Sections have moved.
Sit with your section & group!
Feel free to move down front if it would
help you learn.
A reminder about Test #1:
Full answers and feedback are online-see "core course documents".
2
The responsibilities of the
Persuasive speaker:
1. To say something worth hearing (sound
information).
2. To say something that can be heard (clear
organization).
3. To say something that will be heard (audience
engagement).
4. To answer all the audience's
reasonable doubts & objections.
Lect 8W
3
Persuasion works more like
Your listeners are your peers:
this:
they're going to think for
themselves.
You can help them
by answering their
questions.
Lect 8W
4
Consider
Perhaps my aim in persuading is not conversion-it's to get my audience to think.
I expect people who think
to reach the same, correct conclusion--eventually.
Am I too hopeful?
Lect 8W
5
What you're going to need to
meet your responsibility:
1. An appropriate topic you care about,
passionately.
2. An accurate prediction of the doubts &
objections your audience will raise.
3. An inventory of the kinds of replies you
can give.

next
week
Lect 8W
6
I. The 3 Big Questions your
audience is always going to
ask about a policy.
1. What's the problem? (Lucas calls
this: "need")
2. What's your plan?
3. Is it practical?
Lect 8W
7
Problem
Issue
Change is bad!
If it's not broke, don't
fix it!
Stop interfering!
your audience
Lect 8W
8
Problem
Issue
Why
is she making us
sit somewhere
different???
YOU
Lect 8W
9
Problem
Issue
What's the problem?
Why do we need
to change?
your audience
Lect 8W
10
Problem
Issue
Is a car really as
expensive as
you claim?
Is climate
change real?
YOU
Lect 8W
11
Some doubt
global warming
Lect 8W
12
But crude oil prices
hit a record high
Monday.
Lect 8W
13
Plan
Issue
What exactly is
your plan?
Your audience
Lect 8W
14
Practicality
Issue
Will your plan solve
the problem?
What are its other
disadvantages?
Your audience
Lect 8W
15
Practicality
Issue
How am I going
to get home on
the weekend?
What about
nights, when
there's no bus?
YOU
Lect 8W
16
Question of Policy
To persuade my audience
that we should do X.
Lect 8W
17
To persuade my audience...
that we should carpool more.
that we should recycle more.
that we should switch to compact flourescent lightbulbs.
that each of us should buy a hybrid (or hydrogen, or electric,
or bio-diesel) car.
that each of us should plant a tree.
that we should bring our own shopping bags.
that we should buy local.
that we should stop buying disposable goods.
that we should unplug appliances.
that we should stop eating meat.
that we should vote. (Note: Clinton, Obama and McCain all
have anti-global-warming plans.)
Lect 8W
To persuade my audience...
that ISU should adopt a mandatory recycling policy.
that ISU should purchase alternative energy.
that Ames should require all high school students to take a
course about global warming.
That Des Moines should adopt a zoning law requiring
development to be denser & more centralized.
that Iowa should not license any new electric plants which
burn fossil fuels.
that Iowa should give tax breaks to companies that produce
or use renewable energy.
that the US should raise the minimum mpg for vehicles
("CAFE standards").
that the US should fund more research into global warming.
that the US should fund more public transportation.
18
Lect 8W
19
Do it yourself.
• What's the Problem?
• What exactly is your Plan?
• Is your plan Practical?
– Will it work to solve the problem?
– What are all its disadvantages (& advantages)?
TOPIC:
Lect 8W
II. Some of the questions your
audience is going to ask about
your sources (according to ISU Librarians).
20
• Who is the author of the website?
• What are the author's credentials? Is the author an authority on the
subject? Is it another student? A professor? Your next door neighbor?
• Is the author an organization? What do you know (or what can you
find out) about this organization? What is its purpose?
• Is the site well edited? Are there spelling or grammatical errors? Is it
written in a style that you would expect for the topic and audience?
• How current is the information?
• What is the purpose of the site? To inform? To sell? To persuade?
• Who is the intended audience? Advanced researchers in a field?
Elementary school students? Members of a particular organization or
viewpoint?
• If there is advertising on the page, does this affect the content?
Lect 8W
(lots & lots more...)
21
site 1
Question #1: Expertise?
Does the person who wrote this know
what he/she is talking about?
Lect 8W
22
site 2
Question #2: Bias?
Does the person who wrote this have
financial or ideological interests which
significantly distort his/her judgment?
Lect 8W
23
site 3
How do you figure out when to trust
OK-looking internet sites?
Lect 8W
24
Lect 8W
25
Lect 8W
26
Other instances where we
trust outside evaluators
•
•
•
•
•
•
Letters of reference for job applicants
Second opinions for medical problems
Consumer Reports for major appliances
Endorsements for presidential candidates
Student ratings of professors (when public)
The EnergyStar seal of approval for energyefficient products
Lect 8W
27
"Outside evaluation" of
information:
•
•
•
•
Editors of major newspapers & magazines
Peer review of articles in scholarly journals
Review of medical information on WebMD
Librarians' collection of sources on our
Instruction Commons website: our "virtual
library"
Lect 8W
28
Our "virtual library"
Lect 8W
29
A REQUIRED resource from the "virtual library"
NOTE: Academic OneFile replaces
"Expanded Academic ASAP"
Lect 8W
30
The three big questions for
internet sources:
• Expertise: Does the person who wrote
this know what he/she is talking about?
• Bias: Does the person who wrote this
have financial or ideological interests
which significantly distort his/her
judgment?
• Review: Has this information been
reviewed by a neutral party?
Lect 8W
Try it yourself:
Would your audience trust
these websites?
31
ARTBA
Mankiw
Academic
OneFile
Lect 8W
32
What
The Persuasion
have we accomplished
analysis
today?
questions.
9. What
specific
claim(s) does the speaker make on the
[1-8. As for
the Informative Speech.]
Problem
9. What specific
(Need)
claim(s) does
Issue?
the speaker make
How
on the Problem
does
(Need) the
Issue? How
speaker
does the speakersupport
support his/her claim(s)?
his/her
10. What specific actions is the speaker calling for in his/her claims on the Plan Issue? How does the speaker support his/her
claim(s)?
claim that the Plan will solve the Problem?
11. What specific
claim(s) does the
speaker make on
Practicality
Issue? How does
the speaker support
10. What
specific
actions
isthethe
speaker
calling
forhis/her
inclaim(s)?
his/her
Identify one objection to Practicality that the audience is likely to make, which the speaker has not dealt with in the
claims onspeech.
the Plan Issue? How does the speaker support his/her
12. What is the least credible Source cited by the speaker? Why isn't it credible?
claim13.that
the Plan will solve the Problem?
Identify two distinct methods the speaker uses in the body of the speech to enhance his/her credibility appeals (ethos).
11. What
does
make
on appeals
the
14. Identifyspecific
two distinct methodsclaim(s)
of reasoning the speaker
uses inthe
the bodyspeaker
of the speech to enhance
his/her logical
(logos).
Practicality
Issue? How does the speaker support his/her
15. Identify two distinct methods the speaker uses in the body of the speech to enhance his/her emotional appeals (pathos).
claim(s)?
Identify
16. Identify and
evaluate one useone
of expert objection
testimony in the speech.to Practicality that the audience
17. Identify
evaluate one use
of statistics in
the speech.
is likely
toandmake,
which
the
speaker has not dealt with in the
18.
Identify and evaluate one use of an example in the speech.
speech.
19. What is the one positive comment about the speech that this speaker most needs to hear now? (Not including delivery.)
12. What
is the least credible Source cited by the speaker?
20. What is the one negative comment about the speech that this speaker most needs to hear now? (Not including delivery.)
Lect 8W
Why isn't it credible?
33
Immediate tasks:
Friday: Lab
Monday: Lecture
Persuasive Topics & Problem/
Plan/Practicality analysis due
Quiz #6
Lect 8W
34
Lect 8W