/voiceless
http://www.uiowa.edu/~acadtech/phonetics/#
Clicks /tsk/
http://hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/V
owelsandConsonants/vowels/chapter13/movie.html
There… Yet…?
 Definition of phonetics
 Articulatory v. Auditory Phonetics
(Speaking v. Hearing/Perceiving sounds)
 Segmenting
 Spelling and Speech
Articulatory Phonetics:
The Anatomy & Physiology of Speech Production
(what and where the structures of the body are) & (function/what they do)
Places of Articulation
Tongue + Lips = Articulators
Cause restriction
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Reshape oral cavity
Where sound is made…
place
phones
Academia
Common
[b] [p] [m]
Boy, pig, mom
bilabials
Both lips
[f] [v]
Fine and vine
labiodentals
Bottom lip/upper teeth

Thin that
interdentals
Between teeth
[t] [d] [n] [s] [z]
To , do, new
alveolars
Tip of tongue to alveolar
ridge (front of roof)
[∫] [č]
Mission and measure
palatals
Tongue to roof of mouth
[k] [g]
Kick and gig
velars
Back of tongue to back
of palette
[R] [q] [G]
ulvulars
Back of tongue to fleshy
appendage
It’s a bit tricky so let’s consult
the experts!
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
http://www.uiowa.edu/~acadtech/phonetics/#
Well what the tongue and lips do is also has a secret code!
It’s called manner and refers to how sound is made by
various tongue, teeth, lip combos. There are categories
for these combos:
STOP! affrictive. Frictive. nasal. Liquid…etc
Qui ckTime™ and a
TIFF (U ncompr essed) decompressor
are needed to see thi s pi cture.
mmm….Back to the experts
http://www.uiowa.edu/~acadtech/phonetics/#
Vowels and Dipthongs!
Vowels
[si]
Dipthongs
[tay]
[say]
[sit]
[may]
[divə]
[mayn]
Sign Language
Features
(Primes)
*Hand
configuration
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
*Motion of
hands (to/
from body)
*Locus
(where sign is
articulated)
How can we use this
in the classroom?
Some great literacy centers for ELL include:
•
•
•
•
Tongue Twister
Hink Pinks
Build a Word/Switch a Letter
Songs
So…to help fill in the gaps…
• Phone vs. phoneme
• Using the IPA chart
QuickT ime ™an d a
TIFF ( Uncomp res sed) deco mpre ssor
ar e need ed to see this pictur e.
• Diacritics
• Plosives and all those
other explosive terms!
Let’s ask Abbe 
References
http://www.ling.upenn.edu/courses/Summer_2004/ling001/lecture2.html
http://efl.htmlplanet.com/phono.htm
http://www.uiowa.edu/~acadtech/phonetics/#
http://www.cal.org/acqlit/resources/Literacy-OELA-11-13-02.pdf
http://members.aol.com/gulfhigh2/words11.html
http://www.auburn.edu/~murraba/phon.html
Blevins,W. (1997) Phonemic Awareness Activities. Jefferson City: Scholas
tic Books
Fitzpatrick, J. (1997) Phonemic Awareness. Cypress: Creative Teaching Press
Fromkin, Victoria; Rodman, Robert and Hyams, Nina (2003). Phonetics: The Sound of Language. In An
Introduction to Language (231-266). Boston: Thomson-Heinle.