Write this into your supplemental packet opposite page 55
Ion, counter Ion - Ionic Salts & Acids
(balancing of oxidation number)
In this powerpoint, the following will be reviewed:
1) Preferred ion charge called “oxidation number”
2) Lewis dot structures for the monoatomic ions
The “ides” “be one” (C4- , N3- , O2- , F1- ).
3) Lewis dot structures for the polyatomic ions
“ates”( [PO4]3- , [SO4]2- , [ClO4]1- )
4) Both anions (-ides and -ates) seek out positively
charged cations ( Na1+, Ca2+, Al3+ ) to achieve
a balance of zero in overall substance charge.
Where’d me m -ates
[PO4]3- , [SO4]2- , [ClO4]1-
•*
O O
•*
•*
OO
•*
rrR’ - ides” “be one” (C4- , N3- , O2- , F1- ).
Things to keep in mind when considering oxidation numbers:
o
o
o
o
1) Any atom in its elemental form [Na(s), O2(g) Mg(s), Cl2(g)] has
an oxidation number of zero
2) For monatomic ions, the oxidation number equals an ion’s charge;
4-
C
carbide ion
N
3-
2-
O
nitride ion
oxide ion
1-
F
fluoride ion
3) For polyatomic ions, the sum of the constituent atoms’
oxidation numbers is equal to the charge of the ion;
PO4
3-
phosphate ion
2SO4
sulfate ion
1ClO4
perchlorate ion
4) For neutral compounds, the sum of the constituent
oxidation numbers is equal to zero.
Lewis dot structures for monatomics
carbide ion
4-
C
••
N
3-
2-
1-
nitride ion
3-
N
••
F
••
1-
••
••
C
••
O
••
2-
••
••
4-
3-
••
N
••
••
••
••
••
C
••
4-
O
oxide ion
2-
O
monatomics
F
fluoride ion
1-
F
sulfate ion
oxyanions
••
••
••
••
••
••
••
••
••
••
••
2SO4
SO4
••
••
••
••
••
PO4
3-
••
••
phosphate ion
••
••
••
••
••
3-
1-
O
••
O Cl ••
O
O
••
••
••
••
••
PO4
O
••
O S ••
O
O
••
O
••
O P ••
O
O
2-
••
Lewis dot structures for polyatomics
3-
2-
1ClO4
perchlorate ion
1ClO4
Balancing oxidation numbers in ionic salts
“Two atoms are walking down the street….”(yes, we get the joke, DrG)
Draw a visual picture for the structure of sodium fluoride, NaF
1+
Na
1-
F
Draw a visual picture for the structure of calcium fluoride,CaF2
1-
F
2+
Ca
1-
F
One atom says “I think I lost an electron.” The other atom says
Are you sure?” and the other atom says “Yes, I’m positive.”
Balancing oxidation numbers in ionic salts
Draw a visual picture for the structure of aluminum fluoride, AlF3
1-
F
3+
Al
1-
F
1-
F
Balancing oxidation numbers in ionic salts
Draw a visual picture for the structure of aluminum oxide, Al2O3
2-
O
2-
3+
Al
3+
2- Al
O
O
Balancing oxidation numbers in ionic salts
Can chemists have BO???????? No way, chemists have B2O3
Draw a visual picture for the structure of boron oxide, B2O3
2-
O
2-
3+
B
3+
2- B
O
O
Balancing oxidation numbers in ionic salts
Draw a visual picture for the structure of magnesium oxide, MgO
2+
Mg
2-
O
Balancing oxidation numbers in ionic salts
Draw a visual picture for the structure of sodium phosphate, Na3PO4
1+
Na
1+
Na
3-
PO4
1+
Na
Balancing oxidation numbers in ionic salts
Draw a visual picture for the structure of sodium sulfate, Na2SO4
1+
Na
SO4
2-
1+
Na
Balancing oxidation numbers in ionic salts
Draw a visual picture for the structure of sodium perchlorate, NaClO4
1+
Na
1-
ClO4
Balancing oxidation numbers in ionic salts
Does DrG feed his dog AlPO? No way, I feed him AlPO4
Draw a visual picture for the structure of aluminum phosphate, AlPO4
3+
Al
3-
PO4
Balancing oxidation numbers in Transition Metal ionic salts
Draw a visual picture for the structure of iron (II) phosphate, Fe3(PO4)2
2+
Fe
3-
PO4
2+
Fe
3-
PO4
Note, transition metal ionic salt names…..
Always use a roman numeral in its compound name
To represent the oxidation number for the TM ion
2+
Fe
Balancing oxidation numbers in ionic salts
Draw a visual picture for the structure of iron (III) phosphate, FePO4
3+
Fe
3-
PO4
Note, transition metal ionic salt names…..
Always use a roman numeral in its compound name
To represent the oxidation number for the TM ion
The acid proton, no electrons, no neutrons, JUST a proton
Draw a visual picture for the structure of a PROTON, H+
1+
H
Note, a substance with hydrogen listed first in its chemical
formula (i.e. stomach acid, HCl) is a called an acid.
The acid proton, no electrons, no neutrons, JUST a proton
Draw a visual picture for the structure stomach acid, HCl,
1+
H
Cl
1-
Balancing oxidation numbers in an oxyanion acid
Draw a visual picture for the structure of phosphoric acid, H3PO4
1+
H
1+
H
3-
PO4
1+
H
Balancing oxidation numbers in an oxyanion acid
Draw a visual picture for the structure of sulfuric acid, H2SO4
1+
H
SO4
2-
1+
H
Balancing oxidation numbers in an oxyanion acid
Draw a visual picture for the structure of perchloric acid, HClO4
1+
H
1-
ClO4
Balancing oxidation numbers in an monatomic acid
Draw a visual picture for the structure of hydrochloric acid, HCl
1+
H
1-
Cl
Note, use the word hydro if acid is a monatomic acid
(i.e. stomach acid, HCl) is a called hydrochloric acid.
Balancing oxidation numbers in a monatomic acid
Draw a visual picture for the structure of hydrosulfuric acid, H2S
1+
H
2-
S
1+
H
Note, use the word hydro if acid is a monatomic acid
(i.e. dihydrogen sulfide, H2S) is a called hydrosulfuric acid.
Balancing oxidation numbers in an monatomic acid
Draw a visual picture for the structure of hydrofluoric acid, HF
1+
H
1-
F
Other polyatomic ions carbonate ion and nitrate ion
Draw a visual picture for carbonate ion, CO32- and nitrate ion, NO31-
2-
CO3
1-
NO3
Balancing oxidation numbers in a base
Draw a visual picture for the structure of sodium hydroxide, NaOH
1+
Na
1-
OH
Note, use of the word hydroxide is derived from hydro oxide
“proton ion” + “oxide ion” combinded equals hydroxide ion
(H1+ and
O2together equals
OH1-)
Balancing oxidation numbers in a base
Draw a visual picture for the structure of calcium hydroxide,Ca(OH )2
1-
2+
OH Ca
1-
OH
Note, use of the word hydroxide is derived from hydro oxide
“proton ion” + “oxide ion” combinded equals hydroxide ion
(H1+ and
O2together equals
OH1-)
Balancing oxidation numbers in a hydro - ate ions
Draw a visual picture for the structure of hydrogen carbonate ion, HCO31-
2-
1+
CO3
H
equals
proton combined with carbonate ion
H+
+
reactant ions
CO3
2-
1-
HCO3
hydrogen carbonate ion, HCO31–
combination reaction
HCO31–
product ion
Balancing oxidation numbers in a hydro - ate ions
Draw a visual picture for the of dihydrogen phosphate ion, H2PO41-
1+
H
3-
1+
H
1-
PO4
equals
proton combined with phosphate ion
2H+
+
reactant ions
PO4
3-
H2PO4
dihydrogen phosphate ion,H2PO41–
combination reaction
H2PO41–
product ion
Supplemental packet page 75
Sparklettes Water
Dr. Gergens - SD Mesa College
The Crystal-Fresh® Drinking Water ingredient label
says the following:
“Drawn from our deep protected wells in Santa Ana, CA.
Purified using our Crystal-Fresh process, including
filtration, ozonation, reverse osmosis, and/or
dionization. Contains purified water and specially
selected minerals in nutritionally insignificant amounts
for great taste (sodium bicarbonate, magnesium chloride,
calcium chloride and sodium sulfate).
Lets learn to write the correct formulas for these substances
(sodium bicarbonate, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride and
sodium sulfate) that Sparkletts ® adds to it’s purified water
In “nutritionally insignificant amounts for great taste.”
Supplemental packet page 76
Lets learn to write the correct formulas for these substances
(sodium bicarbonate, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride and
sodium sulfate) that Sparkletts ® adds to it’s purified water
In “nutritionally insignificant amounts for great taste.”
1+
Na
2-
CO3
1+
Na
Lets learn to write the correct formulas for these substances
(sodium bicarbonate, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride and
sodium sulfate) that Sparkletts ® adds to it’s purified water
In “nutritionally insignificant amounts for great taste.”
1-
Cl
2+
Mg
1-
Cl
Lets learn to write the correct formulas for these substances
(sodium bicarbonate, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride and
sodium sulfate) that Sparkletts ® adds to it’s purified water
In “nutritionally insignificant amounts for great taste.”
1-
Cl
2+
Ca
1-
Cl
Lets learn to write the correct formulas for these substances
(sodium bicarbonate, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride and
sodium sulfate) that Sparkletts ® adds to it’s purified water
In “nutritionally insignificant amounts for great taste.”
1+
Na
2-
SO4
1+
Na
Sparklettes Wate r Nomen cla ture Exe rcis e: "Nu triti onal ly ins igni ficant amou nts of these co mpou nds adde d fo r goo d ta ste."
Dr. Gerge ns - SD Me sa Col lege
+
Supplemental packet page 76
–
1. Write th e na me e ach ca tion and each a nion (e.g ., Na
is sod ium ion; Cl is ch lorid e io n)
2. Say an d write the nam e of
the ion ic salt co mpou nd b y com bini ng e ach ca tion with each an ion in the table (e.g ., s odiu m
ch lorid e)
3. Compl ete the tabl e by writing in the i onic sa lt comp ound form ula in e ach ce ll o f th e ta ble (e.g., NaCl).
4. Whe n writi ng a form ula a catio n an d an ion must co mbin e in an appro priate ration to b alan ce cha rge; see exampl es o n
back.
anions (name these ions)
cations
(name these ions)
Na
+
sodium ion
Mg 2+
magnesium ion
Ca
2+
calcium ion
–
Cl
chloride ion
NaCl
sodium chloride
MgCl2
magnesium chloride
CaCl2
calcium chloride
SO4
2-
sulfate ion
Na2SO4
sodium sulfate
MgSO4
HCO3
–
hydrogen carbonate ion
NaHCO3
sodium hydrogen carbonate
Mg (HCO3) 2
magnesium sulfate magnesium hydrogen carbonate
CaSO4
calcium sulfate
Ca(HCO3) 2
calcium hydrogen carbonate
5. Predi ct the trans itio n me tal cation cha rge for iro n, Fe, i n th e io nic sal t Fe
2 (SO4 ) 3 , a nd p lace it in the cation box be low.
6. Give a name for Fe 2 (SO4 ) 3 . Since tra nsition meta ls can va riabl e charge ,
you m ust some how i ndicate metal cati on charg e
in its name .
3+
–
–
7. Write ad diti onal form ulas for the cation Fe
co mbin ed with th e an ions Cl an d HCO3 an d gi ve the ir compo und name s.
cation
iron (III) ion
FeCl3
iron (III) chloride
Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3
iron (III) sulfate
Fe(HCO3) 3
iron (III) hydrogen carbonate
Acids . In g enera l, a sub stan ce that has an 'H' listed first in i ts formul a is refe rred to as an
acid . Na me the acid b ut p lace a prefi x
in its name di = 2, tri = 3, tetra = 4,
pen ta = 5, hexa = 6, hepta = 7, o cta = 8 , no na = 9, deca = 10 to in dicate the numb er of
hydrog ens in the formul a.
anions
cations
H+
hydrogen ion
give a common
name and use for
each acid
–
Cl
HCl
SO4
2-
H2SO4
HCO3
–
H2CO3
hydrogen chloride
hydrogen chloride
dihydrogen carbonate
hydrochloric acid
sulfuric acid
carbonic acid
stomach acid
car battery acid
carbonated water